WEBVTT

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Good morning everyone and welcome to the

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first of may we are continuing, thank you for your responses

4a5efdc7-3aa3-4677-a405-37f5cab9fdc9
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 we're continuing with ask a ranger my name is Jim Hollister e a park ranger at 

81b385f7-e116-4981-83ca-b9266aa6daf5
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Minute Man National Historical Park so I'm very pleased to be with you once again and 

913c0225-d922-4b1a-bdc8-2ad421c30898
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 again thank you for watching in for your questions that people are sending in 

4298d7f4-82d7-49bb-8a62-68bd2292e9a4
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if you're encouragement so, first of all just like to start out with a 

457a5866-f1ff-4f40-ab33-480ea6dd15f5
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 quick update on the park we are extending the closure due to the Covid 19

ef553217-4a1e-45d5-9707-8551c5866105
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 public health crisis Governor baker has extended it into the middle of may so we will be 

75f3cb1d-9962-4999-aed1-1cad3db89de1
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following suit with state and local authorities and of course following a federal guidelines

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as well so stay tuned we will post updates on our website

2a61bd38-9f0e-49de-ba2f-9a6b2854a347
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as to whether visitor centers will start to reopen and, what that will look like as we

56d16e8f-c20a-4459-a6d6-dff267a5d108
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head into this new normal. In the meantime the park grounds do remain 

be2cf9db-605a-4400-8e7f-073daf96d855
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open in the parking lots remain open however as I mentioned visitor centers are closed restrooms are

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 closed please visit responsibly maintain social distancing keep dogs on a 

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leash and carry in whatever carry out whatever you carry in

674e403e-e18d-40fc-a6e3-482a12fd4d00
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so, that we can all share enjoy the resource together and,

b8aca14e-432a-4275-8fe3-2c9768a46036
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 I also just want to give a quick shout out to the Friends of Minute Man National Historical Park they have been 

c3d437b9-23e2-4446-ae6f-237642ad7a46
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our steadfast partners 

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through thick and then and if any of you are looking to get more involved in the park that's a great

d5d34870-8b21-4c43-8766-059fbb1fd90c
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way to get involved with the friends of minuteman or when we resume operations to sign up as 

7def3b47-d0fb-412d-bfbd-d91f003e2fba
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a volunteer and help us and visitor centers with programs are various

ac5dfb02-fdb4-42d1-a770-dcf3d03fbe86
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and sundry projects going on to the parses lots of ways of getting involved with your 

2a5e89fe-cb6e-41c8-a2c8-129d617590f6
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national park service in minuteman national historical park so we have a 

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really great set of questions this week so I'll start going down by list here and again,

18e9f139-ecf3-4eb3-8fdc-873d02b4295d
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 thank you for all of those who sent in here questions and get a quick cup of coffee here.

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Good morning everyone all right so first of all it's a kick right in here with 

a5e5d403-5b1b-4137-8c2d-aeda54841124
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a question from david.

7c2bad9c-dbeb-411d-bacd-c9cc5cbb033b
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 Were drummers actively drumming during the march 

4ce7f476-46d7-4a20-882a-a84942f50eb8
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the british regulars all right so there's the

41105e10-a6a2-48fc-a785-b87b76909484
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 march out from Boston to Concord which they did the 

1a1a5362-90d3-48b6-8097-1ba7d9cd169d
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 assembled Boston common about ten o'clock at night you know, 

fdd0aa31-3de5-42b1-8076-44cbc4b6eb8d
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began loading boats crossing the charles river it was about two

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o'clock in the morning by the time they were assembled in cambridge and began their march so,

86dda3b5-d04d-4cc7-ba13-98e8d85358b5
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 that's the that's outbound so that's from Boston out to Concord through Lexington of 

19c5802e-88bb-41a9-a831-07ad4e200628
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 course and then there's inbound so going back to Boston 

6d8983a7-ba17-46c3-b380-64196b2b904a
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in the afternoon the running fight the battle the battle road

6225f44c-83ce-4973-baa7-7ae408a0e881
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is we call it so there's two segments there that will that will deal

7995b60b-29c2-4897-abe8-d35a9112dc5f
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with this question in terms of drums.

f851d802-4377-4602-9b44-95de277a3f8a
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So, this different reasons why armies of this period

3478b337-2146-41fd-9994-2ccef39bfee0
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 use drummers. Now we always have this image of the british soldiers marching 

76092324-0f99-48b9-9949-a8b2e7a3ba0e
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in step where did that come from it actually is sort of a late 

452833e0-f6af-4a5d-9d24-bd5b90fa4901
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 commer to the battlefields and it starts in the sixteen 

c7b9c016-6449-4712-aaad-46666861c4aa
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nineties so the late seventies early eighteenth-century is when they began armies in

85f4e6c3-6552-43e6-a0cc-45385a8a29ad
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europe began practicing cadence step

a9d5eb64-c432-40b0-b99f-d968df189a5c
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it's not just for show this very specific reason so

1c277665-0b56-4df3-b18b-f0a34898f3aa
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one of the technology improves so before armies are carrying match 

0dba3720-9dd9-4950-8bda-2f53bbf93b8c
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 lock muskets which require the infantry men who are carrying them to 

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hold a lit piece of cord called match and gun

e305850e-3ffa-43df-8486-085908996a8e
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powder so let match gun powder a whole lot of nope going on there so anyway

149c5291-34bc-427d-b9af-1090946e5536
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 they have to keep some distance they have to keep social distancing so that they don't blow up. However, 

4e67ce43-4710-49c1-a5f4-d3c46330c7b5
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with the advent of the flint lock and its adoption by

03173d57-c87a-4fa6-84cd-9d90318aa8a4
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european armies in the seventeenth and even into the early eighteen century this conversion

dd5df7d6-e810-4f92-b0a0-125cc336bea4
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was still happening you don't have to keep the ignition source

1647028f-57db-447b-b63b-81cba1498d38
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 lit you have instantaneous ignition from flint striking against 

d7f08627-bca6-47cc-ac3f-5c9456101a23
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 steel and igniting your gun powder so now you can concentrate 

19aeb12a-3631-4e8e-a8be-38e0c68c479d
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 your infantrymen, your foot soldiers with the muskets

06c7816d-a959-4be7-91d8-a2df0a52daa6
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you can concentrate you fire. They also combine muskets

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and pikemen, so before you needed pikemen to defend

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 pikes are long sixteen foot spears, you needed them to defend the 

6b8ae0db-2c94-440a-b551-4deb67a6a51c
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 musketeers who when they're re-loading, it takes a long-time and they're effectively helpless but, 

9abd5af2-d27b-4584-81b4-56ed01b38ab2
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you see development as the flintlock becomes adopted, the bayonet. Early

42bb9d77-439b-40ea-b763-cb4d5f9768f4
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 bayonets were plug bayonets that literally just fit inside the muzzle 

6b2e3b7e-3d16-48ad-8e06-a4f6550c0e04
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but that was later improved with the socket that fit over the muzzle

9d16921f-60c5-4c09-94af-2ae5773c0637
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 and on rambling here I'm getting to something. So it fits over the muzzle that allows a soldier to load 

2565c384-4d54-4476-a588-cecf36497e3d
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and shoot with a bayonet fixed so now you see, you know,

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 the classic infantry fire system, excuse me, infantry 

e9218b9b-3246-4938-8a49-091e2dc75d14
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weapons system of firearm and bayonet close order so

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the cadence step comes in when, you know,

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soldiers marching along the road or

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across fields, you know, in a route march, are usually in a column. 

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Whether its columns of companies you know, meaning about

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and say fifteen-minute cross or half companies about five or six men across 

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columns of platoons, very, very common, but in order to face an enemy 

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and battle they have to deploy from a column into

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a line again to bring all that fire our to bear against the enemy

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it relatively close range and usually within about a hundred yards so,

169e3842-562e-43d4-b6e0-be86e61696c1
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before you had drums and cadence step.

f7c44db1-8b39-4601-b523-e9e1eecf95c8
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Marching to the battlefield so everybody's kind of shuffling along in getting spread out so

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cadence step allows the men to stay

09dd4f77-7899-4b01-8b59-d3e400d9fb56
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close together so that when the deploy.

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It's much quicker and it goes a lot more smoothly so in a combat

60c9ef27-bdc9-4b41-88b1-a32409f7ca89
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situation you know, being able to deploy quickly saves lives

7149b4d3-e155-4be8-b5fc-1af4a07ef638
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so that's one reason why you have dramas we're going to be the cadence and 

921d6f4d-b95a-4779-87ab-bb25e53441d2
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 allow them to maintain their step so that they're not tripping over each other and they can deploy from 

65b9cf22-4e5d-4ce5-92b2-12d03fb2b26c
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column into line or back into a column much more quickly.

900b112e-7be3-400b-98f6-98c5130b4136
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 Another reason for drummers is for commands so, there's 

45ad5062-3902-4341-9ab5-0c91adb23474
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 commands for loading and firing, there's commands for ceasefire you know, 

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 there's all sorts of commands that are given by the drum and also commands and camp as well and, 

768f64f7-31d8-47df-9917-fd8a576acc8c
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then of course the last reason is for show, you know,

9d40bb45-383d-41a7-b95b-3df4a43d21ec
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this very impressive now you're in line you're marching towards the enemy and, you know,

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the drums are beating and it just creates, you know,

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quite a marshal noise that can be

88490507-333a-444e-b56c-9eac4e866f67
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unsettling to the enemy so lots of reasons for the drums so

88152380-4c12-4d3d-879a-456b5cab3fb9
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were they bringing drums with the march to and from Concord? Yes,

9bc09ba1-0058-4d33-ac88-03c37a459e5c
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they were and there is some evidence okay first of all look, at 

80fb79cb-fcde-41f2-b6bd-d1f0283c38c5
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what happened lexington in the morning all right so the troops are coming up they see the lexington

55f66b94-80fe-427b-98ff-ec819377d003
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company paraded on the town common, there's confusion, the troops are

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in a high state of anxiety they rush on to the town green seemingly you know,

2ce96cbb-b592-4af3-93f0-1fbd6f46c0f4
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not in control from their officers, you know, one said they were so while they could

9f06e3f9-e293-4c14-9aca-32b5ae842b51
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 hear no orders. A shot is fired, the troops opened fire, it's a mess. Major 

3d0d231b-ff7f-4b50-9fd0-96d972ae0100
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Pitcairn who'd ridden forward to the vanguard of light infantry that were now,

e033c604-7313-4bed-98f2-019909220afd
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you know, tangling with the Lexington militia who are just being swept off the field, he's riding

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 around and he's frantically waving a sword and he's telling the men to 

89e77ea7-4131-4f39-a7e8-c86044438e70
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seize their fire nobody's listening to him. Smith the commander of the expedition

eadb427e-a6df-41a4-a944-78b04e8ca197
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Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith who is often criticized for being very fat heavy

d493b2df-1a75-442a-9979-8154aeb69a54
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man slow.

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Ponderous really not the right guy for this mission I disagree and,

a2d0be0e-8114-4f0d-84c1-15cf1f688e4a
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what he did on the town green that morning was amazing so he

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 hears the firing and the screaming, and he he's back with the main 

100ad0aa-5c78-4d48-b154-e3e6339a2820
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body. Pitcairn's up with the with the vanguard. Smith comes riding up,

624b3dfc-5bf0-4c39-abea-824b78c956e7
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he sees this horrible scene this is not his 

9e08052f-3435-450b-b579-cc0cb0d5508f
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mission is mission is to go to Concord, to seize and destroy ammunition

839e1a29-efad-4a03-8441-942315617494
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 So, where Pitcairn was ineffective 

673f787d-9c1d-4654-adb9-0b5ab9dcb8f9
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at ceasing the slaughter, Smith call for a drummer and

cf7f3e0c-7f1f-4066-add3-b151f87d14ec
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the drummer beat ceasefire and

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had them and fall in so there's some evidence of a drum we also have an account of

ca6f9ce0-f278-4ee9-b034-9a6ee47d5c4b
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Amos Barrett he was a corporal in captain david 

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 brown's minute company from Concord, and he was part of the lead 

13629a07-f343-410b-9370-2dc04f625ce3
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element that marched out from the center of conquered about a mile-and-a-half to the east along

d50c16ad-cfdd-4726-8471-560cc3c845be
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a ridge line that runs north of the road and they

80e00bdf-e09f-4872-a9a3-14991f383741
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posted themselves the edge that and that ridge called a place called miriam

f154685a-1cc9-4df7-af46-39d7147816fe
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 hill and they can get full view of the road 

8c42eb53-16d4-4c4b-81d1-83b81521904f
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leading into town and he talks about seeing the

97347f7a-cf92-49c5-baf7-4be04bfc301c
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 british army now coming up that road into town. 

2122baaf-68d2-42ed-9ff3-99ac29323a55
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And, actually the british sent some light infantry after the minuteman on the ridge

78f15955-3e5c-4da2-b70b-9b343f4cbc23
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 the minutemen then staged a very orderly withdrawal, they stayed until they got 

64da24cf-4070-4f71-b0b0-6e78d3807304
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within about a hundred rods and then they turn to the right about in march before them and, actually

7f8b42bf-4860-4cca-be3c-2612d3b5781f
00:09:51.310 --> 00:09:57.090
 british officer mentions that they retreated in order, that they were choosing the ground, "I thought they 

866104cd-9b4b-4156-9f57-83b88ae8fbc1
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would've made a stand there but they did not choose it" so that's a really unsettling if you're a

5731e36d-3bb4-40cb-aaba-ff42fd4fc20f
00:10:01.230 --> 00:10:03.570
 professional officer going "hmmm," you know, 

d904cd11-3770-4e1b-aae7-74563eebed67
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these yankee farmers are actually maintaining discipline and

0d8afd52-a03d-439d-8230-062d9fb09015
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 order in choosing their ground.This is going to be a bad day. Well getting back 

70bc4f20-e774-465a-87bb-ed6393095d58
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 to Amos Barrett he talks about marching before them back into Concord, 

ed0b82ae-e468-4a46-a762-d91f47281085
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he said "with our drums and fifes a'going and also the British. We had a

b273b514-6d7b-4087-9624-bb108b4575c1
00:10:22.140 --> 00:10:26.610
grand music." So there's some evidence there.

08a92691-1051-4a1e-8fc9-3d773fe2ffc8
00:10:26.610 --> 00:10:32.250
That at least at that point when they're entering conquered.

e85dcc82-1882-43c9-bd34-43791bed178a
00:10:32.250 --> 00:10:35.300
They're striking up their field music it's almost like a taunt, you know, 

39d4d8a1-e474-4417-b5d3-79046ad4b7f6
00:10:35.300 --> 00:10:41.130
 the yankees are playing, you know, their fifes and drums, so the british are going to answer. 

3f204a46-8643-4c5a-bcca-4d72231ddc3c
00:10:41.130 --> 00:10:46.100
I however don't believe that they as they were marching through the night towards

858c5a1a-2b75-42a9-ab18-c794bad8373d
00:10:46.100 --> 00:10:52.550
 lexington that they were drumming. It was probably just route march and, 

b223bee0-1e29-49cc-baeb-ed2af5d35c0f
00:10:52.550 --> 00:10:56.470
 they have a particular objective they don't plan on forming lines and facing an enemy in the 

1799fd7f-661a-49d9-8885-b1102aa51736
00:10:56.470 --> 00:11:01.230
field and they were also trying to be quiet you know, at some points, you know,

8b30d76e-65eb-4e24-b151-41fc385c11b2
00:11:01.230 --> 00:11:04.880
staying off of bridges to avoid.

11bebc7c-e78c-4212-bc83-211d0bb56037
00:11:04.880 --> 00:11:07.820
 You know, clacking over the planks so I really doubt that the 

5ea6d588-32c3-48b6-8682-1c6a8ed264fa
00:11:07.820 --> 00:11:12.070
drummers are actually actively employed during the march and during the wrote

0b3a9a09-4ce4-4da5-9a84-2f46520721ad
00:11:12.070 --> 00:11:16.920
route back during the battle road I think it just would have been at you know,

abe476b5-d855-4170-abb4-214bfad6a56e
00:11:16.920 --> 00:11:22.110
totally lost in the chaos as they're, you know, continually sending out flanking companies and

d694cfc0-dbfc-4994-ae04-e16849cdb7f4
00:11:22.110 --> 00:11:27.490
refreshing those companies reinforcing it would've been a complete mess probably not make much of

71473c97-7fbb-4181-ab1b-72b5ed983b29
00:11:27.490 --> 00:11:31.750
a difference but that's not evidence that speculation and, there could

b2be9e78-6d05-40c4-a331-593332093970
00:11:31.750 --> 00:11:36.130
have been some circumstances like if they're giving commands for a company to fire off by

15ae90e5-7411-4559-b187-254f5ad12be8
00:11:36.130 --> 00:11:45.050
platoon you probably need a drummer for that so it's quite possible. So thank you for that question. Now

de303f35-6322-40fc-be04-118111114a84
00:11:45.050 --> 00:11:46.480
Next one from Tim.

