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Wa:k Newsletter. [Tucson, San Xavier District of the Papago Tribe of Arizona.] A newsletter intended for residents and members of the San Xavier Reservation, it began monthly publication at least as early as September, 1982, and was still being published in April, 2004. After adoption of the new constitution by enrolled tribal members in 1986, the publisher became the San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham Nation. Beginning with a supplement in February, 1990, the publication occasionally bore the title Wa:k News through December, 1993 rather than Wa:k Newsletter, although it remained the same monthly publication. In January, 1996, volume numbers and issue numbers began with Volume 1, no. 1. Issues previous to that were unnumbered.

Waddell, Jack O.

    1966             AAdaptation of Papago workers to off-reservation occupations.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 437 pp. [ACase studies of five Papago Indian laborers are used in this investigation as a way of demonstrating how social roles are perceived and enacted in four different kinds of occupational environments. These environments or complexes constitute environments of adaptation in which Papagos are accommodating culturally learned roles to the roles demanded by their involvements with Anglos and within Anglo institutions.@]

    1969             Papago Indians at work [Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 12]. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Bibl. xi + 159 pp. [This is the published version of Waddell (1966).]

    1970a           Mesquite and mountains with money and messiah: a Papago Indian case of cultural revitalization. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, Vol. 2, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 51-88. Urbana, University of Illinois. [This is about an early twentieth century religious movement among Papagos spawned by the AProphet Dowie,@ a Protestant evangelist who sent a Negro preacher to villages in the vicinity of San Miguel. A group of thirty or forty Papagos, converts to the movement, moved to the Cobabi Mountains to await the end of the world. Waddell suggests reasons for the phenomenon.]

    1970b           Resurgent patronage and lagging bureaucracy in an off-reservation Papago community. Human Organization, Vol. 29, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 37-42. Lexington, Kentucky, Society for Applied Anthropology. [This essay examines a case in which Papago Indians accustomed to a patron/client pattern are being asked to acquire behavior patterns more appropriate to a bureaucratic institution. The community in the study is a small copper mining town (Ajo, Arizona) located west of the main Papago Reservation.]

    1973a           Drink, friend! Social contexts of convivial drinking and drunkenness among Papago Indians in an urban setting. In Proceedings of the First Annual Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, edited by M. Chafetz, pp. 237-251. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This article looks at Papago Indian drinking behavior both on the reservation and in the urban setting of Tucson, Arizona.]

    1973b           For individual power and social credit: the use of alcohol among Tucson Papagos. In Abstracts of the 32^nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, edited by Deward Walker, pp. 65-66. Tucson, Society for Applied Anthropology. [The title is the abstract of this abstract. Also see Waddell (1975).]

    1973c           The place of the cactus wine ritual in the Papago ecosystem. In International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 9^th, Chicago. The Hague, Mouton; Chicago, distributed by Aldine. [This is perhaps the best account of the Papagos= saguaro wine festival. It is based on first-hand observations of the 1970 and 1972 wine festivals held at the village of Little Tucson on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1975             For individual power and social credit: the use of alcohol among Tucson Papagos. Human Organization, Vol. 34, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 9-15. Washington, D.C., Society for Applied Anthropology. [ATwo fundamental dimensions of Papago Indian social or cultural reality are related to current drinking experiences of Papagos in the urban setting. Drinking serves both to maintain a system of social credit and egalitarian economics and to provide a means whereby individuals can attain personal power in an otherwise egalitarian social system. While heavy drinking is physiologically debilitating, it does help to articulate meaningful Papago values at a time when and in contexts where drastic changes are occurring in Papago life. The implication these patterns have for an applied anthropologist focusing on alcohol problems are discussed.@]

    1976a           From tank to townhouse: probing the effect of legal reforms on drinking styles of urban Papago Indians. Urban Anthropology, Vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring), p. 88. New York, Plenum Publishing Company. [Abstract of a talk given at the 1975 American Anthropological Association meeting. It concerns the effect on Tucson Papagos of a 1974 change making the violation of laws concerning public intoxication a public health matter rather than a criminal act.]

    1976b           From tank to townhouse: probing the effect of legal reforms on drinking styles of urban Papago Indians. Urban Anthropology, Vol. 5, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 187-198. New York, Plenum Publishing Company. [This is a text of the talk on which the abstract in Waddell (1976a) is based. Waddell approves of the change in the law.]

    1976c           The place of the cactus wine ritual in the Papago Indian ecosystem. In In the realm of the extra human: ideas and actions, edited by A. Bharati, pp. 213-228. The Hague, Mouton. [This is identical to Waddell (1973c).]

    1979             Alcoholic intoxication as a component of the Papago system of experiential reality. Ultimate Reality and Meaning, Vol. 2, pp. 4-15, 69-73. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.

    1980a           Drinking as a means of articulating social and cultural values: Papagos in an urban setting. In Drinking behavior among Southwestern Indians, edited by Jack O. Waddell and Michael W. Everett, pp. 37-82. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Liberal with quotes from Papagos themselves, this report, based largely on a study conducted in 1970-71, discusses Papagos= alcohol consumption in virtually all of its many aspects and makes some tentative suggestions concerning rehabilitation of Papago Aalcoholics.@]

    1980b           Similarities and variations in alcohol use in four Native American societies in the Southwest. In Drinking behavior among Southwestern Indians, edited by Jack O. Waddell and Michael W. Everett, pp. 227-237. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papagos, the people of Taos Pueblo, Western Apaches, and Navajos are the groups compared in this summary survey.]

    1980c           The use of intoxicating beverages among native peoples of the aboriginal Southwest. In Drinking behavior among Southwestern Indians, edited by Jack O. Waddell and Michael W. Everett, pp. 1-32. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This survey of intoxicating drinks available to Indians of the Southwest in pre-Columbian times includes a discussion of the wines prepared by Pimans, including Papagos, principally from saguaro fruit.]

    1984             Comment on AAlcohol and ethnography: a case of problem deflation?@ by Robin Room. Current Anthropology, Vol. 25, no. 2 (April), p. 187. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Waddell discusses briefly his research in the area of alcoholism among Papago Indians.]

Waddell, Jack O., and Michael W. Everett, editors

    1980             Drinking behavior among Southwestern Indians. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. xxix + 248 pp. [Consult the book=s index for citations to Papagos, and also see Waddell (1980a, b, c).]

Waddell, Jack O., and O. Michael Watson, editors

    1973             American Indian urbanization [Institute Monograph Series, no. 4]. Lafayette, Indiana, Institute for Study of Social Change, Purdue University. [Among the nine essays in this collection is one by Waddell titled, AWho Controls the Indians? Social Manipulation in an Ethnic Enclave,@ which is about the Papago population in the mining town of Ajo, Arizona.]

Wagner, Alice, and Clarence Wagner

    2004             San Xavier artwork. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The writers praise the article by Bernard Fontana and photos by Edward McCain of the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac that appeared in Arizona Highways in the October, 2003 issue of the magazine.]

