The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado BLM Cultural Resource Series (Colorado: No. 12)

1. William H. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire; The Explorer and Scientist in the Winning of the American West, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 525. and No Author, "Call to Colonize," Church News, 49 (May 26, 1979): 9.

2. Merton Nolen Bergner, "The Development of Fruita and the Lower Valley of the Colorado River From 1884 to 1937," 40, 68-69., hereafter cited: Bergner "Fruita."

3. L. S. Yeager Interview, CWA, CSHS., and N. B. Underhill Interview, CWA, CSHS.

4. Arthur Ridgway, "The Mission of Colorado Toll Roads," The Colorado Magazine, 9 (September 1902): 167-168.

5. Reading Club of Rifle, Colorado, compiler, Rifle Shots, The Story of Rifle, Colorado, (Rifle, CO.: Reading Club of Rifle, Colorado, 1973), p. 29., hereafter cited: Rifle, Shots., and H. S. Harp Interview, CWA, CSHS.

6. MacDonald Knight and Leonard A. Hammock, Early Days on the Eagle, (Eagle, CO: n.p., 1965), p. 35., hereafter cited: Knight and Hammock, Early Eagle.

7. Robert F. Bartlett, "The Early History of Aspen," (M.A. thesis, University of Denver, 1951), p. 74., hereafter cited: Bartlett, "Early Aspen."

8. Frank L. Wentworth, Aspen on the Roaring Fork, (Denver: World Press, 1950), pp. 70, 132-133., hereafter cited: Wentworth, Aspen Roaring, and Len Shoemaker, Roaring Fork Valley, An Illustrated Chronicle, (Silverton, CO: Sundance Publications, 1973), p. 43., hereafter cited: Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, and C.S. Thomas, "An Argonaut of the Roaring Fork," The Colorado Magazine, 7 (November 1930): 210-212., and W. S. Tucker Interview, CWA, CSHS.

9. Knight and Hammock, Early Eagle, p. 4., and Rocky Mountain News, 12 February 1866.

10. Knight and Hammock, Early Eagle, pp. 33-35., and Robert L. Brown, Holy Cross, The Mountain and the City, (Caldwell, ID.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1970), pp. 119 and 136., hereafter cited: Brown, Holy Cross, and Barkalow Barnacle, "Characters of the Early Days," The Trail, 14 (October 1921): 11.

11. Len Shoemaker, Pioneers of the Roaring Fork, (Denver: Sage Books, 1965), p. 72., hereafter cited: Shoemaker, Pioneers, and Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, pp. 32 and 38., and Bartlett "Early Aspen," p. 20.

12. Shoemaker, Pioneers, p. 72.

13. Bartlett, "Early Aspen," p. 73.

14. Ibid., and Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, pp. 30-32 and 48.

15. John L. Noonan Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Shoemaker, Pioneers, p. 72.

16. Walker D. Wyman, "Grand Junction's First Year," The Colorado Magazine, 14 (July 1936): 130., hereafter cited: Wyman, "First Year."

17. Edwin Price, "Recollections of Grand Junction's First Newspaper Editor," The Colorado Magazine, 30 (July 1953): 226-228., and Lois Borland, "Ho for the Reservation, Settlement of the Western Slope," The Colorado Magazine, 29 (January 1952): 68.

18. William Hunter Interview, CWA, CSHS.

19. S.J. Scovill Interview, CWA, CSHS., and C. P. McCary Interview, CWA, CSHS.

20. Erlene Durrant Murray, Lest We Forget: A Short History of Early Grand Valley, Colorado, Originally Called Parachute, Colorado, (Grand Junction: Quahada, Inc., 1973), p. 5., hereafter cited: Murray, Lest We Forget.

21. Ida Rhone Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Alice Wright, "DeBeque, Once a Lusty Western Town, Awaits Oil Shale Resurrection," Colorado West of the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, 19 June 1975, p. 3.

22. Mary B. Rait, "Development of Grand Junction and the Colorado River Valley to Palisade From 1881 to 1931," (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1931), p. 23., hereafter cited: Rait, "Development, Grand Junction."

23. Ibid., p. 22.

24. Ibid., p. 23., and Mabel B. Eyer manuscript, "Historical Notes on the Palisade Area," Mesa County Public Library, p. 4., hereafter cited: Eyer, "Palisade".

25. Eyer, "Palisade," p. 4., and M. J. McKeel Interview, CWA, CSHS.

26. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 23.

27. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, pp. 71-72.