691f34fc-eb3b-4adf-b24d-238d16f68d4a
00:11:48.430 --> 00:11:50.530
Was the morning temperature during the battles of

179d13f3-822e-4220-91a8-594639cd3ed1
00:11:50.530 --> 00:11:57.160
 lexington… What was the morning temperature during the battles of lexington and concord? 

37520eb1-163c-4536-a0c3-06e1a1cbd6ca
00:11:57.160 --> 00:12:02.060
 So, all right and what was the weather prior, so we have the account of 

385db95b-d81e-4503-9cc2-3679f37032a2
00:12:02.060 --> 00:12:06.180
Reverend Jonas Clark of lexington who in his

ce363266-18be-472d-ac81-4d558bd84342
00:12:06.180 --> 00:12:10.860
diary on the eighteenth, so the day before, said there was a fine 

0520b578-3c5b-4124-9d20-754ffb9a6b25
00:12:10.860 --> 00:12:16.190
rain, and there are other sources corroborate, that on the eighteen today before the battle it was raining but,

c1bc7ff6-539d-4705-94a6-8e1657d22176
00:12:16.190 --> 00:12:18.800
it cleared out that evening it was a very nice evening

99209684-ba3e-44f7-bce6-b393a3d950f6
00:12:20.030 --> 00:12:26.630
and Paul Revere talks about that it was just a very pleasant evening and bright moon.

062e281c-1cea-437f-9be6-9a6ce376e702
00:12:26.630 --> 00:12:27.080
However,

c0fecc1d-3df4-40bb-bca8-d631f872f060
00:12:27.080 --> 00:12:31.710
on the nineteenth we do have Harvard professor John Winthrop

74c65ae5-4785-4520-be8d-025488f60c77
00:12:31.710 --> 00:12:36.350
who took to temperature recordings on april nineteenth of seventeen

c6ade859-264b-40c3-a9a7-ea60bccefe63
00:12:36.350 --> 00:12:41.790
seventy five so we took one temperature reading at six o'clock in the morning

94b91e0e-b812-46b5-b451-097e93de7cc7
00:12:41.790 --> 00:12:43.850
and he said it was forty six degrees.

c3dca24f-180b-4b69-b236-8a54f36b7979
00:12:44.950 --> 00:12:47.450
It's pretty typical for april six o'clock in the morning

d8f28458-f159-4e6b-a386-8aabc95fd070
00:12:47.450 --> 00:12:52.120
forty-six actually that might be a little bit on the warm side and,

f1d77eda-9e28-453f-97c2-3859055ec16b
00:12:52.120 --> 00:12:56.400
then he took a second reading at one o'clock in the afternoon it had risen to

94662ae7-da15-4176-8443-ce09ac9abd72
00:12:56.400 --> 00:13:00.330
fifty two degrees winds light from the west and sunny.

668b9263-5ff2-47a8-80f7-0c19d6ca2fbb
00:13:00.330 --> 00:13:04.950
So, they would basically be the type of weather if we had it for patriot's day or battle

d75b2569-7d53-4bf7-b5d4-3a75b925217f
00:13:04.950 --> 00:13:08.850
 road day in april we pretty psyched. 

025a3e97-486c-4715-8df4-d8be31474eb8
00:13:08.850 --> 00:13:11.210
But, anyway, so,

86e241ed-ad06-4a59-95f4-a62ea5097987
00:13:11.210 --> 00:13:16.330
 basically a typical sunny early spring day. Though overall they 

515cb936-6192-48af-8a00-1837559eb8ec
00:13:16.330 --> 00:13:20.530
did have an early spring they had a very warm winter it hardly ever

8121529c-c099-44af-a508-7de8c611e93e
00:13:20.530 --> 00:13:25.350
 snowed hardly ever dipped below freezing which is very unusual for that time and Reverend 

20660b1d-8603-4ee3-90d3-bc3c6a2cdc75
00:13:25.350 --> 00:13:30.340
William Emerson in his diary said it was extraordinary weather for war-like preparations

a3ee148d-dfdd-4421-b04a-9deccc021db2
00:13:30.340 --> 00:13:35.550
 were mostly the stuck in their homes now companies are out drilling, some men are gathering 

716e5dd3-808a-4f42-968e-053f12d9ef90
00:13:35.550 --> 00:13:39.760
in barns and going through the manual exercise they were still able to get 

72d65db4-3e5c-4958-9669-b1e4da8024be
00:13:39.760 --> 00:13:45.175
a lot of work done preparing for what they knew was coming so, from 

da19f5ec-970f-4f37-8c81-7b6793e5a9a6
00:13:45.175 --> 00:13:50.220
 the eighteenth a fine rain and then clearing out in the evening and then on the 

a20e52aa-366d-4bec-ba4e-cf5a6ca7077e
00:13:50.220 --> 00:13:54.460
nineteenth it was sunny and in the low fifties so thank you for

2ba521ef-6f8a-48e4-a6e6-ce444e21109c
00:13:54.460 --> 00:13:59.350
 that that's so we do get a lot of questions about the weather, you know, what was it like that day. Although I can 

82c40912-bd6b-4bce-9410-a00155edcbee
00:13:59.350 --> 00:14:04.060
 imagine if you're a british regular running basically from Concord back to Boston 

0b59bf10-a55d-4581-af71-c54940346828
00:14:04.060 --> 00:14:08.100
about eighteen miles is going to get pretty warm same thing for the militia coming in

1b2c55c6-580c-42fa-983c-db896e506fea
00:14:08.100 --> 00:14:13.040
from surrounding towns sometimes going on, you know, extraordinarily long marches

52956037-dcd7-4d64-bc27-178d52319685
00:14:13.040 --> 00:14:21.030
of ten, fifteen miles, then fighting the battle so, as Joseph

d99c74d8-5217-477b-9969-e313e59be535
00:14:21.030 --> 00:14:23.150
Plum Martin once said that, you know,

16925f4a-f017-437f-8639-297593620e35
00:14:23.150 --> 00:14:26.090
 fighting is warm work even on cool days.

cb14e2d0-e5ba-4131-89a0-dd8822d9b078
00:14:27.180 --> 00:14:30.500
All right moving on so we have from Justin.

08fd79db-0c4a-46ea-9831-a4a094c026ee
00:14:31.510 --> 00:14:35.440
 Do we know which members of the lexington militia might have participated in the "Parker's

2fd8d9ec-a0eb-49c0-acaf-d397afe69bd5
00:14:35.440 --> 00:14:40.410
Revenge" portion of the battle later in the day on april nineteenth. He also says "I teach

08f5cf54-6128-42bd-9461-be7431fbf8ec
00:14:40.410 --> 00:14:45.410
African-American history at a community college in Illinois and I'm particularly interested in

9796dc3d-32ec-4751-8294-92108d4adf9b
00:14:45.410 --> 00:14:50.220
African-American soldiers who fought at lexington and concord and on the battle road, so thank you. All right so

5ea49bc0-0973-44ff-bcb5-44ff1b088e0b
00:14:50.220 --> 00:14:56.430
let's cover the men from lexington who fought, now this is not a straightforward answer so,

397069cd-0329-4748-a48c-2653440e4edf
00:14:56.430 --> 00:15:00.920
what company what most company commanders did at the request

c93f1c39-f3cd-4d67-8ba7-cd3bce4795bb
00:15:00.920 --> 00:15:05.470
to the provincial congress in november of seventeen seventy five because they wanted to make sure that

d96ceb9a-c82d-4591-80e7-76dfeef7c379
00:15:05.470 --> 00:15:10.240
everyone who served either as a minuteman or in

0bf38726-5536-4270-8674-ab632e7c3e90
00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:15.840
their militia companies during the alarm on april nineteenth that they got paid?

1edb3032-b299-405d-b8e3-1ee9130c404d
00:15:15.840 --> 00:15:18.710
So, yes, they were paid for service

8d531540-32c9-47ce-a90e-4b67bf7d8a2c
00:15:18.710 --> 00:15:24.850
they're even paid for mileage I think it was like one penny per mile so,

43f27672-250f-46df-8a5e-4e847f820cbb
00:15:24.850 --> 00:15:28.130
a lot of company commanders did that so those

d422d235-344f-47d1-aacf-46c373afdc81
00:15:28.130 --> 00:15:33.100
muster roles are in the massachusetts state archives however not every

4caf8dec-bf4b-4f14-a4d2-017697ac65d9
00:15:33.100 --> 00:15:37.970
company commander did and unfortunately lexington was one of the towns that did not submit a 

02dd6ebf-b87e-411f-bea5-d52fcd466cd2
00:15:37.970 --> 00:15:43.350
muster roll for service for their men who turned out on the nineteenth you know, also the

021e4ed4-11cc-455b-90d7-46a39f060eb9
00:15:43.350 --> 00:15:48.470
Concord militia. Concord militia had two companies that did not submit muster roles so 

72f46112-727f-479c-8234-1c8e2b3a610c
00:15:50.520 --> 00:15:55.690
it's not complete you have to sort of parse these things together from other sources so there are 

23217dd1-edda-4b03-8b00-4b1d004001fe
00:15:55.690 --> 00:16:00.620
 two big sources here one is Hudson's "History of Lexington in Middlesex 

715670fd-cc96-489f-b7ce-19a8414b1506
00:16:00.620 --> 00:16:05.590
County" so that is a nineteenth-century source he provides the names of 

d77be5bc-37aa-46b8-aad0-3f115b0bf480
00:16:05.590 --> 00:16:10.970
hundred-twenty men from lexington who claim service or

f1670c5b-34b9-4e97-9c84-4318081f6979
00:16:10.970 --> 00:16:16.530
 who he believes served on april nineteenth of seventeen seventy five.

11dd4d10-d0ea-451c-b137-e7aa8267c154
00:16:16.530 --> 00:16:19.350
 There was a later history written by Frank W. Coburn

17e12a76-b02c-47a7-98b7-1cb40186b5dc
00:16:19.350 --> 00:16:25.300
around nineteen eleven and, he did a study the most roles and, 

a9905b73-dc63-4096-bfe3-0f700f8f4829
00:16:25.300 --> 00:16:28.220
compiling other sources and he came up with a hundred and 

f9b5112b-fd59-4c7c-a57f-320d500d3a22
00:16:28.220 --> 00:16:35.900
 forty men from lexington who he says file on april nineteenth now. 

6da83c65-45c5-4e19-b927-99aa2eb2152b
00:16:35.900 --> 00:16:40.070
How many of them fought in the morning how many fought in the afternoon so,

76d2313c-7cb8-4b6a-ae42-b9192b03bd2b
00:16:40.070 --> 00:16:44.630
to get the names of the men who find the green?

94dd0728-3adc-4d7f-8253-faf808b097b8
00:16:44.630 --> 00:16:47.930
The different ways you can do it but looking at the deposition so the provincial congress

6749addb-e888-4826-9439-003d48100bce
00:16:47.930 --> 00:16:51.560
call for depositions to be taken.

a7f621ae-860d-48af-9242-5598b1f5b855
00:16:51.560 --> 00:16:54.930
Very shortly after the battle.

7ae5b7af-a701-4ab0-945a-2223483d7d2e
00:16:54.930 --> 00:17:00.420
They compile these depositions and they sent them over to England to influence the

ece64eaa-07c2-497d-9c7d-7913ef2e5a0f
00:17:00.420 --> 00:17:05.450
court of public opinion, you know, get our story out their first which they actually

e6feeddc-8060-415b-a089-8ad39b406623
00:17:05.450 --> 00:17:08.590
 did they got their accounts and there at least a few weeks before General 

d7821ec7-e6d5-419b-ac67-f92b8ef2dfac
00:17:08.590 --> 00:17:15.460
Gage was able to get what he called his circumstantial account over to london so, 

cefef7aa-472f-4cc6-8697-a72fafabe940
00:17:15.460 --> 00:17:20.290
the depositions were compiled from lexington from concord from other witnesses people who are in the

9e2961e5-9ad2-45b3-b2c2-a73191e7c385
00:17:20.290 --> 00:17:24.670
ranks people others who were spectators and,

d8e0090c-22d4-43b6-83bd-a4c8796aeb82
00:17:24.670 --> 00:17:29.270
they sent them over to england so looking at those depositions you can get names of those so

ff46b24f-a338-4790-9af1-72732e30665e
00:17:29.270 --> 00:17:33.620
 for the seventeen seventy five depositions 

5344caf5-8ac4-42b8-b685-5b6d78b105c9
00:17:33.620 --> 00:17:36.520
You can come up with about fifty names of people who said they were

f2cffcb1-5d18-43b9-81f6-d378271401f3
00:17:36.520 --> 00:17:41.300
standing on the green there was another set of depositions that were taken later in the 

253f789f-50ac-4084-a207-5ab644c49973
00:17:41.300 --> 00:17:46.440
eighteen twenty four so almost fifty years after the battle and, yeah, 

67f72f93-4f4d-45f9-86c1-01cc3c594c14
00:17:46.440 --> 00:17:49.430
part of this was for posterity but also at the time there was a

7511c728-54ce-48ab-99e0-c1fc41a230d1
00:17:49.430 --> 00:17:54.920
raging fight between the lexington and concord that still kind of we

ee62978f-45fa-4455-ace8-31a7c798e079
00:17:54.920 --> 00:18:00.290
 suffer aftershocks even today in the fight was over where the war start. 

e75f5c2c-e9ab-4b31-8e05-5162d450f918
00:18:00.290 --> 00:18:06.030
Oh no. Are we really going there during this question? Maybe just a little bit, so 

4fb19dfc-23de-4acb-bd9d-1fd0d82b2fd3
00:18:06.030 --> 00:18:08.730
 in eighteen twenty four Layfette comes over 

a99a3235-1b4c-4740-81c5-0e5013dc2709
00:18:08.730 --> 00:18:13.210
for victory tour of the united states and he's in lexington and of course they claim this is

812dfb8b-7c5b-423f-acae-998098f454e3
00:18:13.210 --> 00:18:18.390
where the first shots were fired this is where the war began and,

b397a3c5-ca9b-41a2-be80-c0029c34634d
00:18:18.390 --> 00:18:22.960
 then he goes to Concord and he hears pretty much the same thing. 

e28d553e-8461-4351-b11e-b2e0e15e7368
00:18:22.960 --> 00:18:26.610
That, well, we in concord we actually shot back.

bb1572fb-511f-43e0-bd75-d946448fae7a
00:18:26.610 --> 00:18:29.900
 You know, at the british and lexington says "wait a minute."