Wagoner, Jay J.

    1949             AThe history of the cattle industry in southern Arizona, 1540-1940.@ Master=s thesis, Department of History and Political Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 252 pp. [A comprehensive survey of the subject of the title, it includes an entire chapter on the Papagos (pp. 214-229). He states that the Papago Indian Reservation is one of the three leading centers of livestock production in southern Arizona (p. 214). Specific references to San Xavier del Bac are on pages 13-14, 16, 18, 19, 26, 27, 46, 65 and 214.]

    1951             The Gadsden Purchase lands. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 26, no. 1 (January), pp. 18-43. Santa Fe, Historical Society of New Mexico; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. [Wagoner observes that the Aannexation of Arizona by the United States was most disastrous to the Papagos.@ He says that because Papagos were unable to lease federal lands for livestock grazing, they were forced to overstock lands within their reservations, with predictable results.]

    1952             History of the cattle industry in southern Arizona, 1540-1940 [University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 23, no. 2 (April), Social Science Bulletin, no. 20]. Tucson, University of Arizona. Maps, illus., bibl. 132 pp. [This is the published version of Wagoner (1949).]

    1970             Arizona Territory, 1863-1912: a political history. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xii + 587 pp. [The involvement of the Papago Indians in the Camp Grant Massacre of 1871 is recounted on pages 129-30 and 136. The passage by the first Arizona territorial legislature of an act awarding $250 dollars to establish a school at Mission San Xavier is mentioned on p. 51.]

    1975a           Early Arizona: prehistory to Civil War. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xvi + 547. [This straightforward chronological narrative history of the early years of Arizona contains numerous references to Papagos, the Pimería Alta, and to missions Tumacacori, San Xavier del Bac, Guevavi, and Calabazas. Consult the index.]

    1975b           How we survived the last 200 years. Arizona [supplement of the Arizona Republic], November 16, pp.14-21. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [It=s noted that Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, a Jesuit missionary, established Mission San Xavier del Bac in the 17th century, and that in 1797 the Franciscans completed a new church at San Xavier.]

    1975c           July 4, 1776 in New Spain. Arizona [supplement of the Arizona Republic], November 16, pp. 9-13. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [In writing about that portion of New Spain which later became AArizona,@ historian Wagoner alludes to Father Kino and Mission San Xavier del Bac; to Father Francisco Garcés=s tenure at San Xavier del Bac; an Apache attack on San Xavier in 1775; and the church at San Xavier built by Alonso Espinosa.]

Wakely, David, and Thomas A. Drain

    1994             A sense of mission. Historic churches of the Southwest. Foreword by N. Scott Momaday. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. Illus., further reading, index. ix + 132 pp. [Photographer Wakely and writer Drain have combined their talents to produce a book of color photos of churches in Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and California. Mission San Xavier del Bac receives its due in ten excellent color photos and accompanying text on pages 88-93 and Mission San José de Tumacácori in six color photos and text on pages 94-97.]

Walker, Ardis M.

    1974             Francisco Garcés: pioneer padre of the Tulares. Visalia, California, Limited Editions of Visalia. Illus. x + 74 pp. [While the emphasis here is on the explorations of Franciscan missionary Francisco Garcés in Southern California, and especially in the San Joaquin Valley, Garcés's missionary career beginning at San Xavier del Bac in 1768 is outlined to his death at the Yuma Crossing in 1781. A poem by Walker, "San Xavier del Bac," is on page 13.]

Walker, Frances A.

    1872             Report of the Commission of Indian Affairs. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, pp. 3-105. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report is dated November 1, 1872, and is addressed to the Hon. C. Delano, Secretary of the Interior. Walker writes of Papagos that their population is 5,000; they cultivate the soil and raise livestock; they have no reservation; many are Christians; they are well-behaved, quiet, and peaceable; they have no treaty with the United States and receive no government assistance; and the possibility exists a reservation could be established for them at San Xavier (pp. 57-58). Papagos and the Papago Agency are listed in a table which gives information concerning the agency and its personnel (p. 68), and General Oliver O. Howard brought two Pimas, one Papago, one Yuma, and four Apaches with him on a visit to Washington, D.C.]

    1975             Indian Commissioner Walker on Indian policy. Extract from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 1, 1872. In Documents of United States Indian policy, edited by Francis P. Prucha, pp. 137-141. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. [A part of Walker=s administrative report, reprinted here, decries the contrast between favorable federal treatment of the Atreacherous and vindictive Apaches@ and the poor treatment of the Awell-intentioned Papagos of Arizona.@ He asserts that Apaches are maintained in idleness while Papagos are subjected to unjust demands of government.]

Walker, Henry P.

    1976a           The Old Pueblo of Tucson. Periodical, no. 26 (Winter), pp. 3-8. Arlington, Virginia, Council on Abandoned Military Posts. [This history of Tucson as a militaery post, beginning as a Spanish presidio in 1775, mentions that by 1788 the former presidio at Tubac had been re-garrisoned with Northern Piman (APima@) troops, and that near the headwaters of the Gila River they fought an engagement with Apaches.].

    1976b           Quiburi. Periodical, no. 26 (Winter), pp. 10-11. Arlington, Virginia, Council on Abandoned Military Posts. [Accompanied by an aerial photograph of the site incorrectly labeled as Quiburi (it is actually Santa Cruz de Terrenate), Walker summarizes the history of this Sobaipuri settlement on the San Pedro River beginning with the arrival there in the 17^th century by Father Eusebio Kino, S.J.]

Walker, Henry P., editor

    1980             Colonel Bonneville=s report. The Department of New Mexico in 1859. Arizona and the West, Vol. 22, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 343-362. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Bonneville visited southern Arizona, including San Xavier del Bac and Tucson, and made passing mention of the Apeaceful@ Papago Indians and their agent, John Walker. He wrote that APapagos are friendly and have always been so, cultivating corn and beans, in large quantities, and sold to such an extent this year that they left themselves destitute@ (p. 357).]

Walker, Henry P., and Don Bufkin

    1979             Historical atlas of Arizona. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, bibl., index. Unpaged. [This gathering sixty-five maps of Arizona, each devoted to a separate topic and accompanied by descriptive text, includes maps titled, AIndian Tribes circa 1600,@ AIndian tribes circa 1860,@ and AIndian Reservations,@ all of which show the locations of Northern Pimans. The latter includes the dates of establishment, area in acres, and 1970 population figures for the Papago and San Xavier reservations.]

Walker, John

    1860             Report of Indian agent. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the Senate, 1859-60, Vol. 1, no. 2, part 1; 36^th Congress, 1^st session], pp. 719-721. Washington, George W. Bowman, printer. [The report is written September 28, 1859 from Tucson, New Mexico, addressed to John L. Collins, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for New Mexico. In it (pp. 719-20, Walker notes that Papagos raise corn; use wooden implements; rely on Atanks,@ from which they dig acequias, to water their fields; when the tanks dry up they seek employment in Tubac with the Sonora Mining Company and in Tucson. Papagos visit a salt lake near the coast and across the boundary in Sonora from which they pack large quantities of salt which they sell in Tubac and Tucson. Women dress in the style of Mexican women; they are less inclined to beg than the Pimas, who are better off; the condition of Papagos is much improved over that of two years ago; Papagos live in Tucson and others, a few miles south; and Charles A. Stevens has been employed at San Xavier as a blacksmith for the Papagos at a salary of $480 per annum.]