28. Shoemaker, Pioneers, pp. 66-67.

29. Ibid., p. 67., and Olie Thorson Interview, CWA, CSHS.

30. Noonan, CWA, CSHS.

31. Shoemaker, Pioneers, pp. 66-67.

32. Edna D. Sweet, Carbondale Pioneers, (n. l.: Privately Published, 1947), pp. 12-13.

33. Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers, Marble, Colorado: City of Stone, (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1970), pp. 21, 25, and 28., hereafter cited: Vandenbusche and Myers, Marble.

34. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, p. 48.

35. Clyde Nottingham Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Henry Walz Interview, CWA, CSHS., and R. P. Colter Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Rifle, Shots, p. 5.

36. Knight and Hammock, Early Eagle, p. 35.

37. Rifle, Shots, pp. 3, 7-8, 80-81.

38. Ibid., p. 199.

39. Dean E. Winchester, Oil Shale of the Rocky Mountain Region, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923, p. 35/

40. McKeel, CWA, CSHS., and Eyer, "Palisade," p. 4.

41. Lucy Ela Interview, CNM.

42. Ibid.

43. Don & Mary Roth Interview, CNM.

44. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 35-36.

45. Yeager, CWA, CSHS.

46. Edward T. Taylor Scrapbook #10, NLWH., and Rifle, Shots, p. 208., and Lena M. Urquhart, Glenwood Springs, Spa in the Rockies, (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Company, 1970), p. 66., hereafter cited: Urquhart, Spa.

47. Edward T. Taylor Scrapbook #10, NLWH.

48. Ibid., Scrapbook #9., and Urquhart, Spa, p. 66.

49. Edward T. Taylor Scrapbook #10, NLWH.

50. Urquhart, Spa, p. 122., and Leroy R. Hafen, "The Coming of the Automobile and Improved Roads to Colorado," The Colorado Magazine, 8 (January 1931): 10.

51. Urquhart, Spa, p. 122., and Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 120-124.

52. Urquhart, Spa, p. 123., and Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 120-124., and Bergner, "Fruita"., 69.

53. Frank and Catherine Moore Interview, CNM., and Ela Interview, CNM., and Ela Interview, CNM., and Marjorie Lykes Interview, CNM.

54. McKeel, CWA, CSHS., and Eyer, "Palisade," pp. 10 and 35., and Bergner, "Fruita," pp. 64-65.

55. Al Look, Grand Junction 1881-1972, (Grand Junction: Sentinel Printers, 1972), p. 19., and Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 24., and Bergner, "Fruita," pp. 64-65.

56. Historic American Buildings Survey, Wolcott, Colorado, Bocco Residence, (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., April 1976)., and E. E. Helm Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Clark C. Ewing, Pamela Berude and Maragret C. Ewing, Early McCoy, A Hundred Years Perspective, (Glenwood Springs: Raymond's Printing, 1976), pp. 17-18., hereafter cited: Ewing, Berude and Ewing, Early McCoy.

57. Robert G. Athearn, Union Pacific Country, (Chicago: Rand-McNally Company, 1971), pp. 4849., hereafter cited: Athearn, Union Pacific.

58. Robert G. Athearn, Rebel of the Rockies, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), pp. 4-12., hereafter cited: Athearn, Rebel.

59. Gordon Chappell, Scenic Line of the World, (Golden: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1970,1977), 1977 edition, pp. 11-12., hereafter cited: Chappell, Scenic.

60. Ibid., pp. 12 and 61.

61. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 13., and Wyman, "First Year," p. 131.

62. Robert A. LeMassena, Rio Grande to the Pacific, (Denver: Sundance Publications, Ltd., 1974), pp. 38 and 41.

63. George Leslie Albright, Official Surveys for Pacific Railroads, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1921), p. 157.

64. Chappell, Scenic, p. 57., and J. A. K. Crawford Interview, CWA, CSHS.

65. Crawford Interview, CWA, CSHS.

66. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 15-16., and Chappell, Scenic, p. 51.

67. Chappell, Scenic, p. 67.

68. Ibid., p. 61.

69. Ibid., p. 74.

70. Ibid., p. 61., and Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 16, 25-26.

71. Athearn, Rebel, pp. 121-122., and Crawford Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Nelson J. Pritchard Interview, CWA,CSHS.

72. Athearn, Rebel, p. 122.

73. Ibid., pp. 106-107., and No Author, "The Passing of an Empire Builder," The Trail, 3 (April 1911): 9.

74. Knight and Hammock, Early Eagle, p. 14., and Brown, Holy Cross, p. 110.

75. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 26., and Chappell, Scenic, pp. 78-84.

76. Morris Cafky, Colorado Midland, (Denver: Rocky Mountain Railroad Club, 1965), pp. 6-8., hereafter cited: Cafky, Colorado Midland.