936fa04d-8150-4c18-bc10-ef2c93b72d26
00:18:29.900 --> 00:18:33.570
"We shot back!" Well if you read the seventeen seventy five depositions most of 

8cb0ad2e-eee3-4df2-afd2-b58ebf115e75
00:18:33.570 --> 00:18:38.570
them basically said they appeared on the green we were ordered to disperse they started shooting at us while 

6a699b60-5580-49a1-880f-75818342e0c7
00:18:38.570 --> 00:18:42.010
 we're running away. It's a massacre. If you read the eighteen twenty 

481002c1-47c2-454b-8aec-73c4c59bbc21
00:18:42.010 --> 00:18:46.870
 four depositions, and those were done in order to refute Concord's claim as being the place 

eac6ea01-72b2-4aca-96d6-b941839c61b4
00:18:46.870 --> 00:18:51.790
where the war really started and they're a little different and,

4d0ff507-ac87-45a2-8fa8-930c9b951331
00:18:51.790 --> 00:18:56.240
 yeah, there's some overlap people who responded in seventeen seventy five, re-responding 

0cae8d7b-c96c-40a6-9650-bf5832b6af9d
00:18:56.240 --> 00:19:02.100
eighteen twenty four they provide a little bit more detail and,

5d0ede45-fa6b-42b6-9961-89a52ed99639
00:19:02.100 --> 00:19:04.520
do include you know, 

c9168bdb-cf02-4679-a058-464c524db5f7
00:19:04.520 --> 00:19:09.190
I fired was retreating and you're behind stonewalling fired minimum city put two cartridges that 

a92f89d9-8a76-4bab-a371-6af0d0c77552
00:19:09.190 --> 00:19:14.980
 his gun and the blew the last foot of the barrel off so, 

aae3b1bc-d31b-4957-b869-cefa22de4d2d
00:19:14.980 --> 00:19:18.230
 it it's really interesting. It's the same 

9bab9724-4461-481d-8f29-6674a2633c07
00:19:18.230 --> 00:19:21.240
event they're talking about but two different takes on it and then of course you 

30565a1f-9319-4825-9ba6-aae162eb71b7
00:19:21.240 --> 00:19:24.890
 gotta realize seventeen seventy five they were also

caa66da3-0b88-43e9-a462-f9e9cb7b1d26
00:19:24.890 --> 00:19:27.850
putting their names to things that are being sent over to London 

5edf3b95-f764-4f16-923c-ea839852d5bc
00:19:27.850 --> 00:19:33.860
to show that they were victims of the british army so,

f1c2ea03-cfe6-444d-ac6f-72782bfa103f
00:19:33.860 --> 00:19:37.750
they're very careful to cast everything that they did in the light of self-defense

c46fe284-ad8e-4a95-9336-e61fc9bcdc12
00:19:39.230 --> 00:19:44.780
okay now for that so, yeah, you can come up with accepted numbers of those instead of the 

1acadc51-1308-4d99-afa0-988f79f9faee
00:19:44.780 --> 00:19:48.610
green is between seventy to eighty men who stood on the 

e75a16e2-caa8-46d2-ab1d-c2be0eaf9f67
00:19:48.610 --> 00:19:51.830
 town green out of between a hundred twenty a hundred-forty

a5787bd8-ff3b-4234-9166-bb08ccab49e3
00:19:53.560 --> 00:19:57.860
who fought during the day.

88720072-92bb-4e9b-8293-7b96a2f4d187
00:19:57.860 --> 00:20:03.180
yeah, and, it's trying to extract those two lists is a little difficult

bbf505ab-4e5b-49fc-a5ec-3b006a9cad26
00:20:03.180 --> 00:20:08.710
 we know there's some men who did fight in both places for example, Jedediah Munroe who was 

c293d485-91d7-4a40-9936-0eff365c27b1
00:20:08.710 --> 00:20:12.420
wounded on the town green , then killed later in the day near Munroe Tavern.

d3d87d92-fc1c-4ff8-961f-279ce52c85e5
00:20:13.980 --> 00:20:19.530
So, yeah, they and they also took more casualties during the afternoon in terms of

dbd28a02-3eb1-41fd-8217-1f3668cfb5ec
00:20:19.530 --> 00:20:24.140
African-Americans who fought in the company so there's two names that appear 

a5df4410-73fb-42f3-ab2e-c3c01e006cac
00:20:24.140 --> 00:20:29.120
 on Hudson's list as well as on Coburn's list and it's Prince Estabrook who was 

2f1ac529-eef8-42f2-88be-acfff77ef0c8
00:20:29.120 --> 00:20:33.890
wounded on the town green in the morning and, then also Eli Burdoo. But

824d7fa4-8317-4f1d-ad08-d2f1de1e6f36
00:20:33.890 --> 00:20:37.950
 there are other names that Hudson provides, Silas Burdoo, Pompey 

98925ff6-5a3e-4d3e-a1ee-6946e2d62af3
00:20:37.950 --> 00:20:46.080
Blackman, Samuel Crafts and Cato Tuder. And these men

2c70cff7-02ea-4088-bcca-711d1f33d0f2
00:20:46.080 --> 00:20:51.830
they may have fought on april nineteenth, there's some thought that they did. Hudson lists them 

3224cbd7-a05a-4aa7-9d32-f9282505cfe0
00:20:51.830 --> 00:20:57.370
as having enlisted in Continental service either for three months for the war meaning 

4d12d5ed-47e8-4f09-902c-092e9c7c199b
00:20:57.370 --> 00:21:02.610
for the duration, which is actually pretty interesting because that was a common practice.

66f85fd4-54ce-4f55-91ea-015fd4c27e33
00:21:02.610 --> 00:21:07.480
In militia laws, and if I covered this last week I apologize, militia

2e7f2b98-43a6-45e9-99ee-b6ac8ad10ca3
00:21:07.480 --> 00:21:12.810
laws prohibited black men from serving in the train 

f8d35595-efeb-475a-970c-4252caf06859
00:21:12.810 --> 00:21:15.760
bands meaning training with arms however in the case of an alarm

f07bc527-971e-45a8-bceb-805fa86a51b0
00:21:15.760 --> 00:21:19.980
emergency they were required to turn out you know,

63c584b4-b787-4405-8a62-c7e2565d016c
00:21:19.980 --> 00:21:24.120
whether they were enslaved or free and they had to be provided with arms usually

ae7b7e15-3809-40f9-963d-44130a6412d1
00:21:24.120 --> 00:21:27.540
by the head of their household?

65aee051-75e4-4889-ad7a-986fe6ab88d8
00:21:27.540 --> 00:21:32.530
So, turning out in an alarm very common practice and of course what happened on april

532c9bf5-d0cf-4a11-a528-4c45d6ecbe2d
00:21:32.530 --> 00:21:38.570
 nineteenth was absolutely an alarm. They called it later the lexington alarm, but 

c16493f5-9517-4eeb-9898-85201aa903ec
00:21:38.570 --> 00:21:44.130
also when they're starting to recruit the massachusetts army and also the continental army.

9d666718-8140-43ad-837c-d9dda2daf0eb
00:21:44.130 --> 00:21:48.500
You know, early on they said whites only but,

c199ca62-208a-4e89-8a99-276d0201b0a8
00:21:48.500 --> 00:21:54.500
 later of course the rage militaire dies down and, you're recruiting men to basically sit in the 

dd5802fd-6c07-4234-a8db-568c74fdf811
00:21:54.500 --> 00:21:56.910
siege line and, be exposed to 

ffbca101-04d5-43a8-85cc-69fc2ef84a55
00:21:56.910 --> 00:22:00.410
weather and disease and privations and it's a little harder

0ed10363-9f10-4d6b-8f6e-ffff82b5b65e
00:22:00.410 --> 00:22:07.630
to recruit people so they did allow for the recruitment of black soldiers and,

90f7869e-0504-4bcf-99fc-0ad6ee41f974
00:22:07.630 --> 00:22:12.870
 they also you know, as the war's really getting, getting on, you start to see a 

c870f2ae-0b67-4903-a2c2-8c236f58751c
00:22:12.870 --> 00:22:18.200
 resort to levies or draft. Men who are drafted could send a substitute sometimes if 

dd964935-080c-441f-b221-ba34a1e30ae2
00:22:18.200 --> 00:22:23.390
 you're wealthier man and you kept and enslaved man you could send that person to 

5f837d93-6a7d-43ee-a0b3-efc5903159fa
00:22:23.390 --> 00:22:27.070
serve in your stead and that was a very common practice it's not it's not

fef5733b-1fb3-4308-973d-a65658b18e09
00:22:27.070 --> 00:22:33.500
 pretty but it did happen, and in many cases when

03b8eccd-5caf-46dc-beb0-c3d16754edb6
00:22:33.500 --> 00:22:39.350
an enslaved man enlisted or was enlisted by his master 

8b21e72b-8381-4c30-bfb6-e5615bc601a3
00:22:39.350 --> 00:22:43.190
 is de facto emancipation you're not going to get your property back you're making a sacrifice... 

37bb12c0-c583-4d0f-86e8-b1add2afa7c8
00:22:45.300 --> 00:22:48.070
"your sacrifice" anyway you are you know, 

e0d231ae-6de8-49d8-9b78-c8be577ef70d
00:22:48.070 --> 00:22:51.040
essentially giving up your property so that you don't have to go

851d4680-3ade-494d-87cd-71f472277d3a
00:22:51.040 --> 00:22:54.690
at yourself and serve so,

b6c1ecc0-6d5f-4f0f-b881-2e686b21e0e1
00:22:54.690 --> 00:23:01.570
 again, it was usually a de facto emancipation but not uniformly so, it you know, 

ed64621e-cdb4-4079-9cc6-a8b4cdaa5870
00:23:01.570 --> 00:23:03.860
some were still they're.

55284a34-ce07-4c81-9c51-b454aebc0f09
00:23:03.860 --> 00:23:05.910
Condition was which are known like kato

8bdc09eb-61f4-4384-9173-768765d4fb08
00:23:05.910 --> 00:23:11.380
smith in lincoln served in the continental army died in service and 

36a5cd51-95b2-4ae3-9d68-ac436d6d9ca8
00:23:11.380 --> 00:23:16.030
that his master william smith collected his back pay that was a 

fdf85e57-9bcb-47c8-b92a-35040a9d09a3
00:23:16.030 --> 00:23:20.230
owed him so was he still insulated the time of his death in 

fba816d6-a44a-4872-8890-a65a2fcf3fea
00:23:20.230 --> 00:23:26.540
 service in the continental army it looks like he was, so not exactly neat and 

307a19fa-8d4c-4e11-bc48-8f75bf321f66
00:23:26.540 --> 00:23:33.080
clean these are the rules these are the laws you know, it's kind of all over the place and,

8955ba8b-219a-4049-8c48-880c62b53ca4
00:23:33.080 --> 00:23:34.940
there's also Jupiter Tree and john

b77834b4-71f3-4a26-9cd0-d70ba3e78a82
00:23:34.940 --> 00:23:40.610
Tingle in addition to the names I already listed all right and also in terms of

29a4483b-0eef-4036-b917-34f8b65a4ad5
00:23:40.610 --> 00:23:45.470
parker's revenge primary sources we have one account written fifty years later

6a93577e-725d-4aef-a83e-10426168f5cd
00:23:45.470 --> 00:23:50.330
 nathan monroe who basically said that in the middle of the forenoon Captain Parker collected 

e6101d36-aaab-4ba8-af2c-b1e2e28dc608
00:23:50.330 --> 00:23:55.100
his company, me being with them and they marched out to meet the regulars they

ed0fc90f-53ce-4794-ab63-e5e29aed324f
00:23:55.100 --> 00:23:56.460
 marched out towards Concord, they met

fc04c709-2091-4fd9-8404-f83ad3406019
00:23:56.460 --> 00:24:01.460
the regulars in the bounds of Lincoln. That's all we had to go on when we started the Parker's Revenge 

719b4dfc-4db9-4d48-83c2-33014a10c57d
00:24:01.460 --> 00:24:06.310
archaeological investigation in two thousand thirteen which is why we had

390e5075-af2f-4bd5-beaa-1e8e4c60d1ef
00:24:06.310 --> 00:24:11.660
 to because, you know, some of the firsthand accounts were so lacking, in order to come up with where 

bd2c7cf2-93b6-4a8f-adb1-df43fb10d949
00:24:11.660 --> 00:24:15.800
this actually happened we had to look at more scientific sources?

68d4770c-4d32-4cda-9413-cce1a13e2449
00:24:16.830 --> 00:24:21.640
 All right thank you for that. Now we have a question from... let's see how I'm doing on time here...

0a9336a2-53ab-40f2-b77e-54762212479f
00:24:21.640 --> 00:24:24.290
 doing good. From Linda. 

8a7d1ff8-c5cf-4193-82fe-89d39a4a7dfc
00:24:24.290 --> 00:24:28.320
 I know the oldest tavern in the country is the white horse in Newport 

39a1a294-ffbc-4cbd-ac83-a826013442b5
00:24:28.320 --> 00:24:36.200
Rhode Island. What is the oldest tavern in Massachusetts? All right. 

a63e0f28-800c-433e-b34d-4d14a5af89b5
00:24:36.200 --> 00:24:40.340
 Superlatives are difficult because 

f1a13367-56bb-446c-b746-5b2c5b19cbde
00:24:40.340 --> 00:24:44.930
 there's a lot of different factors you've got to weigh. And 

36b4f686-4f2e-4ad6-ae21-60fcca6d55d0
00:24:44.930 --> 00:24:49.990
People love superlatives. "We're the oldest." "We're the first..." not always hard to prove...

e24f9a6d-7e26-4dec-a0cb-45c9f28ca1a8
00:24:49.990 --> 00:24:56.130
… excuse me, not always easy to prove. So, I've compiled a list here. So we have the Green

d0c23ac7-3ab4-4526-a263-d72237438b41
00:24:56.130 --> 00:24:59.030
Dragon in Boston which was established in

ea8503b3-9cce-4d27-8301-3bdea9c21bb3
00:24:59.030 --> 00:25:03.310
sixteen fifty four, so that's pretty old.

dfe14ca9-d6d9-49a6-b3d6-96220d641d9e
00:25:03.310 --> 00:25:06.950
 It actually still exists in Boston but it's not the 

0e989770-86ba-45da-b7ee-dd62c34c067f
00:25:06.950 --> 00:25:12.390
 same building. The original building was demolished in eighteen fifty four so, 

88978a06-0771-4c52-9c0d-e05d4a922c43
00:25:12.390 --> 00:25:17.550
 two hundred-years after it was built and, the connection of the current Green Dragon 

215d1858-0926-449b-9523-5720180d96c1
00:25:17.550 --> 00:25:22.320
to the historic Green Dragon tavern, they called headquarters of the revolution

2239d643-bbfd-4dc3-a470-83000c370271
00:25:22.320 --> 00:25:27.600
 it's shaky, because it's not the same building, it's not the same people. 

e47d53bf-066b-43dd-869d-fcd0f71448f3
00:25:27.600 --> 00:25:32.440
 But, anyway, that's what they're claiming that they are the successors of the Green 

0cc8d4d3-c37e-4bdf-a644-e1dd36024035
00:25:32.440 --> 00:25:36.980
Dragon. There's the White Horse Tavern in newport that you mentioned that was established 

3a9cf8bc-80db-45b9-889c-cdb7cd3e978f
00:25:36.980 --> 00:25:41.710
and sixteen seventy three is still serving so that's a pretty solid claim same

6410f440-4481-4bcb-85fd-6e888d21593a
00:25:41.710 --> 00:25:47.430
building and it's in it's essentially the same organization but,

57f443cf-73c4-4c69-a2ab-69732cf88307
00:25:47.430 --> 00:25:52.050
there's other taverns you know, another Tavern that's still serving is the Warren

78732b6b-0341-465d-8e58-1ffb4918e6b7
00:25:52.050 --> 00:25:56.690
Tavern in Charlestown Massachusetts seventeen eighty, so you know,

277f9af8-3427-4322-980b-b706384821bd
00:25:56.690 --> 00:25:59.290
 more than a hundred-years after White Horse but, 

b3473ea1-9854-4448-b058-916e1d32debf
00:25:59.290 --> 00:26:04.470
 they're still serving. There's the Wayside Inn, / Red Horse Tavern in 

ecab248f-5079-4326-b8d4-f802eb2e5101
00:26:04.470 --> 00:26:10.050
barry which was established in seventeen sixteen and that is still serving. But,

41e6a008-9ed1-477c-8e0c-a41158a0fa81
00:26:10.050 --> 00:26:12.480
now we have a lot of other taverns.

eeca2bf1-768c-4b06-96d0-ebad51d14c29
00:26:12.480 --> 00:26:16.580
that are not. The Swett Isley House in Newbury

31a0f2d4-104c-464a-8e9b-e39ad1e65b86
00:26:16.580 --> 00:26:20.920
Massachusetts, sixteen seventy, it was later used as a tavern in 

dc75e1c5-03b6-4cf5-988a-0846f1fe845e
00:26:20.920 --> 00:26:24.860
 the eighteenth-century. A lot of these homes were not built as taverns 

61cc57ed-c231-421d-8a2a-2369277ee271
00:26:24.860 --> 00:26:33.220
they served as family homes for quite a while and then later the

593b0d08-f1c3-4109-8112-7a8cfe9b1ca3
00:26:33.220 --> 00:26:37.150
the owner decided to apply for an inn-keepers license. The same thing at Hartwell

4cb0ecff-d636-4c34-9872-eac6ec286e64
00:26:37.150 --> 00:26:42.110
Tavern. The House was built in seventeen thirty three, and then twenty three years later 

fa42f880-b757-4493-aeed-da7b38e6d5fe
00:26:42.110 --> 00:26:47.740
Ephraim and Elizabeth Hartwell applied for an inn-keepers license so, that meant 

6cb95d3a-b646-4837-a10c-468e6a713fea
00:26:47.740 --> 00:26:53.370
that they could serve food and drink on the premises and provide overnight accommodations for

36f53395-fd0e-48cc-9926-c0f261df28b3
00:26:53.370 --> 00:26:57.280
travelers so.