    1943             [Letter from Tucson, Arizona Territory, October 17, 1859, to Samuel Givens.] In Life in old Tucson, 1854-1864, by Frank C. Lockwood, pp. 224-226. Tucson, Tucson Civic Committee, Ward Ritchie Press. [Givens was living in Kentucky when Walker wrote this letter to him. In it, Walker describes Tucson as a Mexican town with a population of some 800 people, including Mexicans, Indians, and Aabout 40 Americans.@ He notes he is agent for about 10,000 Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagos, and says he had given them many farming implements. AI have seen Papago and Pima chiefs,@ he writes, Awith fine uniforms to the dress of Montazumco whom they design to imitate in their dress and religion. The Papagos attend church ceremonies and their women are all industrious and virtuous, and dress like the Mexican women, and are generally tall well Shaped people rather darker than the Apaches, who are rather a smaller people. ... I visited the Papago villages in September and travelled about 80 miles across a desert plain when we saw only three Holes of dirty water and without seeing the face of a white man or a house, as these people live mostly in little straw huts. Those people have no running water and have to depend upon rain to make their crops. I took them a lot of farming implements sent me by the Government my Interpreter is an American. Took a two-horse wagon with plenty of provision to last ten days and an Indian chief as a pitate who lives near here and is a very smart fellow ... . I am now so well acquainted with these people that I feel entirely safe with them. @ (p. 226).]

Walker, Kathleen

    1996a           The cactus cookers. Serving up the fruit of the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 2 (February), pp. 22-25. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article about the harvesting and use of fruits of various cacti mentions that some Tohono O'odham annually harvest the fruit of the saguaro using long poles made from saguaro ribs to bring down the fruit. The fruit is described as sweet. Its seeds could also be used, ground into meal or used in gravies or other porridges. The syrup from the fruit could also be turned into jam or wine, three five-gallon buckets of fruit being needed to make one quart of syrup.]

    1996b           A small box of miracles. Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 4 (April), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of transportation. [An article about the definition of miracles and how miracles are associated with Mission San Xavier del Bac, including the votive offerings known as milagros.]

    1998a           Father Kino=s holy chain. Catholic Digest, Vol. 62, no. 7 (May), pp. 20-28. St. Paul, Minnesota, University of St. Thomas. [This article, illustrated with color photos of missions Oquitoa, San Xavier del Bac, Tubutama, and San Ignacio, is about the missions founded by Father Eusebio Kino in the Pimería Alta in the late 17^th century. The essay includes mention of the work of David Yubeta and his efforts to preserve the ruins of missions Guevavi and Tumacácori and his concern for the ruins at Mission Cocóspera in Sonora.]

    1998b           San Xavier. The spirit endures. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. Map, illus. 80 pp. [A book about Mission San Xavier del Bac replete with excellent color photos includes a black-and-white photo taken ca. 1895 by Henry Buehman of nuns and Papago children standing in front of the church. A section of the book is devoted to "the people of San Xavier," and discusses the Tohono O'odham in general terms, and O'odham involvement in the 1992-97 conservation effort at the church is mentioned. The church is described and its history is outlined.]

    1998c           The White Dove of the Desert, Arizona Highways, Vol. 74, no. 3 (March), pp. 26-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With fine color photos by Jack Dykinga, this brief essay about Mission San Xavier del Bac mistakenly attributes the interior decoration of the church to the O'odham. They were, as the article says, its builders, but they were not its decorators.]

Walker, Priscilla V.H.

    2000             Papago Reservation. Arizona Highways, Vol. 76, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Like Simpson (2000), Walker in this letter to the editor objects to the use of the label "Papago" used by Smith (1999) in the October, 1999 issue of Arizona Highways. The editor responds by saying that while the tribe changed its name, the reservation remained "Papago" a long time (which it actually continued to do at least as early as 2000). "It's now known as the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona," (which was true for the tribe but not for the reservation).]

Walker, William

    1897             [A statement and letter written from Ft. Yuma, March 1, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 1, pp. 898-899. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [Addressed to Major Edwin A. Rigg, commander of Union troops at Ft. Yuma, Walker says he heard read aloud a letter from Confederate colonel Baylor to Colonel Robinson in Tucson, one in which Baylor says, AI want you to talk to the chiefs of the Papagos and Pima Indians to help me clean out these Apache Indians.@]

Wall, Nancy

    1995             With a mission in mind. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 66-71. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [An article about the conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac includes mention that four Tohono O'odham are receiving training as conservators. Timothy Lewis and Gabriel Wilson are mentioned specifically.]

Wallace, Andrew

    2002             NFFA to NCTA: The organization broadens its mission. Folklife Center News, Vol. 24, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 3-10. Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, American Folklife Center. [About the National Folk Festival Association and the National Council for the Traditional Arts and their involvement in organization of various national and regional folk festivals mentions that in the 1970s folklorist James Griffith brought to the National Folk Festival a Tohono O=odham waila (chicken scratch) dance band from the San Xavier reservation near Tucson.]

Wallace, Henry D.

    1983             The mortars, petroglyphs, and trincheras on Rillito Peak. Kiva, Vol. 48, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 137-246. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Scattered references occur throughout to comparative archaeological features B such as trincheras and petroglyphs B in the Papaguería as well as on the San Xavier Indian Reservation (Black Mountain and Martinez Hill).]

    1987             Aboriginal ceramics from BB:13:6. In Archaeological assessment of the Mission Road extension: testing at AZ BB:13:6 (ASM), by Mark D. Elson and William H. Doelle [Technical Report, no. 87-6], pp. 73-74. Tucson, Institute of American Research. [A site excavated at the base of Tucson=s AA@ Mountain reveals several sherds of pottery presumed to have been of Papago manufacture.]

Wallace, Henry D., and Richard J. Martynec

    1987             Petroglyphs. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix F2. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This is a study of petroglyphs on the east summit of Black Mountain on the San Xavier Reservation, most of which are presumed to be prehistoric Hohokam but which include historic glyphs as well, e.g. names, initials, dates, profanities, etc. Comparisons are drawn with other prehistoric petroglyph sites nearby and in the Tucson Basin. The descriptions are verbal rather than visual.]

Wallace, Henry D., and Laurie V. Slawson

    1987             Decorated ware ceramics. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A1. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Included here, with illustrations of pottery sherds, are descriptions of prehistoric and of historic Papago pottery found during an archaeological survey within an 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation.]

Wallace, Margaret L., transcriber

    1981             O=odham ha-ñeñei: Papago songs. Sells, Arizona, San Simon School. Illus. 14 pages of music.

Wallace, Norman G.