77. Ibid., p. 6.

78. Bartlett, "Early Aspen," pp. 75-76.

79. Athearn, Rebel, p. 155.

80. Ibid., pp. 161-163., and Bartlett, "Early Aspen," pp. 78-79., and Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, p. 107.

81. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, pp. 71, 108-110., and W. H. Tucker Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Bartlett, "Early Aspen," pp. 78-79.

82. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, p. 112.

83. Shoemaker, Pioneers, p. 26.

84. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, p. 114., and Athearn, Rebel, p. 164.

85. Urquhart, Spa, pp. 68-70.

86. H. S. Harp Interview, CWA, CSHS., and Chappell, Scenic, p. 92.

87. William S. Jackson, "Railroad Conflicts in Colorado in the Eighties," The Colorado Magazine, 23 (January 1946): p. 7-25., and Eyer manuscript, "Palisade," p. 5.

88. Chappell, Scenic, p. 92.

89. Robert M. Ormes, Railroads and the Rockies, A Record of Lines In and Near Colorado, (Denver: Sage Books, 1963), p. 186., hereafter cited: Ormes, Railroads, Rockies.

90. Chappell, Scenic, p. 92., and Athearn, Rebel, p. 170.

91. Ormes., Railroads, Rockies, p. 186.

92. Shoemaker, Illustrated Roaring, p. 113.

93. LeMassena, Rio Grande, p. 57.

94. Ibid., and Edgar C. McMechen, The Moffat Tunnel of Colorado; An Epic of Empire, (Denver: The Wahlgren Publishing Co., 1927), 2 vols., 1:73-75., hereafter cited: McMechen, Moffat Tunnel.

95. Cafky, Colorado Midland, pp. 57-58.

96. Athearn, Rebel, pp. 157 and 165., and Richard C. Overton, Burlington Route: A History of the Burlington Lines, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), p. 229., and William Farnum Interview, CWA, CSHS., and W.H. Tucker Interview, CWA, CSHS.

97. McMechen, Moffat Tunnel, 1:70-72.

98. Ibid., 1:67-68.

99. Denver, Aspen and Grand River Railroad Collection, Denver Public Library, Western History Department.

100. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, p. 215., and Helen J. Stiles, "Down the Colorado in 1889," The Colorado Magazine, 41 (Summer 1964): 225-246.

101. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 106-107., and McCary, CWA, CSHS.

102. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 106-107.

103. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, pp. 86-88.

104. Ibid., pp. 74-75.

105. Ibid., p. 74.

106. Ibid., pp. 159-162., and H. Lee Scamehorn, Pioneer Steelmaker in the West, The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1872-1903, (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Co., 1976), p. 119., hereafter cited: Scamehorn, CF&I.

107. Scamehorn, CF&I, p. 120.

108. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, pp. 159-162.

109. Ibid., pp. 161-162., and Theresa V. Francis, Crystal River Saga, (Carbondale, CO.: n.p., 1959), p. 20.

110. Rex Myers, "Rails to Taylor Park," The Colorado Magazine, 45 (Summer 1968): 225-241.

111. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, p. 294.

112. Ibid., p. 261., and Bergner, "Fruita," p. 75.

113. Bergner, "Fruita," p. 75., and The Fruita Times, 15 October 1959., and Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, p. 262.

114. Fruita Times, 15 October 1959., and Henry E. Bender, Jr., Uintah Railway, the Gilsonite Route, (Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1970), pp. 15-16., hereafter cited: Bender, Uintah, Gilsonite.

115. No Author, "The Uintah Railway," The Grand Valley Gazette, n.l. (February March 1976): 12., hereafter cited: No Author "Uintah Railway."

116. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, p. 378.

117. No Author, "Uintah Railway," p. 12.

118. Fruita Times, 15 October 1959., and W.L. Rader, "The Uintah Railway," The Colorado Magazine, 12 (November 1945): 99., hereafter cited: Rader, "Uintah."

119. Bergner, "Fruita," pp. 24, 77-78.

120. Rader, "Uintah," p. 99.

121. Bender, Uintah, Gilsonite, pp. 31-33.

122. Ibid., pp. 33-37, 191.

123. Ibid., chapter five.

124. Ibid., pp. 53-63.

125. Ormes, Railroads, Rockies, p. 186., and Cafky, Colorado Midland.

126. Chappell, Scenic, pp. 90-94.

127. Ibid., pp. 85-87.

128. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 117-118, 144-145.

129. Athearn, Rebel, pp. 188-215, 239-244.

130. Cafky, Colorado Midland, pp. 190-191.

131. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 111-113., and McMechen, Moffat Tunnel, 1:105-136.