436ce0be-ab2b-416d-b27f-e546f5a3ffe3
00:26:57.280 --> 00:27:02.370
 that was that was pretty common. Most often they would run them for maybe five or ten years. The Hartwells actually ran theirs 

7c646f5e-731f-4956-a59b-3fe0ab4a2b7a
00:27:02.370 --> 00:27:05.030
for thirty one-years which is 

b78f5d09-7ed2-445b-9716-83fcd028eeba
00:27:05.030 --> 00:27:09.700
 a lot. So not all taverns were built as taverns, and they may have had a 

6b9010f4-01f0-4ce6-a0fd-21fdbbd50915
00:27:09.700 --> 00:27:14.500
 tavern operation for part of their history but, the Swett Isley house 

9f5e9f7f-c47a-4641-8dfa-458cdab427fb
00:27:14.500 --> 00:27:19.670
 is now museum, part of Historic New England. Buckman Tavern in lexington built 

818bce36-2b54-4e98-b9ce-d876b42809f7
00:27:19.670 --> 00:27:24.330
 in seventeen ten is now a museum run by the Lexington Historical Society, so when 

dd1fbeff-75ea-412d-87cf-be105780b73a
00:27:24.330 --> 00:27:26.980
we're able to come together again I highly recommend

bd727a6e-db68-4615-9409-1e75b81a50fc
00:27:26.980 --> 00:27:32.460
 a visit to the Buckman Tavern and the Lexington Historical Society and also the 

52dd5e02-e77f-488b-a9d4-47d3013412e3
00:27:32.460 --> 00:27:37.610
Munroe Tavern, also run as a museum by the Lexington Historical Society 

02a95b62-dcf6-4071-b1b4-b1b8c27da322
00:27:37.610 --> 00:27:42.440
 established in seventeen thirty five, so no longer serving, they're historic sites 

e5879391-0bd7-48da-adca-cf1b7e44d73b
00:27:42.440 --> 00:27:46.750
they're museums, and at Munroe Tavern you can actually learn a lot about the British army

7cfc5bb8-23e0-481a-a6b3-36ef396f81c4
00:27:46.750 --> 00:27:53.770
because they that was used as a headquarters on April nineteenth as a hospital.

a219be70-f31e-480d-8606-a706f7dc41f7
00:27:53.770 --> 00:27:57.290
 So, Hartwell Tavern, as I mentioned, part of Minute Man National Historical 

85ace426-781d-4e9f-ada3-5bdf0ab0a0d7
00:27:57.290 --> 00:28:03.860
Park so, shout out to all of our interpreters who have served

2dbe2fa1-d414-443e-b805-bbcf8b5d1782
00:28:03.860 --> 00:28:08.130
at Hartwell tavern but, again, that's museum. Same thing with Golden Ball

f59627ac-ad9c-426a-8c8d-59d3a394eebb
00:28:08.130 --> 00:28:16.000
 tavern in Weston which is now historic site, seventeen sixty eight, and 

0e3124ea-1390-442b-9d6c-b3828883c747
00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:19.980
 The Warren... I already mentioned the Warren tavern okay so, you know, 

c478067d-f184-4a88-bd3e-5b94b8f19a8f
00:28:19.980 --> 00:28:23.210
still serving not still serving museums

60236915-5e10-497a-96bd-8fbda73b3938
00:28:23.210 --> 00:28:27.870
it all it all depends on what your particular.

784107ba-cc3d-4737-9450-ab5ee793a4dd
00:28:27.870 --> 00:28:30.470
What your particular?

0143cd9e-1fa4-4340-af3d-b4b91b79d391
00:28:30.470 --> 00:28:33.600
condition is - if you want to say "still serving" taverns,

3d85696d-90b4-4dfa-be7f-d79aa31d1730
00:28:33.600 --> 00:28:39.760
okay, so, we're probably going to have to go with, perhaps, the Wayside Inn is

66805918-869a-4714-b09c-c1498bb8aebb
00:28:39.760 --> 00:28:44.690
 pretty old, so seventeen sixteen, still serving all right? 

8093e023-7ec7-43ad-a1f2-14091082091c
00:28:44.690 --> 00:28:48.240
 So, now we have a question from Pete so, 

14660c09-665f-4bb7-912a-92b113f1934e
00:28:48.240 --> 00:28:53.230
he says I have been under the impression that massachusetts never formally outlawed slavery until around the

6c601794-586d-4ea9-91a8-8657f2907e63
00:28:53.230 --> 00:28:58.600
time of the civil war when the federal government did so I thought that

b4f8486d-a26c-4e90-a67d-dad6fb934a80
00:28:58.600 --> 00:29:02.410
 around the seventeen seventies if slaves brought a lawsuit against their owner to 

4e3cca6a-5bef-4533-aba2-976b846bd051
00:29:02.410 --> 00:29:09.080
obtain their freedom the courts in boston would grant that freedom so,

aa3070cd-0e42-43f7-8628-d2700263bb95
00:29:09.080 --> 00:29:11.480
anyway, so, he says.

eff02803-f913-481c-806a-573da35a94a3
00:29:11.480 --> 00:29:13.020
basically wen did slavery 

434a11dd-5f66-4913-adf9-ed864bc7c5f0
00:29:13.020 --> 00:29:18.080
end in massachusetts. So it was well-established  

8a9150e2-7bc7-43d5-b548-9b5497029119
00:29:18.080 --> 00:29:25.360
 by the sixteen fifties you start to see Africans being brought over. And 

a6e36762-4714-4654-a878-3f6875f06be8
00:29:25.360 --> 00:29:28.540
at first their condition was uncertain servants,

4eae2435-8d0e-4064-8179-26757e18d795
00:29:28.540 --> 00:29:31.980
indentures, servants for life etc. but,

2e6c58b3-a78b-4ca4-af71-db84ce536bb7
00:29:31.980 --> 00:29:36.540
 by the sixteen fifties, the Massachusetts general court did establish that yes they are 

89e75553-1242-426f-8b94-fb7d6ab281cd
00:29:36.540 --> 00:29:41.790
 servants for life meaning they are enslaved and it is based on their race so, 

4ed5d00b-dcde-46c8-9b4b-5f1aa8a30b49
00:29:41.790 --> 00:29:44.740
actually Massachusetts was one of the first 

61a3b013-c0b4-4c90-bd05-f3d3438d05e7
00:29:44.740 --> 00:29:51.100
 colonies to establish and legalize a practice that had been happening.

3395d3fe-f3f1-4afe-b406-761fbaf33da6
00:29:51.100 --> 00:29:56.260
In Virginia in sixteen nineteen of course the first Africans were brought over 

bb840b1a-6d8c-49ff-bb4a-5a85cfa678ed
00:29:56.260 --> 00:29:59.930
as enslaved men and women so... 

564ccd6b-21ba-4ba1-ab3a-e11a6522033a
00:29:59.930 --> 00:30:02.860
 So, Massachusetts is actually pretty early on establishing 

dc16b616-126c-4517-8f44-d95bf3a4e074
00:30:02.860 --> 00:30:05.820
that yes this is enshrined in law and,

1610160f-35d6-49b8-9eeb-bc48f4c0b2f1
00:30:05.820 --> 00:30:10.540
 it is based on race. However it starts to erode

78a4db97-d082-41b9-a2ce-b454acb00cfc
00:30:10.540 --> 00:30:14.550
and there were enslaved black men and women in there 

841e57cc-967e-4ea7-8c8b-8ad30b202eaa
00:30:14.550 --> 00:30:20.130
were some that were free. there were some that were allowed, because slavery was different, 

6a616051-c108-4f46-9ab8-96bcbb5e39ef
00:30:20.130 --> 00:30:24.370
in different parts of the country. We don't have a plantation system here. A lot of slaves here were 

ac3f8d74-e5c6-4a50-ad98-e63758b2b705
00:30:24.370 --> 00:30:30.690
 kept by families in the home is domestic help. They were also quite 

014c90aa-f8b5-4b30-b0c8-d94f7d13412b
00:30:30.690 --> 00:30:35.560
frequently allowed to work outside the home and earn money and they can purchase their

8465dac9-344a-4edc-b70a-b49cc0438a3e
00:30:35.560 --> 00:30:40.920
 freedom from their owners. However the revolution starts to unravel this 

29c17d9f-b081-4b41-b0d1-c97319ec65a8
00:30:40.920 --> 00:30:45.330
 particularly with all this liberty talk, you can believe that the 

03c5decf-428f-4920-baea-88466a1738e4
00:30:45.330 --> 00:30:48.810
 enslaved population massachusetts heard that and

b1f61300-193b-454c-b516-e8c5b175379b
00:30:48.810 --> 00:30:54.280
 they start bringing petitions to the general court and the provincial congress. In 

25e98ede-a3dc-431f-ad85-c3b40fb28030
00:30:54.280 --> 00:31:00.120
the provincial congress there was a petition brought by mr

231b23f2-0756-405e-b234-edb6d094c144
00:31:00.120 --> 00:31:04.800
 wheeler, the provincial congress being the rebel government in massachusetts starting 

d2b306ea-64fa-40b4-a818-c943f8b3c9d1
00:31:04.800 --> 00:31:09.580
in late seventeen seventy four and he said something to the effect of that while we content for our 

afecff60-adfb-424d-b9ab-2ae5ae0b0622
00:31:09.580 --> 00:31:14.490
 liberties we should consider the plight of the poor negroes amongst us. And 

fb96fdae-980c-4bbe-9a07-819ad9bcf0c6
00:31:14.490 --> 00:31:20.430
if you turn the page it says that the committee decided to take no action so 

4169b504-dd5c-4a94-81b0-1b6424ef942d
00:31:20.430 --> 00:31:24.320
 they kick the can down the road. It's kind of the story when it comes to the 

4e4a13ac-5208-467c-8373-b0bf8c6a1bcc
00:31:24.320 --> 00:31:28.790
abolition of slavery in America however, 

6d11a57a-41c3-4f95-9d73-db3df477ffb9
00:31:30.070 --> 00:31:33.470
as a revolutions going on you do have some court cases

8b041b42-d089-4f53-8334-d01d5f898d2a
00:31:33.470 --> 00:31:36.150
seventeen eighty one and,

5aafc315-0acb-4fb3-8e26-bb9a3b162aaf
00:31:36.150 --> 00:31:42.710
this is of course now we have a massachusetts constitution it seventeen eighty one there's the case of

a724e693-9bc1-49e1-82e2-0174d3d6a68f
00:31:42.710 --> 00:31:45.670
Brom and Bett versus Ashely. So

a69ab711-5c9a-49a0-8a85-2456e368c197
00:31:45.670 --> 00:31:49.200
Mum Bett was an enslaved person, an enslaved

de9116d9-2839-4b92-a9f6-130c0b93498c
00:31:49.200 --> 00:31:55.670
 woman owned by the Ashley family and Mrs. Ashley had

31826fcf-77d4-4a46-8d9f-d8d1ba8b159c
00:31:55.670 --> 00:31:58.660
been basically beating on Mum Bett's sister with a shovel. Mum 

13b21eef-4f36-4ffb-ab50-6d7a165f2fa2
00:31:58.660 --> 00:32:04.680
Bett intervened, try to defend her sister and was injured in the attack 

6aba76fb-9ef9-4588-bba6-02b8cbf5fd4e
00:32:04.680 --> 00:32:13.780
 and she ran away and she decided to sue for her freedom, so she engaged lawyer. 

ff18c407-94e7-4695-8090-100e63165f08
00:32:13.780 --> 00:32:18.130
 And, we see the lawyer's name was Theodore Sedgewick. 

474aaad6-d038-400b-b6c2-8fa3360b3670
00:32:18.130 --> 00:32:20.060
And, he took the case.

e02f89a5-076f-41c2-8602-9a82334b9671
00:32:20.060 --> 00:32:23.520
And, he was able to argue successfully to the

2fc8978b-61ec-4b04-a884-989c4e25c94a
00:32:23.520 --> 00:32:29.780
court that her enslavement was illegal due to the Massachusetts 

98515009-995d-4a59-9455-9eebc777dea8
00:32:29.780 --> 00:32:34.290
constitution declaration of rights that said all men are born free and equal and

5948d172-b9f6-4c8e-9f61-e57cf555769a
00:32:34.290 --> 00:32:36.670
 have certain natural, essential and 

8defcdfb-e7ab-448d-8006-b46b601cbed1
00:32:36.670 --> 00:32:42.630
inalienable rights so, that therefore slavery was inconsistent with the Massachusetts 

d6d8af94-f837-4e76-b891-8faf512ffe09
00:32:42.630 --> 00:32:47.490
 constitution. Seventeen eighty three there's the Quok Walker case so, 

4105f750-c49b-404a-9ee9-4f7b07ee7e36
00:32:47.490 --> 00:32:53.180
it was the Commonwealth versus Jennison, so Walker sued his owner 

e261c992-f25c-474b-af0f-df3521919138
00:32:53.180 --> 00:32:57.170
for wrongful imprisonment and,

426710e5-268d-47ba-bad8-c294359a6f79
00:32:57.170 --> 00:32:59.580
 similar to the Mum Bett case the court 

b4df51f1-9f4a-4c02-a99e-6735faec9e72
00:32:59.580 --> 00:33:07.020
ruled that based on the constitution that he was that basically

6d8944d1-222e-4341-9e99-922fad06ed4a
00:33:07.020 --> 00:33:11.990
his enslavement was illegal, illegal imprisonment is what the charge was and, 

cda4478c-078a-4d68-b53b-dd38cb4c5b28
00:33:11.990 --> 00:33:20.120
he was there for free and is owner of him damages so, the supreme judicial

a78766f7-189a-4763-80fd-53d6963ba6bd
00:33:20.120 --> 00:33:24.340
the court chief justice William Cushing after the Quok Walker case that

108f0153-f714-490c-84e5-2a7d5cb68410
00:33:24.340 --> 00:33:29.140
"slavery is in my judgment as effectively abolish as it can be by the granting of rights 

6c96a07b-0f0f-4d4c-9cbb-d25801f82ca0
00:33:29.140 --> 00:33:35.450
and privileges holy incompatible in repugnant to its existence."

db8f9fdd-e0d5-438f-840d-549c16e50f87
00:33:35.450 --> 00:33:38.720
And, by seventeen ninety and, 

0c401bc5-af9b-4d51-8adc-7a1a0ce11e65
00:33:38.720 --> 00:33:42.930
 the next census that was taken there are no slaves listed in massachusetts however 

28665e09-5f1c-4246-80cc-184c39188620
00:33:42.930 --> 00:33:47.530
you are correct massachusetts did not establish law abolishing

66817bb6-833e-4d60-89c8-7dde09680e06
00:33:47.530 --> 00:33:55.340
 slavery until the federal government did in eighteen sixty five. Why didn't they? 

d1987332-33b3-45b6-a2c1-4785f7692b75
00:33:55.340 --> 00:33:59.080
 My guess is that they probably felt that they didn't need to. 

ba7600d8-d89f-43c3-8255-c1f32c8fcbc1
00:33:59.080 --> 00:34:02.120
Effectively, it's gone but, 

659a3ec0-bc03-4d06-8b2b-e2d5ede7cb63
00:34:02.120 --> 00:34:06.930
 yeah, they never actually enshrined it in law until eighteen sixty five. 

7af7a95d-9302-4df1-8943-297cad94626b
00:34:06.930 --> 00:34:09.390
All right so we have a great question from

04ed5c6a-799f-400e-ad5e-5228252b9365
00:34:09.390 --> 00:34:14.910
Charlene. "What was a ten of Concord like in seventeen seventy five? What 

4b9681b3-b6e7-4400-bd2f-0f1117fcabef
00:34:14.910 --> 00:34:18.600
 kinds of shops and churches were here, how big was the town and how 

64a685ec-3d62-4166-9d88-1a7acc8f5a38
00:34:18.600 --> 00:34:22.980
 far did extend and what was the population?" Buckle up.