    1934             Beyond the southern horizon. Arizona Highways, Vol. 10, no. 12 (December), pp. 3-5, 13. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Black-and-white photos accompany an article about the author=s trip from Tucson to the Pinacate country of northwestern Sonora and to the Tinajas Altas in southwest Arizona. This installment, the first of two parts, mentions the Papago country through which he traveled: Baboquivari Peak, Ee-toy, Gunsight village, cowboys at Comobabi, etc.]

    1935             No man=s land below the border. Arizona Highways, Vol. 11, no. 1 (January), pp. 4-5, 19. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This continuation of N.G. Wallace (1934), while principally about the Pinacates and northwest Sonora, includes a photo of Papago cowboys who appear to be rounding up a herd of horses.]

    1936a           It's springtime in the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol,. 12, no. 5 (May), pp. 6-7, 15-16. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Mention is made of the Papagos' use of a saguaro boot as a receptacle and of Papagos' preparation of wine and syrup from saguaro fruit. Wallace also writes that the saguaro, "has pulled the Papago out of famine many times before white men knew of the western hemisphere," and "the tall giants are almost worshiped by the Papago and it is a crime among them to injure or cut one down."]

    1936b           [Black-and-white photograph of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken from San Xavier Loop Road.] Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 11 (November), front cover. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [The photo shows an Indian adobe home in the left which formerly stood south of the church. The caption is on p. 12.]

    1948             The ship in the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 24, no. 4 (April), pp. 4-9. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This illustrated article discusses in some detail a supposed Papago legend that concerns a Spanish galleon and its lost treasure that was found in the sandhills at the foot of the Pinacate Mountains of northwest Sonora. It is, however, unlikely that the story originated among Papagos.]

Walsh, Bartholomew. See Welsh, Bartholomew

Walter, Paul A.F., editor

    1923             History of the Papago Indians. El Palacio, Vol. 14, no. 7 (April), pp. 96-98. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico and the School of American Research. [This history of the Papago Indians starts with the 1539 expedition of Fray Marcos de Niza to the Southwest. The material here was obtained from a report prepared for the U.S. Indian Service and later given to the library of the Museum of New Mexico and School of American Research. Historical population figures and other general information concerning Papagos are offered.]

Walters, James E.

    1991             Nature walk. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 48-49. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [Walters writes: "The saguaro fruit was so important to the agriculturally expert Papago Indians (Tohono O'odham) that their calendar revolved not around sun-regulated equinoxes but around the saguaro harvest. Skeleton ribs of dead ones were used by Indians for construction, much as lumber from trees."]

Walters, Lorenzo D.

    1926             The Papagos= last stand. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 5, no. 5 (November), pp. 26-27. Tucson, Automobile Club of Arizona. [This illustrated article is about a place called Papago Buttes next to Indian Oasis (Sells) on the Papago Indian Reservation, a fortified hill which the author asserts was used by Papagos for protection against Apaches and Yaquis. He also discusses Papago burial customs, religion, economics, use of saguaro fruit, basketry, pottery, and picture rocks.]

[Wand], Tiburtius

    1918             Founding and dedication of Mission Santa Clara, Arizona. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 6, no. 8 (August), pp. 319-321. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [An article by a Franciscan priest about the April 13, 1918 dedication of the new church at Anegam village, a church which served Anegam, Komelik, and Juepo (Chuapo), all on the Papago Reservation. A photo of the church is included.]

    1919             Pima and Papago baskets and pottery. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 7, no. 7 (July), pp. 319-321. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [Father Tiburtius says that as a result of the non-Indian market for Pima and Papago baskets and pottery, the products are deteriorating and Awill soon disappear.@ He explains the different materials, and he asserts that the AKwadhaks (desert Pimas)@ make the best pottery, Aornamental and exact in execution.@ He tells how the pottery is made, including use of black paint made from mesquite bark. He says baskets and pots are in daily use among the Pimas and Papagos.]

Ward, Andy

    1993             Your garden reports. Seedhead News, no. 40 (Spring Equinox), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Reporting from Sierra Vista, Arizona, Ward says using only rainwater he was able to grow O'odham red beans in his garden.]

Ware, John A.

    1986             The Museum of Indian Arts and Culture: new directions for the Laboratory of Anthropology. El Palacio, Vol. 92, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 12-17. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico. [Passing mention is made of the Arecent revivals of the basket weaving art among such groups as the Papago ... ,@ when, in fact, Papago basket weaving has never waned and has therefore never been Arevived.@]

Wargo, Joseph G.

    1954             AGeology of a portion of the Coyote-Quinlan complex, Pima County, Arizona.@ Master=s thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 67 pp. [A geological examination of the Coyote and Quinlan mountains located north of the Baboquivari Mountains, largely within the confines of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Waring, W. George

    1897             The gold fields of Altar, Mexico. Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 63, no. 11 (March 13), pp. 257-258. New York, The Scientific Publishing Company. [This discussion of the gold fields in the Altar District of northern Sonora, Mexico is accompanied by a map of the district. The writer observes, AAfter the discoveries in California in 1848, it was the experienced miners from the Altar District of Sonora, Mexico driven out in part by the Papagoes as were the Coyeyus, or inhabitants of the fortified mountains centuries before.@ He says that rich lodes of gold had been worked in the Altar District by the ASpanish@ until the Papago outbreak of 1841, and he notes that many of the placers in the district were on lands held exclusively by Papagos before 1833.]

Warner, H.J.

    1929             Notes on the results of trachoma work by the Indian Service in Arizona and New Mexico. Public Health Reports, Vol. 44, no. 48 (November 29), pp. 2913-2920. Washington, U.S. Public Health Service. [Papagos are listed in tables on pages 2915, 2916, and 2917 which indicate, respectively, trachoma among Indians of Arizona and New Mexico in 1912, trachoma among Indians of Arizona and New Mexico in 1928, and a comparison of the 1912 and 1928 surveys in eleven localities in Arizona and New Mexico.]

Warren, Governor K.

    1859             Memoir to accompany the map of the territory of the United States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, giving a brief account of each of the exploring expeditions since A.D. 1800, with a detailed description in the method adopted in compiling the general map. In Reports on explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean under the direction of the Secretary of War in 1853-54, Vol. 11 [Executive Documents of the Senate, no. 78, 33d Congress, 2d session.] Washington, Beverly Tucker, printer. [The 1854 explorations conducted by Lt. John G. Parke are alluded to, including a mention of Mission San Xavier del Bac, on page 75.]

Warren, Peter L., and Cecil R. Schwalbe

    1986             The Chihuahuan Desert. In Arizona: the land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, pp. 114-131. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papagos are mentioned as being the northwest and western neighbors of the Apaches.]

Warren, Scott S.

    1997             Desert dwellers: native people of the American Southwest. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. Map, illus. 55 pp. [Included among the photographs and in the discussion are the Tohono O=odham.]

Wasley, William W.

    1968             Ravaged ruins: the destruction of our cultural heritage. Smoke Signal, no. 18 (Fall), pp. 184-192. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Wasley writes about the destruction of Spanish mission sites in northern Sonora as the result of vandalism by treasure hunters. The article is illustrated with photos of Pimería Alta missions Guevavi, Atil, and Cocóspera as examples. He also mentions that Mission San Xavier continues to serve as a church for Papagos.]

    1976             Cronología preliminar para las misiones del Padre Kino: Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera. In El Valle de Cocóspera, Sonora. Primer informe [Cuadernos de los Centros, no. 21 (Marzo)], compiled by Arturo Oliveros. 27 pp. Hermosillo, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Dirección de Centros Regionales, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [This is a chronology of 1687-founded mission Remedios and Cocóspera, both missions founded by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in the Pimería Alta for Northern Piman Indians. It lists events from 1687 to 1890.]

Waterman, T.T.

    1924             North American Indian dwellings. Geographical Review, Vol. 14, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-125. New York, American Geographical Society. [Included here is an 1894 photograph by William Dinwiddie of a Papago cooking circle, or brush kitchen, on the San Xavier Papago Reservation. Black Mountain is seen in the background, and a little girl is inside the cooking circle.]

    1925             North American Indian dwellings. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1924, pp. 461-485. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The Papago house, or ki (which Waterman spells Akee@) is briefly discussed on page 475. A black-and-white photo of a windbreak used by Papagos is seen in plate 10.]

Waters, Michael R.

    1987a           Description of geologic units. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix B, pp. 377-378. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [These are detailed descriptions of seven major geologic units and of their various subdivisions as uncovered in archaeological investigations in a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987b           Holocene alluvial geology and geoarchaeology of AZ BB:13:14 and the San Xavier reach of the Santa Cruz River, Arizona. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 2, pp. 39-60. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["The 15-km segment of the Santa Cruz River traversing the San Xavier District (of the Papago Indian Reservation) has undergone major environmental changes over the last 8000 years. ... A detailed reconstruction of the geologic history of the Santa Cruz River for the Hohokam time period indicates that environmental changes on the floodplain had major effects on the settlement patterns and agricultural practices of the Hohokam occupants."]

Watkins, Frances E.

    1933             Recent accessions. Masterkey, Vol. 7, no. 5 (September), p. 151. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [There is a note here concerning the accession of elements of Papago material culture, including several agricultural implements.]

Watkins, Heyward T.

    1905             The Mission of San Xavier del Bac. Out West, Vol. 22, no. 2 (February), pp. 96-101. Los Angeles, Out West Magazine Company. [This is chiefly a physical description of Mission San Xavier del Bac, but with mention of some of its early Spanish history. It is noted that Papagos helped build the mission and that is established for them. Six of Watkins= black-and-white photos of the church are included, and one picture shows Papago buildings in the background.]

Watson, James B., and Michel Pijoan

    1943             Diet and nutrition of Papago Indians. Washington, D.C., Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. [Listed in Freedman (1976).]

Watson, Jo-Shipley

    1938             Shrine of the desert padres. Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 2 (December), pp. 12-13, 25. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [This is an illustrated account of the history of Mission San Xavier del Bac as well as a description of the church edifice. Watson also writes, AToday life around the mission has ebbed to a slender thread, yet San Xavier del Bac now ministers to the Papagos Indians. Father Mark Bucher, O.F.M. is in charge of San Xavier Mission and its four dependents, San Jose, Cayato (Coyote), San Pedri (San Pedro), and Balkeuch (Vav Kug?). A student and teacher in the Seminary of Santa Barbara, California, Father Mark came to San Xavier Mission in August, 1937. A quiet man of culture, intelligent and sensitive to the nature of his training and experience, he is well fitted to follow in the footsteps of Francisco Garces, the Franciscan whose name is still spoken with reverence among the Papagos.@ There is a photo of the mission and of Father Mark on pages 12-13.]

Watts, Linda K.

    1983             Papago disease etiology and covert noun ranking: a linguistic interpretation of a folk model. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Vol. 18 [1983 Proceedings Supplement], p. 5. Tempe, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. [Abstract of a paper presented at the 27^th annual meeting of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, April 16, 1983. It talks of the hierarchical ordering by degrees of Astrength@(gewdag) of Papago-identified illnesses based on types of symptoms and types and levels of cures required. This, in turn, is related to a ranking of plant and animals noun classes, the plants and animals being related to specific diseases.]

Wax, Murray L.

    1971             Indian Americans: unity and diversity. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Bibl., index. 236 pp. [Papagos are lumped with diverse tribes in the U.S. as "Indian" (p.35); Papagos are noted as being agricultural (pp. 67, 79); Papagos drank fermented (saguaro) cactus fruit to get inebriated as a means of bringing rain (p. 152); and Papago population estimates are given in a table (p. 217): Gila Bend, 260; San Xavier, 660; and Papago proper, 5290.]

Wax, Rosalie H., and Robert K. Thomas

    1972             American Indians and white people. In Native Americans today: sociological perspectives, edited by Howard M. Bahr, Bruce A. Chadwick, and Robert C. Day, pp. 31-42. New York, Harper & Row. [The authors say that Papagos practice a kind of subliminal Asleep training@on their children (p. 41).]

Way, Phocion R.

    1991             A visitor, 1858. Dove of the Desert, no. 9 (Winter), p. 3. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [An excerpt from the 1858 overland diary of Phocian R. Way is quoted here, a single paragraph which describes Mission San Xavier del Bac and its Papago parishioners who Alook upon the structure with a feeling of awe and could not be persuaded to deface or injure it.@ Also see Duffen (1960).]

Weadock, J.F.

    1997             The massacre at Tubac. Arizona Highways, Vol. 73, no. 4 (April), p. 40. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [First published in Arizona Highways in 1934, this is an account -- more fictional than otherwise -- of a wagon train pulling into Tubac in 1849 where, nearby, "sat the mission of Tumacacori where the Franciscan fathers schooled the peaceful Papago Indians in the trades and arts of the white man." By then, however, Tumacacori had been abandoned.]

Weadock, Mabel

    1972             Ancient style of Papago building used in the 20^th century. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2^nd edition by the faculty of the University of Arizona, p. 3. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a black-and-white photo by Weadock of two Papago men working to build a conical-shaped brush shelter.]

Weaver, Susan L.

    1992             ALearning style profile for Tohono O=odham elementary students with implications for literacy programs.@ Ed.D. dissertation, East Texas State University, Commerce, Texas. [AThe purpose of this study was to initially identify the learning style characteristics of elementary students from the Tohono O=odham community and to determine if literacy instruction could be designed and based on their learning style characteristics. ... Literacy programs can be developed to meet the respective preferences of these students at each grade level.@]

Webb, George

    1959             A Pima remembers. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 126 pp. [In a chapter titled AThe Great Wheat Harvest@ (pp. 64-68), Webb, a Pima Indian, discusses some of his remembrances of Papago Indians. Papago and Pima relationships are briefly mentioned on page 71.]