05c25596-fef7-40f7-aa02-f17a85c7d651
00:34:22.980 --> 00:34:28.540
Ok so today the town of Concord is about twenty nine square miles ,nineteen thousand eight 

ba374dc1-4e91-4c27-9c60-e30d237d06ba
00:34:28.540 --> 00:34:33.530
 hundred nine people according to the twenty sixteen census. Back in seventeen seventy five 

a5cdbea1-ce43-4b9d-8e7b-502aa3de5a97
00:34:33.530 --> 00:34:37.960
 it was about two hundred sixty five families fifteen hundred people. It was the county seat 

27b274fe-e3a9-42b6-91ff-35facb82613a
00:34:37.960 --> 00:34:43.660
for Middlesex county and this is where the district courts were held.

36094edb-91b2-4ade-a78a-088dc33ee71d
00:34:43.660 --> 00:34:46.890
The town was originally, the original 

3578d743-68d1-4a12-9208-06cb504371b0
00:34:46.890 --> 00:34:52.740
purchase from the Indians, was six square miles which it basically comes to about thirty six

c3822426-d2cb-4abb-a26a-a14b6119064e
00:34:52.740 --> 00:34:59.310
 square miles. However by the time of the revolution it was smaller because from 

5bc138d1-1993-4904-8345-124a861b6298
00:34:59.310 --> 00:35:03.370
 that original plantation Acton separated off 

ca203f99-c07c-420a-9517-519104c46a1a
00:35:03.370 --> 00:35:09.790
 and seventeen thirties and then also parts of Bedford, Carlisle and Lincoln. 

570bc8a4-4548-428f-ad6f-ef8781b71fea
00:35:09.790 --> 00:35:14.300
Now... you asked about shops.

455e314d-ae22-43d5-a778-87d6603c230e
00:35:14.300 --> 00:35:19.740
Yeah, of course and you have cordwainers, people who make shoes, you have tailors, coopers...

6ab261de-7921-4c23-93e0-f3bc33d2c6fd
00:35:19.740 --> 00:35:29.340
 so, the tradesman shops but you also had retail shops and, we have one. 

0dfb603f-9e7b-4d7a-b456-5346cfb0468a
00:35:29.340 --> 00:35:34.840
Elnathan Jones who was a shopkeeper in Concord, and this is 

783344b8-ff46-4644-92b8-5a8e008080b2
00:35:34.840 --> 00:35:36.360
 From the Boston Gazette

f0f38d5d-1664-4d14-b37c-6a8a9d05abeb
00:35:36.360 --> 00:35:42.150
from May of seventeen seventy two. 

f6066c82-efa6-411c-8276-77fe853b4385
00:35:42.150 --> 00:35:47.260
 And, says Elnathan Jones has received by Captain Callahan from 

6a6ef786-5392-4962-8f8b-bdfa90fc06bd
00:35:47.260 --> 00:35:50.770
London a general assortment of English and India goods 

fb47e0ed-0847-4fbf-bd25-782e724dda03
00:35:50.770 --> 00:35:55.650
which he will sell wholesale and retail is cheap as can be bought any shop

d17e0e3a-4c3d-40b2-9dae-42bc6f72c6c0
00:35:55.650 --> 00:36:01.510
 in Boston, at his shop in Concord. And he lists

a9f1adc7-a5bd-4d1a-9463-98c81de304dc
00:36:01.510 --> 00:36:04.160
all the stuff that he has. 

ec6b3728-d195-45ad-97a9-2a1270b547b4
00:36:04.160 --> 00:36:09.160
 And, I'm not going to go down the whole list, just so you know, but just to give you an idea... "super fine middling

3f350acb-bcdb-42d1-a590-01d30586b4c5
00:36:09.160 --> 00:36:13.890
low-priced broad class that's wall of all sorts with trimming suitable

b9ff6457-fbd1-4aa2-9e7f-473eef339f81
00:36:13.890 --> 00:36:19.580
 german surges, routines, half thicks, cold chester and draper bays 

6667f1df-e723-404e-896c-0bf19bebb56a
00:36:19.580 --> 00:36:23.630
 stript duffills, common, middling and super fine tammys

62a84a7e-4083-4e96-a4d0-829c24c2e936
00:36:23.630 --> 00:36:30.250
durants...this is all fabric all right he even goes down into  

b63c7948-285e-4c10-b620-9fd61064814b
00:36:30.250 --> 00:36:33.820
 english clogs and gollashes. 

350d85d9-f303-4555-bbdb-c798b18af4a3
00:36:33.820 --> 00:36:39.540
And, Lynn-made callamenco shoes, so Lynn, there was a lot of shoe making in the town of Lynn,

774da996-4d03-4680-afb1-0ba89f190315
00:36:39.540 --> 00:36:44.120
men's scarlett striped and crimson worsted caps so,

022892e9-76b4-439f-af67-7f289653fafb
00:36:44.120 --> 00:36:46.140
little cloth caps on your head for when you're 

d879b394-847f-462e-b6ec-c59ba4b56980
00:36:46.140 --> 00:36:49.700
 lounging around the house, English and German steel bar, 

4ba708f3-94a4-4538-a764-34b28cd8ddb1
00:36:49.700 --> 00:36:54.410
 lead shot, powder, brass kettles, pewter plates dishes basins and 

367e9e71-1dfc-4bbd-a8e7-3b6704e0b8ef
00:36:54.410 --> 00:36:57.550
porringers, nails, bohea tea,

5f20a0fb-15ff-45be-9692-083d85c83d60
00:36:57.550 --> 00:37:02.320
pepper and all sorts of spices and also loaf 

271ed5f7-4a47-410b-baa8-e3701a8cfd3d
00:37:02.320 --> 00:37:06.770
 and brown sugar and molasses cotton wool, indigo, chocolate and coffee. 

8e8c3cd6-ef6a-433d-af77-ba0aa55b2d56
00:37:06.770 --> 00:37:10.960
So, there's a lot of stuff here and in what's interesting and, I wish

fedda220-189a-4588-8aef-d6a79447d64e
00:37:10.960 --> 00:37:16.060
Emily we're here right now. Actually she'll probably be back next week to give a rant about 

4e0174bd-bc0f-4f24-be98-16a50079d7a0
00:37:16.060 --> 00:37:21.510
 privateering why it's not piracy, just a little preview of what may be coming up but, 

12cba903-b813-4e3b-966a-b5b04df5c4bc
00:37:21.510 --> 00:37:27.440
anyway, she and the folks at the northeast museum services center,

419ae0ad-795e-457c-a470-7a0805d2c581
00:37:27.440 --> 00:37:31.150
they compared the collections at minute man, our archaeological

d5476693-9e40-402f-ab9b-36e5cdd49f01
00:37:31.150 --> 00:37:36.890
 collection, with those at Salem and they were finding a lot of the same stuff,

7ff427b5-5cd2-47e5-b8e8-d9ba8410311d
00:37:36.890 --> 00:37:39.490
 the same ceramics. Salem of course being 

c3a21dc9-4397-41cb-987a-cf727fdb958f
00:37:39.490 --> 00:37:45.070
a port town, Concord being an agricultural town in the interior but

f65defb6-c1be-4889-95b2-1fc4f11525af
00:37:45.070 --> 00:37:50.200
they're finding the same stuff, so in terms of commerce,

95506ce5-4bb7-412b-a582-50bb8380af6a
00:37:50.200 --> 00:37:55.510
yeah, they're getting all the stuff that's coming into the ports out into Concord, so it's not like

87cf5a9d-774b-4c0e-9abc-4764f0a68a41
00:37:55.510 --> 00:38:00.320
a little agricultural back water they really are ...

f83d24ea-c04e-42a2-9113-f0c0a6465c30
00:38:00.320 --> 00:38:05.690
 bringing in a lot of ... what would seem to us exotic stuff that was really just 

a09a11bc-2426-4010-be4d-c4323eaa03ba
00:38:05.690 --> 00:38:10.770
 they're part of the British empire and part of Atlantic trade. Now also part of 

92fcff02-f5ba-4b0c-b62d-e358620eafa6
00:38:10.770 --> 00:38:16.070
your question was had to do with churches so okay,

4e8fb7e1-1869-4837-a462-dd4806294ca5
00:38:16.070 --> 00:38:19.780
 the simple answer is its a Congregational church. 

2179a0ab-c744-4a43-bb7d-1b07e1c9a831
00:38:19.780 --> 00:38:25.560
Congregation meaning there's no bishop there's no overall.

cde85f4e-d8c5-4db9-a62d-63ca70606e04
00:38:25.560 --> 00:38:25.910


8be31836-5000-46af-8564-9a62c04564b7
00:38:25.910 --> 00:38:31.400
church authority in church hierarchy it's very much community-based you know, and, it is sort of

47f48caa-d4e3-4e52-8dc2-5016e1361ff7
00:38:31.400 --> 00:38:37.740
a derivative of the Calvinist faith of the Puritan settlers. However, 

e6f6e062-c0d6-428d-960b-6a008200c7f8
00:38:37.740 --> 00:38:40.880
 it does get a little complicated so as we get into the eighteen century.

b2f2cb72-5a7b-4648-9f8c-3032673893e7
00:38:40.880 --> 00:38:45.770
 so seventeen thirty eight Concord had a minister by the name of Reverend John 

9c266f38-7443-46bf-b2ab-db5dd8be5fef
00:38:45.770 --> 00:38:51.610
Whiting who they fired for drunkenness. It can be quite distressing 

c87ea89b-9908-4978-b978-78568e506eaa
00:38:51.610 --> 00:38:54.610
when you're taxpayer you your money goes to

2ddc0c08-ffcf-4a28-9bee-39d32b0dc16b
00:38:54.610 --> 00:39:00.350
 supporting the minister, people walk for miles you know, 

550597b5-2a4a-4300-a937-67a0f817f3e0
00:39:00.350 --> 00:39:05.190
 to attend church and sometimes they can't because the weather, the condition of the roads. either way they 

5ccebd23-70de-4079-98a2-8f75a1546dc2
00:39:05.190 --> 00:39:10.720
 make an effort and if this guy is showing up drunk on the sabbath that's not cool, so anyway he was 

b9129ec2-a2f0-4a57-8cd5-6197b03e94b8
00:39:10.720 --> 00:39:15.620
fired and they brought in reverend daniel bless and that's really where the troubles

dcac0638-29d1-467b-986b-7a974cf90791
00:39:15.620 --> 00:39:20.010
 began. It's not a necessarily reflection on Daniel as a person 

4eb4c18b-c4e5-4df7-9b74-5460b5819a3d
00:39:20.010 --> 00:39:24.940
 or his sincerity nor his learnedness, but you have something called 

314112f8-f0e4-4cac-8146-33b2f00dc7f7
00:39:24.940 --> 00:39:29.800
the great awakening and it was a religious revival based on the preaching of the

959fa840-d5a9-4a12-8555-ea4932541412
00:39:29.800 --> 00:39:36.070
 reverend george whitefield, an english preacher, you know, very passionate,

7f16e916-7975-4cec-ba75-ca5b2f4a5397
00:39:36.070 --> 00:39:42.840
about salvation and accepting the teachings of the church and, 

2378b1b5-9d69-44ec-9d5d-f369badae025
00:39:42.840 --> 00:39:45.690
 personal conversion.

83dd5379-017d-49d4-806f-06906e15047b
00:39:45.690 --> 00:39:50.120
and very emotional. Before that sermons are very scholarly. This is very 

79d242fa-9ff8-4b3e-b939-d1845d2495ae
00:39:50.120 --> 00:39:54.430
appealing to the emotions. daniel bless was of that tradition. Some people love that, some people

ee76eae4-2af4-4a70-88ea-3da577f7fff9
00:39:54.430 --> 00:39:59.390
 found it distasteful. I'll give you a little description in professor bob 

94bf17cf-5671-41f2-908b-1e0b317cf06b
00:39:59.390 --> 00:40:04.440
 gross' wonderful book "the minutemen in their world."

b373c71d-1f42-4f2e-a5c4-38fb289f7801
00:40:04.440 --> 00:40:07.460
 It's describing one of Daniel Bliss' sermons. 

5c676dd6-f09e-4db9-83dc-43a35caac71d
00:40:08.610 --> 00:40:12.430
"He began in a low and moderate strain and went 

bb8e72a3-970c-4e9e-aa1c-6e46f7cc90d5
00:40:12.430 --> 00:40:16.980
on for some time in the same manner but towards the close the sermon he began to

dc7aafdc-b9b1-4e4b-afd2-cd171ab40066
00:40:16.980 --> 00:40:21.770
raise his voice and to use many extravagant gestures and then began a

b52d38a4-cbbe-4ac2-952a-99dccc6f4d54
00:40:21.770 --> 00:40:26.960
considerable groaning amongst the auditors which is soon as he perceived

eda29793-ff8b-4894-8e30-488829e18b2b
00:40:26.960 --> 00:40:31.110
he raised his voice still higher and then the congregation were in the

4d0db158-bb39-420c-824b-a3608cb38f24
00:40:31.110 --> 00:40:34.070
utmost confusion some crying out the most dole

3e470050-93a1-4092-819d-2f1e72c917b4
00:40:34.070 --> 00:40:39.030
full accents some lapping others hugging and bliss still roaring to them to

b9af9834-cc24-465d-b5f7-01913beb391a
00:40:39.030 --> 00:40:47.470
 come to christ they answering I will I will I'm coming I'm coming?"

b3ffc005-9a18-471a-af4e-543a4f9239eb
00:40:47.470 --> 00:40:50.920
That's quite a scene so anyway there's some people that were totally

e9398b87-d702-43d9-9856-aa9527e0a5ca
00:40:50.920 --> 00:40:55.110
into that and there were some people who weren't. Actually in seventeen forty-five 

18ba2380-2030-48df-bd0d-a1c72d369303
00:40:55.110 --> 00:41:01.150
there was a group from the western part of town that separated. They called themselves the west church and,

2d98095e-453f-49a9-a6af-a25567a87be4
00:41:01.150 --> 00:41:04.440
they form their own congregation and they were not allowed to meet in the meeting house

8833ebc0-94b2-480e-989a-e3ef1b9034cc
00:41:04.440 --> 00:41:09.410
or call their own minister. They had to meet at the black horse tavern which they did for the next

1b85b881-10a9-4d9f-804c-e3835b99d032
00:41:09.410 --> 00:41:14.840
 fourteen years and thus they were called the black horse church. What is now the town of lincoln separated 

85611820-00ae-4c5f-95a9-6fef109776f6
00:41:14.840 --> 00:41:18.270
 off in seventeen fifty-four because of they they disapproved of 

31c35751-9a34-4ff2-9b29-28842c852fe3
00:41:18.270 --> 00:41:23.170
 Daniel Bliss' teachings. Daniel Bliss died in seventeen sixty four. 

411b5703-2c8f-40a3-81fb-80b798f5f67a
00:41:23.170 --> 00:41:28.730
His successor in seventeen sixty five is reverend william emerson, also,

900f043b-28cc-4a14-a02e-ed1b30740caa
00:41:28.730 --> 00:41:34.520
 a very impassioned speaker however, he seems to have calmed things down 

092ffcce-26fe-49b2-bfc2-448327a07e2c
00:41:34.520 --> 00:41:37.680
 and united town, at least somewhat. There were still some aftershocks 

6f8c5eaa-078f-4590-a5bb-51ec532e97e8
00:41:39.560 --> 00:41:44.990
 of the split, but by that point of course politics are now overshadowing 

1804de72-df3a-490d-b31b-ccb632525890
00:41:44.990 --> 00:41:51.260
 the religious strife so, yeah, it's an interesting town.

cf4ad1de-61f0-49c6-9650-f808d686eb03
00:41:51.260 --> 00:41:56.150
We have from Rick have a question, "What happened to the gun powder and 

5282383b-0bd7-4fc4-a5ad-5119480fba29
00:41:56.150 --> 00:42:00.870
 weapons that were stored and quickly hid in Concord after april nineteenth?

87703e30-cd1b-4cfb-a5e0-a8b0e3b506ad
00:42:00.870 --> 00:42:06.320
Did they stay hidden there or were they brought to boston for the army in boston, meeting outside 

ae736ac0-3af7-4cad-8edc-430fcdb966c0
00:42:06.320 --> 00:42:12.160
 of boston, the militia, and how much of the pre-april nineteenth supplies were actually found 

13f15cad-c0c6-4c91-9466-18e2ce9b629d
00:42:12.160 --> 00:42:17.480
taken or destroyed by the British so there's actually?

96b9e69d-de32-4f5a-aae0-8ee107f8a2dc
00:42:17.480 --> 00:42:19.320
 There are a lot of pay records. 

9c8d9fe2-e057-486a-bb33-9e82119b964d
00:42:20.330 --> 00:42:25.050
And, the men submitting pay for particular duties we also have an account of

5561d7c1-e63d-43ea-b564-95eac2fa7566
00:42:25.050 --> 00:42:30.080
Thaddeus Blood who's a private in Nathan Barrett's militia company. He mentions that he 

138cd8f1-0ea0-455b-b973-2faca0a6bf28
00:42:30.080 --> 00:42:34.480
was guarding stores weeks prior to april nineteen in about five or six

0efad7a0-86b8-49c7-8bb6-0af3c0387258
00:42:34.480 --> 00:42:40.280
weeks after and this is supported by other pay records of other militia men who were

058574ee-cc2b-4742-a0b9-e1d726d869ad
00:42:40.280 --> 00:42:45.170
called to do guard duty in Concord, of the Concord stores, the military supplies, well

cafc0a46-9e43-43f1-a746-0c1be4faa6b1
00:42:45.170 --> 00:42:50.700
into June of seventeen seventy five and, it and of course at that point, you know,

20285f3b-1095-49c3-af9c-36f2184ec02c
00:42:50.700 --> 00:42:54.520
 a lot of the operation is shifting to cambridge and watertown where the 

f28695e1-4b2c-4300-9c63-d142b67843fc
00:42:54.520 --> 00:43:00.990
potential congress had reconvened, but Concord was still a very major supply depot

aa9f715c-90e9-48d1-aee4-1aa01c724721
00:43:00.990 --> 00:43:03.040
in the early war effort, and Colonel

f7c9091f-f0a7-493f-8722-2e8c5d846a42
00:43:03.040 --> 00:43:07.980
Barrett of Concord was placed in charge of all the provincial stores

e4ac01f4-5e15-4a95-b838-2c82755cfe50
00:43:07.980 --> 00:43:12.570
and military supplies that were used in the early part of the revolution. So

7a3a031a-4132-49b9-8853-7afb1415787e
00:43:12.570 --> 00:43:17.190
 what did the british find when they were there? Well a lot of these things were hidden 

918aaa1d-a109-424a-bc38-2052dba9f3b3
00:43:17.190 --> 00:43:21.380
 before they came or dispersed to other towns they did manage 

7625f4ec-233c-4cb0-a655-e6135ad256a5
00:43:21.380 --> 00:43:26.260
 to find three iron guns, twenty-four pounders, so those are big guns, those are usually like 

a74ecd01-1851-4880-805e-5311ff7562b5
00:43:26.260 --> 00:43:30.560
you'd see in a fixed battery on the coast and,

ebda10a7-6351-4c38-8e09-f53696ceed6e
00:43:30.560 --> 00:43:34.580
 they found and they knocked the trunnions off. Those are the iron cylinders that allow you to mount it

c484e95b-5101-45cc-a50b-b70eef1b05f3
00:43:34.580 --> 00:43:39.750
onto a carriage and raise or lower the elevation, so they basically disabled and spiked

e58c13b1-2c63-4323-989d-78461b235c85
00:43:39.750 --> 00:43:44.450
them. They also found casks of flour which they threw into the mill pond and,

2ff2711f-ec5c-476b-a9ff-50d3bbfabba6
00:43:44.450 --> 00:43:50.030
basketballs and other things like that. The flour they actually recovered. The caskets leaked

cf358996-0c75-4c4a-94da-139789a0f0d0
00:43:50.030 --> 00:43:55.800
 and sealed they were able to recover a lot of the flour. They also destroyed some gun carriages 

d6cf7585-cb3f-4003-855f-1c6d75c4ea29
00:43:55.800 --> 00:43:59.750
 and other equipment, and tents and things. They set fire to them in the 

0a208048-a627-4138-a27d-ca7a85610720
00:43:59.750 --> 00:44:05.350
town. Now, from Richard -  "How and when did they 

7bc47f8a-79d9-4a9f-be7a-4e0289494184
00:44:05.350 --> 00:44:10.290
know to move the stores from Barrett's farm? There's a lot of documentation on this so the 

8f6439f0-725b-44a1-9f3f-2e0ac1ec0723
00:44:10.290 --> 00:44:13.960
provincial congress had what was called the committee of safety.

6ba731f6-7679-4f7d-9e2c-c1f3eb9c4d05
00:44:13.960 --> 00:44:18.240
 So, march fourteen the committee of safety directed that "watches 

ae6c4928-0882-41fc-b735-2f337cbc51b3
00:44:18.240 --> 00:44:22.680
be kept constantly at places where the provincial magazines are kept

4a37c633-43bf-446b-8909-a5a73ffe8f30
00:44:22.680 --> 00:44:27.640
 and that the clerk write on the subject Colonel Barrett of Concord, Henry Gardner of Stow 

165d62cf-74cf-463e-86f2-c1204c474cab
00:44:27.640 --> 00:44:32.450
and captain timothy bigelow of Worcester, and also "that members of

f5e7bac8-48d0-4589-a34a-01c461c69d8f
00:44:32.450 --> 00:44:37.390
 these committees belonging to the towns of charlestown cambridge and roxbury be desired to procure 

9802f010-50b7-447a-ba45-6524ef0e65bb
00:44:37.390 --> 00:44:42.370
at least two men for a watch every night to be placed in each of those towns,

5de08365-5b37-4060-af2c-7f13959c53ef
00:44:42.370 --> 00:44:47.380
 that said members be in readiness to send couriers to the towns where the magazines 

13aaae90-efa9-4054-8ede-444549817535
00:44:47.380 --> 00:44:51.680
 are placed." So you see basically see the groundwork here for 

0c8f1efe-0d07-4665-b7fa-02c4cd6b7547
00:44:51.680 --> 00:44:56.640
Paul Revere's ride, the alarm. It was part of a network that was set up. Again, 

8039e40b-ff4b-4276-a3c7-5cc87993ecaf
00:44:56.640 --> 00:45:02.760
 they knew it was coming. On the thirtieth of march the british first brigade left boston 

4bf45510-6bb3-4bb0-9049-d1b9527e40cc
00:45:02.760 --> 00:45:06.180
or route march into the countryside they didn't go very

975d6bd4-ff01-4754-9254-e8e213aa583e
00:45:06.180 --> 00:45:11.440
far they turned around he went back into boston but it put the colony on high alert so,

140d963a-31d0-4360-b652-2826e06a36dc
00:45:11.440 --> 00:45:16.440
 now you see a real stepping up of efforts to disperse the supplies.

50e7bb2e-3482-413c-ae6d-bfbf9eff26dd
00:45:17.890 --> 00:45:22.660
On april fourteenth, actually, Paul Revere rode into Concord and warned Colonel Barrett 

5f32cae1-eabc-4875-a917-f04bab1c5264
00:45:22.660 --> 00:45:29.130
hey, something's coming soon better get ready to move these things when 

bcbd805d-a0b0-4509-af4b-480e6981d168
00:45:29.130 --> 00:45:34.640
 the can committee of safety tells you to. And on April seventeenth the committee 

dfa79851-0633-47ee-b23f-9265cae5ac25
00:45:34.640 --> 00:45:39.470
 safety order that to four pounders in Concord, the brass guns ,

4639c870-5423-4fe3-9b0b-35667d3f1f87
00:45:39.470 --> 00:45:43.510
 be mounted an artillery company raised. And the two six pounders, that means the weight

175a7095-bad6-44e1-9eec-ed6b3f443103
00:45:43.510 --> 00:45:48.460
of the shot that they throw, be transported to Groton, and two seven inch

e9082a44-4f46-492b-8cad-29163c304edb
00:45:48.460 --> 00:45:54.610
mortars moved to Acton, so they are already starting to disperse

f8cd962a-3adb-4450-80a6-bc455aaef204
00:45:54.610 --> 00:46:03.470
some of these stores ordering guns to be mounted others to be moved to other towns and, 

ae5c26be-2f24-407b-aa38-eb80868066d3
00:46:03.470 --> 00:46:07.800
 for Colonel Barrett to be ready and to start dispersing these things to 

ae3761bc-6f77-4df9-8b44-4637cf005694
00:46:07.800 --> 00:46:12.370
Groton, to Stow to Acton and other places so, 

9051eb1d-5fcc-4f20-873a-b79c058724fe
00:46:12.370 --> 00:46:16.540
yeah, they knew before the troops came which is why when they arrive there really wasn't much

4c2631c3-92c2-4b9b-ad5c-f6a07d16a03a
00:46:16.540 --> 00:46:21.250
there for them to find. So now we have a question from 

fd19c12c-d5d2-4fb9-9ac3-880bf4d7685b
00:46:21.250 --> 00:46:27.050
Thelonius Pinecoffin, is that your real name? "When I was a little kid I 

ef19cbcf-df19-4915-9b42-c7d47a6baaed
00:46:27.050 --> 00:46:33.110
 read a book on Johnny Tremain. and learned everything about the american revolution from it.

00754315-34c3-4a91-929f-abe95447ed8f
00:46:33.110 --> 00:46:38.080
 In the book johnny helps a british soldier desert. The soldiers was later caught by the british and executed 

c7435866-bae7-44fe-a8ea-c0a7b5e7cd23
00:46:38.080 --> 00:46:43.180
 were deserves like this common in Massachusetts?" Yes. 

901ac676-3772-4d29-82b5-092ba9bb7595
00:46:43.180 --> 00:46:47.630
Desertion in the army was always. 

0b3b5041-1185-4c82-9e13-fdd031e96bdf
00:46:47.630 --> 00:46:48.780
A problem, you know,

fde28054-e0bc-4480-9bba-94a1028bf78c
00:46:48.780 --> 00:46:53.830
and, actually when the british first came into boston in seventeen sixty eight you know,

86d87b51-10c8-4047-acd1-d82009898031
00:46:53.830 --> 00:46:58.180
there were civilians who were prosecuted for

d6272855-28b5-43fb-926f-7795f6d6989a
00:46:58.180 --> 00:47:05.320
helping, for trying to convince soldiers to dessert. Always a problem so,

5a2330eb-0cc7-467d-8c1a-a322e67d6a5e
00:47:05.320 --> 00:47:10.650
it was it was punished quite brutally so usually a first offender we get

6cfaedfc-824a-470b-a434-e4147478d059
00:47:10.650 --> 00:47:15.460
 off the flogging you know, two or three hundred lashes ouch, you know, 

b05e5912-9473-4c92-8ddd-b3de2520cc36
00:47:15.460 --> 00:47:21.510
delivered in installments so you get a little payment plan their is two hundred lashes at one-time 

35b52af3-b1dd-4a9f-ad5d-c54962f4ffb3
00:47:21.510 --> 00:47:24.810
the kill you the idea was not 

eb5df1bf-25ce-46b8-bc71-ac86fd212f59
00:47:24.810 --> 00:47:29.430
to kill the soldier but to make sure that they don't do what they did again however

0ebb72bb-9058-40d0-b41d-aeecb4743fa2
00:47:29.430 --> 00:47:34.400
 son did somewhere repeat offenders and if you were a repeat offender and you were caught and brought 

62bec89b-6d51-4561-9a08-9ecdcf25481c
00:47:34.400 --> 00:47:41.860
 back oftentimes you were executed, hanged or shot for desertion and, 

b27ec135-00e2-464e-a92f-ffc82c115cf3
00:47:41.860 --> 00:47:45.820
there's a lot of research that was done by the historian Don Haggist so if you look him up

946b6feb-6302-4f0e-972b-09a7b09ce948
00:47:45.820 --> 00:47:50.540
Don Haggist, "All Things Liberty" it's got a lot of great information about the british army 

55cf4fb7-ab24-4897-9bb3-adf51171beee
00:47:50.540 --> 00:47:56.380
and in a book called british soldiers american war and he also outlines a lot of the

9872cc02-3df3-402c-b3e5-8fda33558748
00:47:57.410 --> 00:48:02.470
sort of execution narratives soldiers who are condemned to kind of write down like here's

04a1682b-7e02-46a9-af67-da8511c03235
00:48:02.470 --> 00:48:08.550
where I went wrong this is my story sort of like a confessional so,

024111dc-7ec1-48c0-911a-2aecf5f86ec8
00:48:08.550 --> 00:48:12.820
yeah, absolutely that could happen but in terms of recruitment of the army you know,

12368be4-3f41-4ab7-9e7a-202668c5ac99
00:48:12.820 --> 00:48:16.530
the stories that they were like tricked into serving their scraped out of the taverns and the

4cb6b951-45f0-438b-b380-552b61066994
00:48:16.530 --> 00:48:20.600
 jails the king shilling, you know, somebody puts a shilling in their drink and then 

ea23bf44-c1a3-4cff-828b-6e329ddd2c20
00:48:20.600 --> 00:48:26.710
...no. Enlistment was voluntary it was considered, when you join the 

d7456432-10f6-43e1-9a4d-73a2090a00bd
00:48:26.710 --> 00:48:31.680
 army you should know why you joined in fact there was a time period between your first... 

c000197a-4670-4c08-8378-f7f28aa2235a
00:48:31.680 --> 00:48:35.130
you know, being engaged by recruiting sergeant to finally,

2f1ae62c-725c-41a4-8317-6bed6bdb80ea
00:48:35.130 --> 00:48:39.250
 you know, making your mark or signing on the dotted line, a period where you get 

dfe7acd6-7763-447a-9069-1809c2e7baa9
00:48:39.250 --> 00:48:44.540
vetted to make sure that you're not bound out already 

85992fd2-9e16-41d8-9603-6e7976b3ee30
00:48:44.540 --> 00:48:50.590
 as a servant, that you're not a runaway, that you're basically free to go and, 

21e3f00a-4307-400d-bc99-fa3edcb4518a
00:48:50.590 --> 00:48:54.530
 also for you to make sure that this is what you want to do. It was a career, you know, 

304085f9-5993-479a-b1d8-dbbebb343d0f
00:48:54.530 --> 00:48:59.200
 some people joined and they, you know, found it was a fulfilling career, did 

3f5da14d-31b4-4226-a448-5161b6e63ee5
00:48:59.200 --> 00:49:03.680
 what they wanted it to do. Other people got in and said, not for me, so 

afb5ef85-aedc-4ea3-89a1-e3d4108b756e
00:49:03.680 --> 00:49:08.710
 you get a big mix there. So this last part here, a 

56dfb8aa-30b9-45df-81af-c2475a41c374
00:49:08.710 --> 00:49:13.220
 series of questions, you know, there's stories that sort of grow 

f42bfbac-e9ec-4058-a0b3-f7d352be327e
00:49:13.220 --> 00:49:17.090
 in the telling and these next questions 

b7250f1f-c3eb-41e5-a334-da65404b63bf
00:49:17.090 --> 00:49:21.060
really speak to that, so I'm going to go through these 

d666ee41-773b-4a5a-8413-220853da4cd4
00:49:21.060 --> 00:49:26.670
there's been a lot of questions this week so thank you so, the first one from Richard here asked about 

b2a1096e-00f1-443f-b3fa-17f21da23eb5
00:49:26.670 --> 00:49:31.540
the story of an elderly lady picking flowers and,

80d59f4a-0730-491f-a4d3-82c5f2a3ea6e
00:49:31.540 --> 00:49:36.750
 taking the surrender of british soldiers and this was in Menotomy, the 

be53c391-3902-4c43-a84d-4f70d3225edd
00:49:36.750 --> 00:49:41.260
 town of Arlington, who had thrown their muskets into spy pond. 

104eec9c-baae-4a48-9d85-3626789a11e4
00:49:41.260 --> 00:49:45.900
 So, the story comes from and, again, indebted to JL Bell and 

6706bd5c-2a64-4704-adb0-7c1cb1688479
00:49:45.900 --> 00:49:49.020
his excellent blog, Boston Seventeen Seventy Five 

200cd4cc-74c0-45bf-8b74-5427fd272484
00:49:50.460 --> 00:49:53.500
the story comes from the boston pearl and literary

fb27b4ad-f442-4142-b77c-c1c60f1dfda7
00:49:53.500 --> 00:49:59.290
 digest, eighteen thirty five, in the same anonymous story. 