    1982             A Pima remembers. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 126 pp. [With a new introduction, this is otherwise a reprint of Webb (1959).]

    1994             A Pima remembers. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 126 pp. [This is a second printing of Webb (1982).]

    1996             Ricordi di un indiano Pima. Milano, Rusconi. Map. 143 pp. [This is a translation into Italian of Webb (1982).]

Weber, Charles W.; Radziah B. Ariffin, Gary P. Nabhan, Ahmed Idouraine, and Edwin A. Kohlhepp

    1996             The composition of Sonoran Desert foods used by Tohono O=odham and Pima Indians. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 35, no. 2, pp. __-__.. New York, Gordon and Breach.

Weber, Francis J.

    1979             Bishop Salpointe and the Indians. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society pf Philadelphia, Vol. 90, nos. 1-4 (March-December), pp. 53-59. Philadelphia. [Published here is a letter written February 25, 1875 by Bishop Jean B. Salpointe of Arizona to Commissioner of Indian Affairs E.P. Smith requesting the removal of R.A. Wilbur as agent to the Papago Indians.]

Weight, Harold

    1949             Magic rocks of the Saucedas. Desert Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 7 (May), pp. 14-19. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This article about chalcedony roses in the Sauceda Mountains in west central Arizona notes that the "Papago reservation lies south and east of the hills ... . But this is all Papago country." He summarizes Papago origin myth material as published by Ruth Underhill and discusses Father Kino's contact with Papagos in the area in A.D. 1700. He also speculates that Papagos used campsites in the Saucedas "while harvesting saguaro fruit," and that those who did so were the "huhula," or "orphans."]

    1952             Padre of the Papago trails. Desert Magazine, Vol. 15, no. 2 (February), pp. 5-10. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Illustrated with black-and-white photographs, this is about a longtime Franciscan missionary among the Papago Indians, Father Bonaventure Oblasser. It also tells about his assignment, beginning early in 1951, among the Yuma Indians at St. Thomas Indian Mission on the Yuma Reservation in southeastern California.]

    1955             Waybill to the lost Jabonero. Desert Magazine, Vol. 18, no. 1 (January), pp. 10-14. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc [The legend of the lost Jaboñero, a ledge of gold supposed to have been found in the first half on the nineteenth century by a Mexican prospector, the jaboñero, or soapmaker, of Sonoyta, Sonora. Part of the story is that the prospector=s party was attacked by Sand Papago Indians and all but him were killed. He, however, was blinded, and was never able to find the ledge of gold again.]

Weight, Lucile

    1977a           Ancient food for modern tables. Desert Magazine, Vol. 40, no. 1 (January), pp. 36-38. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [Discussion of prickly pear fruit includes mention of what she calls APapago Sunset,@ the red-gold-orange color of the sieved fruit and juice of the fruit.]

    1977b           Squawbush B it=s for eating and weaving. Desert Magazine, Vol. 40, no. 2 (February), pp. 38-39. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [Includes mention of Papagos= use of the berries of this plant, Rhus anisophylla.]

Weight, Lucile, and Harold Weight

    1952             Virgin desert wonderland. Natural History, Vol. 61, no. 3 (March), pp. 120-127. New York, American Museum of Natural History. [This article about Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, in addition to its fleeting mention of Spanish explorers and missionaries in the region, makes passing mention of the former Papago Indian settlement at Quitobaquito.]

Weil, Andrew

    1984             Taming the wild jojoba. Ancient plant is the Cinderella of the Southwest. American West, Vol. 21, no. 4 (July-August), pp. 29-35. Tucson, American West Publishing Company. [Passing mention is made of aboriginal use by Papagos of oil from the jojoba plant.]

Weinberg, Florence B.

    2002             Sonora wind, ill wind. Baltimore, AmErica House. Map, illus. 198 pp. [Based in large part of Father Ignaz Pfefferkorn=s book about his 18^th century experiences in Sonora as a Jesuit (Pfefferkorn 1949), this is a novel which takes Sonoran missions, including those of the Pimería Alta, as its setting, and Father Pfefferkorn as its chief narrator. The book, which betrays a lack of first-hand knowledge concerning the geography of Sonora, is cast as a murder mystery.]

Weinberg-Hill, Lynn

    1994             Festivals & festas. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 25-35. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [Among the fiestas listed is that to be held at Mission Tumacacori December 3-4. It is noted that the mission was founded among the Pimas.]

Weir, Bill

    1988             Arizona traveler=s handbook. Chico, California, Moon Publications. Maps, illus., book list, index. 448 pp. [Three pages (384-386) of this guidebook are devoted to the Papago Indian Reservation, including a note that Papagos don=t really cater to tourism. Kitt Peak National Observatory and the annual Papago rodeo and fair are mentioned. An introductory party of the book outlines the state=s history, including pioneer missionary work among the Northern Piman Indians by Father Eusebio Kino and others, and an introduction to southern Arizona gives even more details. Mission San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori National Monument are described in their own sections.]

Weir, D.R., and I. Azary

    2001             Quitovac oasis: a sense of home place and the development of water resources. Professional Geographer, Vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 45-55. Washington, D.C., Association of American Geographers. [The authors write about the largely-failed attempts by O=odham residents of Quitovac in northwestern Sonora to develop irrigated agriculture. ANotwithstanding the economic failure of part of the development efforts, the overall effects are interpreted as strengthening the residents= sense of their home place and ensuring the continuation of religious rites (chiefly the annual Vikita ceremony) associated with this sacred place.@]

Weis, P.K.

    1983a           Juanita Ahill harvests the fruit of a saguaro . . . Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), front cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A full-page color photo by Weis of Papago Indian (and Little Tucson resident) Juanita Ahil using her saguaro-rib pole to harvest saguaro fruit.]

    1983b           A young rain dancer from the village of Santa Rosa, on the Papago Reservation. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), inside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A full-page color photo by Weis of a Papago boy daubed with white clay and in ceremonial regalia.]

Weisang Misrach, Myriam

    1997             Richard Misrach: photographs of desert night skies. Aperture, no. 146 (Winter), pp. 62-71. San Francisco, Minor White. [This is about photographer Richard Misrach, including reproductions of photos taken by him of the night sky from the villages of Gu Oidak (Big Field) and Pisinemo on the Tohono O=odham Nation. AHe just found out,@ writes the author, Athat the Papago Indians of Arizona took back their original name, Tohono O=odham, and set about doing the same thing with their land, reclaiming their cultural heritage. >What I want to do is photograph, say, Ursa Major, next to Polaris over Gu Oidak on the Tohono O=odham reservation, in Arizona.=@]

Weisl, Edwin L., and Lester Reynolds

    [1965]          Defendant=s requested finding of fact, objections to petitioner=s proposed findings of fact, and brief before the Indian Claims Commission, the Papago Tribe of Arizona, petitioner, v. the United States of America, defendant. Docket No. 345. s.l., s.n. 223 pp. [Weisl, the U.S. Assistant Attorney General, and attorney Reynolds set forth a lengthy refutation of claims asserted by the Papago Tribe of Arizona against the federal government. In doing so they relate a great deal of historic and ethnographic data concerning the Papagos.]