05a489df-3ac5-42d5-9b9e-8c625255124f
00:49:59.290 --> 00:50:03.620
 That details what's now known to be a fictional account of Hezekiah

9b557042-81ab-462e-a64e-f1be1463be19
00:50:03.620 --> 00:50:09.110
Wheeler who was the mythical rider on the white horse

dc379822-40d9-433e-b47c-cf490eb74ee0
00:50:09.110 --> 00:50:13.930
with his rifle who would ride ahead of the british column and picking off British soldiers

10f19bc8-b161-4f0a-b332-7340275ca5e1
00:50:13.930 --> 00:50:20.620
 throughout the day. Turns out that didn't happen and this story is part of that but, 

0b23f356-2602-4873-8137-ada1649d2758
00:50:20.620 --> 00:50:26.930
 there's more so, the story basically has it that

a904eb3f-533d-43a8-acb7-f1f580cb6e68
00:50:26.930 --> 00:50:31.160
the party of soldiers who had the baggage in charge, this is quoting from the story, ran 

0c34c749-5737-402f-8bdf-9110c2ae4648
00:50:31.160 --> 00:50:34.510
to a pond, this is when the baggage train, 

1768d9f3-7667-4b63-b8bd-83a06ba053e8
00:50:34.510 --> 00:50:43.700
Percy's wagons with extra ammunition and supplies was left behind.

d9a8d139-6e7b-457b-9a3d-1fa3e0c38b25
00:50:43.700 --> 00:50:47.910
by the troops because they were moving too quick and they got picked off in Menotomy by a

cb9528d8-ceff-4cad-be23-000e2a23c6f8
00:50:47.910 --> 00:50:54.300
 group of men led by David Lamson, an old indian fighter from the last war who 

baa3fba2-f08c-4890-a981-67d187f5f6c2
00:50:54.300 --> 00:50:58.350
picked off the baggage train so, party of soldiers who had the

5fbd1a48-4935-46fe-a656-193cb78fcdbb
00:50:58.350 --> 00:51:03.050
 baggage in charge ran to a pond and plunging there muskets into the water... the ones who survived 

a32def41-d8f2-4ee4-abd6-8ee3aad81503
00:51:03.050 --> 00:51:08.110
the initial attack surrender themselves to an old woman called mother barbaric who

ded35368-69d6-4048-8880-fbea4371d813
00:51:08.110 --> 00:51:13.090
was at that time digging roots in an adjacent field the party of americans recapture the

430ffc44-d98b-4cc3-afca-1cca7079217e
00:51:13.090 --> 00:51:18.020
 gala englishman from other barbaric and place them and safe keeping. And this maybe based on 

8ac37a31-ed0b-4a91-bfae-5ab7b3c5f664
00:51:18.020 --> 00:51:23.360
 an oral tradition from Ruth Batherick. 

b3883ca3-12ad-4ac6-8eec-7f1c26bd2205
00:51:23.360 --> 00:51:28.190
and, her step-daughter, step granddaughter, phoebe who mentioned seeing soldiers 

2bd69bb5-6300-4983-91ae-b56fdd518c3b
00:51:28.190 --> 00:51:31.220
and later seeing one dead in the ditch but,

011ef884-5398-4349-a761-676686161a1a
00:51:31.220 --> 00:51:34.000
she makes no mention of capturing the

8eef28df-6151-4c89-8fe0-e900755b5a3d
00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:39.150
soldier so really it comes from that story that you know,

2ec130f2-02a5-4566-ae6c-6df9a87af4fa
00:51:39.150 --> 00:51:43.890
 she captured the soldiers. So barbaric being mentioned in the story, there's no Barbarick in Menotomy and 

80e97f32-86da-4c26-9ad4-ddb3ebe74145
00:51:43.890 --> 00:51:49.310
but there is Ruth Batherick whose family did witness the events of 

79c78c18-acab-49e3-af6c-228827733dab
00:51:49.310 --> 00:51:54.230
april nineteen seventeen seventy five so they come from that possibly and also the story that 

43017963-6cc4-4ca7-a9ca-fbe608b3d3d3
00:51:54.230 --> 00:52:00.560
 use picking dandelions which may have done because that was actually part of a purgative tea

89cb5fb6-83db-41dd-82c0-2ca16a2e2bf7
00:52:00.560 --> 00:52:07.530
that would kind of clean you out so, anyway, a bit of a mess there. 

8b0cb3eb-5b92-4468-90cb-e311bd2f8a01
00:52:07.530 --> 00:52:11.890
 But, supposedly Lamson was said to remark when he took charge of the 

3249bac0-f4c3-4f3e-a140-9cdf8b13427b
00:52:11.890 --> 00:52:17.070
 five british soldiers that had surrendered that you know, if one old woman can capture five 

9cd0bd0a-ade0-46e6-b1c8-4c020df4f100
00:52:17.070 --> 00:52:22.900
grenadiers how many are they going to  need to conquer America? Great story. 

6b95cfa1-bf34-4dd0-9901-0efe80842178
00:52:22.900 --> 00:52:25.230
 Now we have question from Mr. Giles. 

df034bb1-6ab7-4c62-ab26-e4eae22feace
00:52:26.350 --> 00:52:28.410
"How do they actually hide the cannon

41415717-3d3a-4928-b86f-b11531e27d8a
00:52:28.410 --> 00:52:32.870
at Barrett's farm? I've heard stories that they buried it. Back

52c77b0d-054a-4d03-9787-5d950bba14c7
00:52:32.870 --> 00:52:36.760
 in the day I used to smuggle weapons myself...really?... but, 

337e73a5-2505-46ee-b934-61dc724dc799
00:52:36.760 --> 00:52:39.850
 burying them seemed impractical. One. that's a big hole 

2a472b60-76a3-4def-a4ae-c03892bfeb03
00:52:39.850 --> 00:52:42.300
and two, that's a lot of cleaning to do once you 

433019bc-21eb-40cb-9e48-30dbda42efcc
00:52:42.300 --> 00:52:48.650
dig it up." All right, so there's eighteenth century sources and

2f094877-373d-4fe8-b3d7-5deb8d950300
00:52:48.650 --> 00:52:53.600
there's nineteenth-century sources and twentieth century and kind of go through this here so

0d0abdc0-a547-48bc-8251-5a7be392ea32
00:52:53.600 --> 00:52:57.910
April seventeenth, seventeen seventy five as I mentioned before the committee of safety ordered 

e8634109-ec26-4860-89c0-f68f02534c65
00:52:57.910 --> 00:53:00.990
two four-pounders in Concord to be mounted and, 

d5278f4d-efee-4e33-a333-18d24940cad8
00:53:00.990 --> 00:53:08.250
that two six pounders be transported to Groton and the mortars to Acton.

211c3386-b8bd-4b3e-985c-fa4cf6d18ed8
00:53:08.250 --> 00:53:13.820
 Eighteen fifty, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, November, eighteen 

29c089e1-607f-4bf1-b836-d5a0194e5dea
00:53:13.820 --> 00:53:19.140
 fifty, number six volume one, it was an interview from Benjamin Lossing 

16a577d8-086d-4ace-b49a-42fcfb40f4dd
00:53:19.140 --> 00:53:23.160
who interviewed major barrett who is the son of james barrett junior who

ff22adc1-4dce-4a6a-88a1-69151ad6c8bc
00:53:23.160 --> 00:53:26.120
is the son of colonel james barrett who was in charge of the

72a06048-557d-44ed-ab1a-9d8df1f7b2b2
00:53:26.120 --> 00:53:31.100
provincial stores and seventeen seventy five, "major barrett was a

f2c422d1-e8c9-415a-957f-87cb28455559
00:53:31.100 --> 00:53:34.100
lad of fourteen when the british incursion into

262a9267-98d8-4507-bcbe-19fe7169bde0
00:53:34.100 --> 00:53:38.960
 concord took place he was too young to bear a musket but with every lad and woman in 

260cdea2-641a-4a3b-bef9-0bcd55beca98
00:53:38.960 --> 00:53:43.740
the vicinity he labored in concealing the stores and making cartridges for those who went out to

f492e026-4d70-41d8-ba57-f9c45cdc30bd
00:53:43.740 --> 00:53:48.690
fight with oxen and a cart himself and others about his age remove the

461ebd58-9419-430a-ba6f-f800eda608c1
00:53:48.690 --> 00:53:53.970
stores deposited at the house of his grandfather into the woods and, conceal them so, yeah,

2ccae9b7-e7fe-44f0-b12a-7f2dc795b007
00:53:53.970 --> 00:53:59.110
sorry James Barrett Jr, he was grandson of colonel barrett

8ae97717-33d4-43ec-a5c1-78500cb14297
00:53:59.110 --> 00:54:03.800
 So, you can seal them a cart load in a place under pine boughs in such 

3e9e7ed2-e92a-46a9-acc5-5cb669ac5140
00:54:03.800 --> 00:54:08.000
 case they were obliged to act on the approach the british from lexington that when the cart

2115b0be-30ee-4c10-82dd-63c2ff995888
00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:12.130
was loaded lands would march on each side of the oxygen go them into a

0527aced-e5b0-4e45-84a0-7de4f5169b04
00:54:12.130 --> 00:54:16.900
 trot thus all the stores were effectively concealed except some carriage 

d8e65e3c-194a-4404-aead-4e133ae35e38
00:54:16.900 --> 00:54:21.800
wheels perceiving the enemy near these were cut up and burned so that captain parsons,

a117b5c4-98a7-486c-8719-10f163e83d33
00:54:21.800 --> 00:54:26.580
a british officer, found nothing of value to destroy in carry away. And

3cfa28a1-5508-4a52-9e21-f3230ca5ac46
00:54:26.580 --> 00:54:32.420
 this story of the boys goading the oxen into a trot and hiding them under pine

39adb52a-040f-47bd-aed9-c272dd58815e
00:54:32.420 --> 00:54:37.270
 boughs is also corroborated by an interview done by Lemuel Shattuck 

53619847-6415-4f06-b9dd-70712d61ca2e
00:54:37.270 --> 00:54:42.890
 actually little earlier in eighteen thirties of mary Prescott barrett. 

4a94202b-9917-41ba-bef1-ea3c2805bafe
00:54:42.890 --> 00:54:44.930
 Who was colonel barrett's

fec00298-c3cb-4344-bfda-384e629a4692
00:54:44.930 --> 00:54:50.260
daughter-in-law, and her remembrance of the family was that the 

d3ed19b4-839b-4d94-a269-2c8627143b8f
00:54:50.260 --> 00:54:55.740
stores were deposited words under pine baths and, the length bringing the ox carts

ffcfa83d-68c3-4860-8b12-9131e0bb52b5
00:54:55.740 --> 00:55:01.420
 down at a trot. Here things get a little weird. Eighteen eighty eight Harriet 

56224a61-3e28-4e34-9e76-34358e1e2361
00:55:01.420 --> 00:55:04.970
Lothrop, who wrote under the pen name margaret Sydney, 

1e4e1d16-8f9e-469e-b545-8733433967ef
00:55:04.970 --> 00:55:08.780
 And, her book "Old Concord, Her Highways and Byways"

75239428-1fc3-4b56-ba23-d2c03d16c1c6
00:55:08.780 --> 00:55:13.160
writes of an interview with colonel barrett's great-granddaughter who she identifies 

f57a0207-caa2-417d-9ee7-01ce5af0546e
00:55:13.160 --> 00:55:15.630
Mrs. A, and she says that muskets 

6f907510-0638-4abe-9ec2-ef9312a9b872
00:55:15.630 --> 00:55:19.330
were buried in the field south of the old 

afc449a3-cd90-4ec2-a1fa-a287e756eed9
00:55:19.330 --> 00:55:24.140
barn so basically across the road from where the house now stands in an area thirty

a959594f-5319-49fa-8f2a-17c586440bd3
00:55:24.140 --> 00:55:29.780
feet square so she's getting quite specific but again this is now, you know, more

3260a99c-30cb-4607-86dd-6217c92220cd
00:55:29.780 --> 00:55:34.530
 than a century removed from the actual event and it's not corroborated by earlier 

bfd855d9-28d3-4fb7-a99f-11d69f4432e7
00:55:34.530 --> 00:55:40.680
interviews with people who are there or by the committee of safety.

58986f09-cd3a-474a-a677-6040e397bb46
00:55:40.680 --> 00:55:44.400
But, I did find something interesting.

c471bf6f-ead0-45b2-b809-7596ed9e46a6
00:55:44.400 --> 00:55:47.090
Ok, also there is.

46b8609e-572a-4f22-9fe1-8e5111cd8c73
00:55:47.090 --> 00:55:50.160
Later story in doing the magazine that said it wasn't

722bc542-43d1-4c62-9773-74a76a3f4fe4
00:55:50.160 --> 00:55:55.200
muskets, it was cannon, so it's interesting, you know, it's just getting bigger, muskets, cannon, but, 

00f9df79-4799-4ae7-a021-6b8e8d02c13d
00:55:55.200 --> 00:55:56.810
there is also.

915ce42c-b629-46c2-9727-f8b59bac47ac
00:55:56.810 --> 00:55:58.000
 Very strange, April 

e27bb50d-fedf-4db9-ac86-377dfc187461
00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:02.930
 eighteenth seventeen seventy five, there was instructions from the committee of safety to 

19edfd54-281f-4c73-9c40-2e632e02cf1c
00:56:02.930 --> 00:56:08.690
Colonel Barrett that musket balls under his care should be buried in some safe place 

3ef8a2da-9387-45fb-995d-43beb575b69d
00:56:08.690 --> 00:56:11.490
and the commissary only should be informed thereof 

9ecfb6dc-f773-46bc-8168-12ed389ccd38
00:56:11.490 --> 00:56:16.330
so there is evidence from the eighteenth-century that there

e0b73a3a-1f32-4d16-8b0d-2a5cfe9136d2
00:56:16.330 --> 00:56:21.520
were some items instructed to be buried. Were they? We don't know. So,

5a3a4ec8-0384-4474-ad7b-4a9c66070c73
00:56:21.520 --> 00:56:26.300
 we go from musketballs to muskets, to cannon, literally the story is growing 

428af9be-090a-43f9-b306-d8ba4261a040
00:56:26.300 --> 00:56:31.830
 in each retelling but I would I would go back to Mary Prescott Barrett 

1101d3bf-5ec4-4058-bfa6-c2e3d52db0c4
00:56:31.830 --> 00:56:37.630
and james barrett, major james barrett, and their stories that they gave in the eighteen thirties and 

4f304965-2fb9-493d-9e63-1a20246ec399
00:56:37.630 --> 00:56:41.970
eighteen fifties respectively that do corroborate that they were buried under

fb97779e-4f79-4ae6-8205-063e51ccab0d
00:56:41.970 --> 00:56:49.040
pine boughs. Okay we have one from Richard, the story of a young woman in Concord who befriended a 

6f39b3f8-7a2f-4161-985f-26d1b441cc34
00:56:49.040 --> 00:56:53.260
 british soldier who very condescendingly described how the british troops 

69146559-c03a-48dd-8dcc-86f88f0ada45
00:56:53.260 --> 00:56:57.810
 had these sophisticated tied bundles of powder and ball. The 

d8bdd38d-aec1-46cb-9472-f6b91e9c1048
00:56:57.810 --> 00:57:02.790
woman asks him to describe exactly how they are made and after learning turns in 

c263b257-fcb5-43b1-9469-46a4e6f109ab
00:57:02.790 --> 00:57:07.320
teaches her neighbors who immediately all turn out scores of them for the local

c7029fb5-60a7-48e9-85aa-a38dc4a637bd
00:57:07.320 --> 00:57:12.240
 militia. So this is (laughs) 

49bf33ef-edb7-428b-b11c-5bf0ff2d6b70
00:57:13.760 --> 00:57:15.910
 So, this is the story of Milliscent Barrett. 

3964d9ff-ad65-41ff-89fb-b3059070b4e1
00:57:17.570 --> 00:57:22.590
 And, this is our final question for the day here, so Milliscent

10c2cd98-309e-427b-9cbe-fdca211a6903
00:57:22.590 --> 00:57:29.210
Barrett, and this is going to tie-in a little bit with the story the cannons in the field,

f538da9c-ccee-4ab8-8990-9141d5ce127f
00:57:29.210 --> 00:57:32.570
Milliscent Barrett was the daughter of James

95d936b5-e72a-4e57-9020-f48ec45ce478
00:57:32.570 --> 00:57:40.440
Barrett junior, so she was Colonel Barrett's granddaughter, so she was 

ea1f9abe-3904-49ef-b150-3496dd8db1be
00:57:40.440 --> 00:57:44.980
born in seventeen fifty nine september so april

27f2f91c-d972-4772-a52c-3cfbc8ade496
00:57:44.980 --> 00:57:49.320
 nineteen seventeen seventy five she's fifteen-years-old. She later 

2192568a-8d99-47c0-be35-632f32a0809f
00:57:49.320 --> 00:57:50.840
married Joseph Swain.

13696aee-3318-43fd-9b71-ff3f93ffe4f3
00:57:51.960 --> 00:57:56.660
 Now in eighteen seventy five a later descendant, James Swain,

258f04a0-495d-42e0-9962-abf9d394e6f4
00:57:56.660 --> 00:57:58.580
wrote down a story. 

4f93f0be-0b69-4639-8460-3fd1368d7c56
00:57:58.580 --> 00:58:03.850
 When presenting an anvil owned by his by his probably by 

9e218bb5-4934-4ffb-b8c8-8665dcc03706
00:58:03.850 --> 00:58:09.520
 his grandfather, Joseph, with the claim that Joseph used the anvil to make 

183d50a6-93a6-4279-a544-c5ab8fb93143
00:58:09.520 --> 00:58:13.520
gun barrels during the revolution saying this was the envelope on which the

5b75478c-57d7-4a83-b602-a2927cdd03b7
00:58:13.520 --> 00:58:18.980
 first gun barrel was forged in the town of Concord. Okay now we're getting back to 

ff9a9e4d-0f81-458f-bbfd-69c81dc9c424
00:58:18.980 --> 00:58:21.630
superlatives, right? But he also in 

d126c2d5-ffbd-4d42-91c0-8e2972869157
00:58:21.630 --> 00:58:24.960
 the presentation of the anvil to the town 

c6236def-6e36-467d-bbf4-b2942cffc783
00:58:24.960 --> 00:58:30.700
he included a pair of scissors, saying that these were the scissors that 

c5a46c0d-f9ac-4b77-9f3f-8235b5633ea4
00:58:30.700 --> 00:58:34.530
Milliscent Barrett used to make cartridges 

05157e59-e38d-4fe3-a7c0-34c6ec0ee233
00:58:34.530 --> 00:58:39.900
and he included in his letter the story.

63c136e7-2716-469e-ae6a-231f6dbde5f2
00:58:39.900 --> 00:58:44.340
 That James Barrett, Colonel Barrett, was. 

b3c1ff86-7dba-4392-9d5a-787352090e92
00:58:44.340 --> 00:58:49.490
had served as a commissary providing grain to the british army during the french and indian war 

21407075-32d0-4eb9-820f-4b1af5e5d0ca
00:58:49.490 --> 00:58:55.330
 and then he continued into seventeen seventy four... That sounds a little weird particularly 

9499f284-611b-4008-ba7a-fcd3a745453f
00:58:55.330 --> 00:59:00.200
 when the british come back and seventeen seventy four they're as  occupiers and 

eb88aa51-0f34-49e5-90af-80b6b2e31832
00:59:00.200 --> 00:59:04.260
colonel barrett was deep in the provincial councils and it's doubtful that

57c5336a-8049-4dc1-b4d9-3a8e99428439
00:59:04.260 --> 00:59:10.820
 he's providing food but who knows but, anyway, he says that the british officer came out 

06bce8c6-ec77-4e9c-a3f3-00b2d4bf6020
00:59:10.820 --> 00:59:16.160
 to Concord, sometime prior to the war starting and was flirting with 

b2485718-85de-4dfd-b257-3eca1041d4e7
00:59:16.160 --> 00:59:21.990
Milliscent, and basically it came up that the colonists didn't

384e800c-03cc-41d1-a469-e8b5c72ff126
00:59:21.990 --> 00:59:27.880
even have cartridges that they were loading with powder horns and shot pouches so,

dbec956e-5718-4d49-a80e-5d44203d887d
00:59:27.880 --> 00:59:32.960
 she's like, fine why don't you show me how you make them? So he showed her how to make a cartridge. A musket cartridge 

41825df8-8be5-4afa-9df8-1b73151800c5
00:59:32.960 --> 00:59:38.310
is a paper tube with the musketball and a measured amount of gun powder that was the military way 

4c5828f6-474d-4c7f-ae05-e5ed4bba53fb
00:59:38.310 --> 00:59:42.790
carrying your ammunition. So the problem with the story of course it wasn't a military

38260234-8a71-4527-bb5c-eb6036c0a3f7
00:59:42.790 --> 00:59:48.710
 secret that's how they were making ammunition for military purposes, 

4cc3c935-075c-4c46-8db5-b36e7cf6fcae
00:59:48.710 --> 00:59:54.490
 you know, going back to the late seventeenth, early eighteenth-century. Thousands of militia 

658020e6-19f8-4c47-9924-17bad18ab7cc
00:59:54.490 --> 00:59:59.150
 men who served during the French wars would have had experience with this.  Towns are ordering cartridge 

840b3ac2-53fc-4fc1-97d8-fd76520a99f4
00:59:59.150 --> 01:00:04.770
 pouches, those are the pouches that you actually put the cartridges in for their 

84f30cd3-5873-4ed7-ab26-44d66486f88b
01:00:04.770 --> 01:00:11.430
 militia and newly raised minute companies. It's well-known. It's not a secret. 

034163a0-6fd3-4cd2-940a-b6ed33c0894c
01:00:11.430 --> 01:00:16.320
It's so no that story is not true.

ef83bc08-c6d1-40f0-bc62-0c1ffb4f59d6
01:00:16.320 --> 01:00:21.300
 However, and, also of course the problem, would a british officer really have come all the way 

1be440e2-3c7f-405d-b4cc-8774f97e88eb
01:00:21.300 --> 01:00:24.400
out to Concord at that time that, 

75aa2b4c-b79f-4d13-8941-ce8df056f3e5
01:00:24.400 --> 01:00:30.060
 you know, late summer seventeen seventy four when tentions are really rising so, 

b93c8d34-506c-4c08-b79d-4b21d8d3c3e9
01:00:30.060 --> 01:00:34.360
there's a lot of lot of problems with this story however,

d6116aa8-680b-45b0-abec-fb11a62545e1
01:00:34.360 --> 01:00:39.430
 it did become accepted that the scissors were real and, 

e56e8fbb-6496-4304-be62-c3c75adb2684
01:00:39.430 --> 01:00:45.520
 that the story was real. Louisa May Alcott mentions it in the

306d33af-7c74-42ab-8790-cc33aaa4f233
01:00:45.520 --> 01:00:50.540
 Women's Journal in eighteen eighty talking about revolutionary war relics and she says 

4d765b2b-a8ed-4b45-84ef-36f4411969d1
01:00:50.540 --> 01:00:53.180
we should remember the women you know,

20034adb-c266-4db3-baa2-b52e110c8606
01:00:53.180 --> 01:00:56.440
 in addition to the musket, you know, we should remember the scissors which cut the immortal 

2767ceaa-a74e-4a2a-9efb-0a7e2e3950cb
01:00:56.440 --> 01:01:01.990
 cartridges, but she doesn't mention Milliscent by name. Now Harriet Lothrop, in 

3beaa43e-e59d-452d-89a8-fbf106a7c0f7
01:01:01.990 --> 01:01:07.960
 eighteen eighty eight, "Old Concord, Her Highways and Biways," in addition to writing about 

c545e3d1-fff7-4dbe-8728-2d5ffdcbec48
01:01:07.960 --> 01:01:10.030
burying musket barrels also. 

3de20439-5d0b-40f0-85fe-8ac8e4d5a7d8
01:01:12.140 --> 01:01:14.240
talks about, in her interview with 

9e78578a-ad82-4548-a143-1ccbbfb805fd
01:01:14.240 --> 01:01:19.800
Colonel Barrett's great-granddaughter does talk about the story of Milliscent Barrett.

0233938d-e6f0-46bb-888b-25c8cda22ba8
01:01:19.800 --> 01:01:24.400
 And, says that... she changed it a little bit so that she met the officer at a 

929e68cd-8d1b-433a-b1f9-785eaf9bd205
01:01:24.400 --> 01:01:29.980
dance in cambridge and that was then that he taught her the secret

51c8faed-3f84-434c-8285-17a3f0d9ae6b
01:01:29.980 --> 01:01:33.880
of making cartridges but then she changes it in nineteen

771e80b1-e4e1-41f9-9754-340b7667c32b
01:01:33.880 --> 01:01:39.170
 hundred when she wrote the "Little Maid of Concord." This is quite often quoted 

3d0def2c-5d8d-4d49-b54d-52f5aeb75cf0
01:01:39.170 --> 01:01:44.810
 as the cited as a source like a historical source but look at the real title. "Little 

1b07a37e-969d-4c21-81ce-f97b413997ab
01:01:44.810 --> 01:01:49.510
Maid of Concord, A Romance of the American Revolution." Romance at that time

8965228f-d48e-4284-86f4-159382a50b5b
01:01:49.510 --> 01:01:54.060
meaning fiction and even in her preface she says that it's 

efa4a446-d6c1-47c2-8b09-a2fa4c116875
01:01:54.060 --> 01:01:59.850
fiction that she wove then, you know, some real history with some you know,

203c6029-4117-4ac8-b256-d6b55a712ff7
01:01:59.850 --> 01:02:05.250
basically fantasy which a lot of historical novels do you take some of

dba8c039-37b9-487e-92b0-c2ce64a4d454
01:02:05.250 --> 01:02:09.140
the real history and around it you leave your story and 

192d2cf7-6cca-4565-89d6-c7d86e0b6951
01:02:09.140 --> 01:02:14.130
 they actually changes the Milliscent Barrett story back to the James 

e5217e92-d86e-47ba-8f6b-2e6404e5a5af
01:02:14.130 --> 01:02:17.970
Swain letter which says that she met the officer 

f7cedf73-5a81-432b-85ec-dc3c16481be2
01:02:17.970 --> 01:02:24.060
 at Colonel Barrett's house in Concord instead of at a dance in Cambridge. 

3b21677f-8f25-4cb0-ac58-5974b8165c29
01:02:24.060 --> 01:02:24.440
 Within these 

1a4701b0-445b-4482-bbd2-69a9d5e4ed8b
01:02:24.440 --> 01:02:29.330
 stories sometimes is an element of truth. Okay so the cannons being buried in the field. 

1b894124-e4b1-41d6-96fe-374173ffcb61
01:02:29.330 --> 01:02:36.100
 Where they actually buried in the field? That's debatable. Eighteenth-century sources say 

53282e7e-d7de-46b6-98dc-b6d27d6fe199
01:02:36.100 --> 01:02:42.760
 the cannons were removed to another town but, musketballs may have been buried.

09b69442-5024-4572-a978-799b7166f2d4
01:02:42.760 --> 01:02:45.670
Living memory in the nineteenth-century said that they were hidden under

8a23d9e0-9224-43eb-8260-beba86b8098d
01:02:45.670 --> 01:02:52.320
 pine boughs. The truth of the matter is the activity the barrett family was 

7a38c04d-a1ad-493c-82ff-ffe3c8adf716
01:02:52.320 --> 01:02:57.240
instrumental in safeguarding the stores and keeping them out of the british hands whether

81c7129a-f8da-46ec-a712-f184164df8db
01:02:57.240 --> 01:03:02.850
 they were buried or placed under pine boughs, that's the heart of the story right there. They 

7cbf9931-a181-4f29-bef4-38c8cf0c1f61
01:03:02.850 --> 01:03:08.300
 kept them safe. The manner of it doesn't really matter so much. 

a8070af6-7181-4465-a79d-2d7e291accc3
01:03:08.300 --> 01:03:11.210
 The story Milliscent Barrett, 

d2e04061-1296-4f5d-ba32-20f3bc8057a6
01:03:11.210 --> 01:03:14.250
You know, did she romance the secret of making cartridges from

c3b9e698-4a56-4418-9767-6f7e5ed5b7e5
01:03:14.250 --> 01:03:18.960
 a british officer? I find it highly suspect.

437c0226-97d5-4245-aa24-facc43e734da
01:03:18.960 --> 01:03:20.710
It goes back to eighteen seventy five the 

e06a83fd-5cdd-4f40-beec-d33485151202
01:03:20.710 --> 01:03:24.950
James Swain letter, it gets picked up by Harriet Lothrop

31a63607-52ff-406e-9978-99e5fc89a9a3
01:03:24.950 --> 01:03:28.670
in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. 

5a38cd8d-3d78-4454-9564-5129ac420411
01:03:29.880 --> 01:03:33.690
 So, I doubt that part of it but, you know, what I don't doubt? I don't doubt that Milliscent

e43f3dc0-a40a-49c5-b7ba-dba2a82f5591
01:03:33.690 --> 01:03:37.490
Barrett was making cartridges because that was a common 

b6b4e8c7-aec1-40d1-bc5d-d4d27d631857
01:03:37.490 --> 01:03:42.780
 activity for young people at that time. Major James Barrett 

2073f823-d5c8-4e20-a20d-9d9451bb4bfe
01:03:42.780 --> 01:03:48.540
 in his interview with Benjamin Lossing in eighteen forty-eight / eighteen 

faee0a6f-84e8-4c78-9d1c-cf3389c61c94
01:03:48.540 --> 01:03:54.360
fifty mentions making cartridges so, you know,

8158c1b4-d4a8-4b39-83e3-6e83f1d38001
01:03:54.360 --> 01:03:59.180
 and, also there was a colonel, Colonel Mason,

d9aa2fcc-7831-42da-87ac-95c00978c568
01:04:01.360 --> 01:04:05.610
in Salem who wrote in 

bf899805-0e43-4b9e-bc9c-7b72034c043a
01:04:05.610 --> 01:04:08.720
his account saying that his wife and daughter he

e9e26506-7d62-4547-a661-c93b58922d0f
01:04:08.720 --> 01:04:13.490
locked them in an upper chamber of his room and they were making artillery cartridges, so this is something that families 

37c53a18-05a9-42d5-b62d-f2a6661ed137
01:04:13.490 --> 01:04:18.890
 did so, I don't doubt for a second that Milliscent was instrumental 

0801ee59-eea0-43d2-87d2-66df8857debf
01:04:18.890 --> 01:04:23.930
in making cartridges in that she did her part in, you know,

ae5dfb32-ca72-4d91-baf8-fe5467807b64
01:04:23.930 --> 01:04:27.480
in the effort to prepare the colony for war but,

4575671e-0ae7-49ca-ac82-b072106cb4c4
01:04:27.480 --> 01:04:31.400
 no. Making cartridges was not a secret so, you know, 

8f2afc55-a6f0-4fa0-9620-3778907a4d39
01:04:31.400 --> 01:04:35.860
again, with these stories you can you go back and you go back and you find where the where did 

7c3cbd18-29f1-4d81-8023-b21ed40ae240
01:04:35.860 --> 01:04:40.640
 they come from, kind of pick the layers but then eventually, you know, 

44ed6801-7962-470e-bf02-6ce81ee1c9e2
01:04:40.640 --> 01:04:45.840
 what's true what isn't. So, it all depends on who you ask but, you know, again, 

669de4f4-4d7c-41c3-8aa2-62c76f26496a
01:04:45.840 --> 01:04:47.240
question?

aac47670-7e66-4c9b-a006-4d3dcb4d6637
01:04:47.240 --> 01:04:50.410
And, find the sources of these stories and sometimes in doing

d7d3b004-3c57-405c-b36e-68b92451eed7
01:04:50.410 --> 01:04:57.660
 that you come up with some pretty cool stuff. So that does it for this week's installment of 

0130e333-cf6d-4eb0-9adb-e759caa02435
01:04:57.660 --> 01:05:03.120
Ask a Ranger. We will be we'll be back next Friday, ten o'clock so, 

3e365ca1-f5d4-4a9c-9413-1d096c5250a3
01:05:03.120 --> 01:05:06.480
send your questions you can either put them in the comments send-me an

80d78c9a-96db-4884-abd9-9e872520b075
01:05:06.480 --> 01:05:10.180
 email jim_hollister@nps.gov

e48e9e84-4e64-4c06-b11d-b4539d69904d
01:05:10.180 --> 01:05:14.880
that's on the facebook page, on our event so, 

046dedcc-8baa-4fb0-98e9-e3f7f8e1c386
01:05:14.880 --> 01:05:18.040
keep the questions coming and we'll keep meeting here

50c703d4-d48f-44e5-9922-28dac91fab5a
01:05:18.040 --> 01:05:24.000
every friday through the month of may and of course in the meantime I wish you all you know,

1211668a-ef2a-491c-b418-89ec2e84edf5
01:05:24.000 --> 01:05:28.200
 good health. I wish you all to be safe and we hope to 

0a9b63d5-945a-4405-a9ce-ad93d94d79fe
01:05:28.200 --> 01:05:33.440
 see you soon when all this clears up so thanks for watching. Bye.