Weisman, Alan, and Jay Dusard

    1986             La Frontera: the United States border with Mexico. San Diego, New York, and London, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xiv + 200 pp. [With text by Weisman and black-and-white photos by Dusard, one chapter of this handsome book, ADesert and Delta,@ covers the border between the Papago Indian Reservation and Sonora, Mexico. Although the text gives the Papagos and reservation some coverage, only one of the photos is of Papagos, that of the Noriega family at Quitovac, Sonora (plate 43). The text focuses on problems created for Papagos by the presence of an international boundary running through their lands. There are descriptions of Pozo Verde; Newfields; Papago fields, food, and language; the trading spot at the fence south of San Miguel; Quitovac and the wi=igita; Carmelo; and Papago border patrolmen.]

Welsh, Bartholomew

    1945a           The San Solano Missions, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 7, no. 3 (July), pp. 41-44. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [News items about Franciscan missionary work among Papago Indians include discussion of various feast day celebrations in the villages and mention of Papagos= harvesting of saguaro fruit, but with no mention of saguaro fruit wine. Mention is also made of the horse reduction program being imposed on the reservation, with each Papago limited to ten horses.]

    1945b           San Solano Missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 7, no. 2 (April), pp. 31-32. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Welsh=s name is misspelled AWalsh@ here. These are items of news concerning Franciscan missionary activities among the Papago Indians. Mention is made of the capture of two German prisoners of war at Topawa, men who had escaped from the prison camp at Phoenix, Arizona.]

    1946a           San Solano Missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 8, no. 2 (April), pp. 59-60. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Bartholomew, writing about Franciscan activities among Papagos, tells about post-war building projects underway, including additions and repairs to various churches. He also recounts an amusing incident about a coyote that walked into the church at Cowlic during services.]

    1946b           San Solano missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 8, no.4 (October), pp.65-67. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Bartholomew tells about the visit of Father J.B. Tennelly, Director of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, to the Papago Reservation.]

    1947             The Papago missions. Provincial Annals, Vol. 8, no. 2 (April), pp.17-20. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [News of Franciscans= work among Papagos includes details concerning the death of Father Antonine Willenbrink, author of a grammar of the Piman language (Willenbrink 1935). It also has notice of the formal dedication on January 24, 1947, of the new Catholic school at San Xavier del Bac.]

    1961             The Franciscan Indian Mission Board. Provincial Annals, Vol. 23, no. 4 (April), pp.193-195. [Santa Barbara, California,] Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A report that the Franciscan Indian Mission Board was established in October, 1952 among missionaries of the Province of Santa Barbara working in Arizona. This article outlines its purposes and goals and tells about some of its recent activities. Father Luis Baldonado of Mission San Xavier del Bac represented the friars at a meeting which discussed AAlcoholism and the Indian.@]

    1989a           Auf wiedersehen. Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), pp. 10-11. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Father Bartholomew writes about his friend, the recently-deceased Father Lambert Fremdling, a Francisco missionary who beginning in the 1940s served for many years among the Papago Indians.]

    1989b           Marcian. Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 5 (September), pp. 7-8. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [This is a remembrance by a fellow Franciscan priest of Father Marcian Bucher who in July of 1944 was superior of the community of friars in charge of the Papago Indian missions, the San Solano missions, with headquarters in Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation. Father Bartholomew writes about other friars on the Papago Reservation at that time and about what life was like for them then.]

    1991             And from Athe mountains.@ Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), p. 7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [These are reminiscences by Father Bartholomew about his experiences among the Tohono O=odham, experiences that began in 1944. He notes that his assignment was, ATo bring the gospel to the Desert People, to discover for them the mystery of Christ. But it soon became evident that the Holy Spirit had been forming this people already for hundreds of years B a bit of pre-evangelization!@]

    1996             Language and the Papago. Westfriars, Vol. 30, no. 8 (November), p. 6. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Father Bartholomew, a Franciscan priest, reminisces about fathers Bonaventure Oblasser and Lambert Fremdling who had served among the Tohono O'odham ahead of and with him. He also discusses Madeleine Mathiot's A Dictionary of Papago Usage that was commissioned by Father Provincial David Temple. He mentions that his first assignment among Tohono O'odham was at Mission San Xavier del Bac in June, 1944.]

Welsh, Peter H.; Steven A. LeBlanc, Patrick T. Houlihan, and Paul E. Fastlich

    1984             People of the Southwest. An overview of native Southwestern cultures to accompany the opening of the Southwest Museum=s permanent Southwest exhibit. Masterkey, Vol. 58, no. 2 (Summer/Fall), pp. 1-65. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [Includes a five-paragraph overview of the culture of the Papago and Pima (pp. 12-23), as well as scattered mention of Papagos throughout.]

Weltfish, Gene

    1930             Prehistoric North American basketry techniques and modern distributions. American Anthropologist, Vol. 32, no. 3, part 1 (June/September), pp. 454-495. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [It is noted (p. 470) that Pimas and Papagos use a multiple-reed foundation in making coiled basketry, and that the multiple-split foundation is used by the Pima, Papago, and Hopi (p. 472). Papagos are also mentioned on page 458.]

    1932             Problems in the study of ancient and modern basket-makers. American Anthropologist, Vol. 34, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 108-117. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [A brief mention of Papago basketry is on page 114.]

Welty, Thomas K.; Lambertina Freni-Titulaer, Matthew M. Zack, Peter Weber, Jeffrey Sippel, Nine Huete, James Justice, Dan Dever, and Mary Ann Murphy

    1986             Effects of exposure to salty drinking water in an Arizona community. JAMA, Vol. 255, no. 5 (Feb. 7), pp. 622-626. Chicago, American Medical Association. [Report of a study which compared the blood pressure levels of 342 Papago Indians living on the Gila Bend Reservation with those of 375 non-Indians living in Gila Bend, Arizona in an attempt to see whether or not the high levels of sodium in the water of both communities could be causing an elevated blood pressure level. There was no significant correlation.]

West, Joseph R.

    1897             [Letter to Captain Edward B. Willis, written in Tucson on June 7, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 1, p. 1126. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [West was in charge of Union troops in Tucson. He writes, AWith twelve picked men of your company, with fifty rounds ammunition each and rations, including pemmican, to the 10^th instant, you will march this evening to San Xavier; tomorrow take the road to Calabazas Ranch; three miles from San Xavier on the left of the road behind some corrals, you will find water.@]

Wetherhill, Mariette

    1932             Our neighbors, the Indians. Tucson, Vol. 5, no. 4 (April), pp. 4, 5, 11. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [This illustrated article is primarily abut Papagos, including mention of their earthenware ollas, their use of saguaro, and their basketry.]

Wettsteain, Earl

    1980             The story of San Xavier mission: the place, the people, the priests. Catalina View, Vol. 3 (February), pp. 1-8. Tucson, Catalina Savings and Loan Association. [In this brief history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Father Eusebio Kino is correctly credited with having founded the mission and Franciscan missionaries Juan Bautista Velderrain and Juan Bautista Llorens with having built the present church. The article, the entire issue of this small magazine, is accompanied by excellent black-and-white photos of the mission, including aerial views taken in the early 1920s and another in 1923.]

Wheeler, Mark

    2003             Shadow Wolves. Smithsonian, Vol. 33, no. 10 (January), pp. 40-47. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [Fifteen color photos accompany this article about the AShadow Wolves,@ trackers in the employ of the U.S. Customs Service who patrol the boundaries of the Tohono O=odham Nation and especially the southern boundary adjoining Sonora, Mexico, looking for illegal aliens and smugglers. Comprised of Indians, many of the Shadow Wolves, such as Jason Garcia, are Tohono O=odham. Mention is made, too, of supervisor Al (Aloysius) Estrada, a Tohono O=odham who was born on and who continued in 2003 to reside on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Wheeler, Roswell G.

    1882             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1882, pp. 6-9. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Wheeler=s second annual report is dated September 1, 1882, and was written at the Pima and Maricopa Agency, Arizona. It is addressed to H. Price, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He reports a census was conducted among Papagos in 1881 in order to make an equal distribution of farming and other implements to them supplied by the federal government. He estimated there were 250 Papagos living on the (San Xavier) reservation and 5,750 living off reservation.]

    1885             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1885, pp. 2-4. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Written at the Pima Agency, Arizona, and addressed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs J.D.C. Atkins, this report was written August 29, 1885. In it he notes that some Papago children attend boarding school at the Pima Agency; that Papagos have two reservations, one at San Xavier, with a population of 250, and one at Gila Bend, with a population of 6; that Aintruders@ have been removed from the San Xavier reservation, and that problems with intruders at Gila Bend have forced the Papagos to leave; and that the total Papago population is about 7,000. He also writes of Papagos that they are strong, intelligent, and law abiding; that they raise small crops and keep cattle, horses, and mules; and that they have problems with whites due to mining operations. He urges that Papagos be promptly and permanently settled in their present location (p. 3).]

    1886             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1886, pp. 38-39. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Written at the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago Agency, Arizona, and addressed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs J.D.C. Atkins, this report was written August 2, 1886. Wheeler writes that he has encouraged Papagos to avail themselves of the homestead law, saying many have responded favorably. He has aided in laying out homestead claims in the heart of Papago country. He says Papagos badly need an agent to look out for their interests, and a school is much needed and desired by the Papagos.]

Wherry, Joseph H.

    1969             Indian masks and myths of the West. New York, Funk & Wagnalls. Illus., bibl., index. xiii + 273 pp. [Menton is made of the traditional enmity between Papagos and Apaches (p. 11), and the Pima and Papago Indians are characterized as village-dwelling farmers who were skilled potters and basketmakers and who may have gotten masks from neighboring Yaqui Indians (pp. 14-15, 17-18).]

Whipple, Amiel W.; Thomas Ewbank, and William M. Turner

    1855             Report upon the Indian tribes. In Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean [Senate Executive Documents, no. 78, 33rd Congress, 2d session], Vol. 3. Washington, Beverly Tucker, printer. [Papagos and Northern Pimas are mentioned on pages 105, 115, 166, 118, 123, and footnotes on pages 106 and 108.]

White, Charles B.

    1956             An outline of Papago culture. Phoenix, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Indian Health, Phoenix Area Office. Unpaged. [This work is designed primarily for U.S. Public Health employees assigned to the Papago Reservation. As the title suggests, it is only an outline of Papago culture.]

White, Helen C.

    1948             Dust on the King's Highway. New York, The Macmillan Company. 468 pp. [This is a fictionalized account of the last ten years the life and missionary career of Father Francisco Garcés, 1771-1781. Father Garcés was pastor of the O'odham community at San Xavier del Bac during most of that time and he traveled extensively through O'odham country.]

White, Jon M.

    1975             The great American desert. The life, history and landscape of the American Southwest. London, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. Maps, illus., index. 320 pp. [There is a photo (p. 29) of a Papago woman harvesting saguaro fruit, and there is a discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 127-129), including a photo of same and mention of the San Xavier Indian Reservation. A photo of Miss Papago (p. 139) is included in a chapter on the Indians of Arizona (pp. 136-153), one in which there is scattered mentions of Papagos.]

    1989             A world elsewhere. Life in the American Southwest. College Station, Texas A&M University Press. Maps, illus., index. 320 pp. [Both Papagos and Mission San Xavier del Bac receive ample discussion in this historical and contemporary overview of the American Southwest. Consult the index for citations. A black-and-white photo of the northeast elevation of Mission San Xavier is on page 129 and another of a Papago woman harvesting saguaro fruit is on page 29.].

White, Ned

    1926             The Mission San Xavier. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 3, no. 4 (October), p. 5. Tucson, Automobile Club of Arizona. [Here there is a poem about Mission San Xavier by White accompanied by a photo of the mission taken by Morey Egginton.]

White, Richard, and William Cronon

    1988             Ecological change and Indian-White relations. In History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn [Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4], pp. 417-429. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [The authors quote Henry Dobyns (1981) as saying that fire drives by Papagos were important in keeping grasslands from becoming chaparral, and they also note the importance of cattle to Papagos.]

White, Robert H.

    1990             Tribal assets. The rebirth of Native America. New York, Henry Holt and Company. Maps, index. 291 pp. [One of the four Native American communities discussed in this book is that of the Ak Chin Papago/Pima community of Arizona. An entire chapter (pp. 140-185) is devoted to their history and modern achievements.]

Whited, Stephen

    1894             Report of special agent on the Indians of the Gila River, Salt River, and Papago reservations, Pima Agency, Arizona. In Report of Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska) at the eleventh census: 1890, Vol. 7, pp. 137-146. Washington, Department of the Interior, Census Office, Government Printing Office. [The report notes there are two Papago reservations: the Papago Reservation (San Xavier) created by Executive Order July 1, 1874 and approved by Congress August 5, 1882, and the Gila Bend Reservation created by Executive Order on December 12, 1882. The former has 70,080 acres of unallotted land; the latter, 22,392 acres. Non-reservation Papagos are discussed with respect to their location, language, houses, food, dress, population, employment, religion, and relationship with Whites. The entire Papago population is estimated at 5,136, and both reservation and non-reservation Papagos are further discussed in terms of their water supply, territory inhabited, difficulties in getting accurate population figures, physical characteristics, climate, timber, fruits and nuts, food, industry, grain, stock, game, birds, dwellings, clothing, morals, religion, education, school attendance, and pathology.]

Whiteford, Andrew H.

    1973             North American Indian arts. New York, Golden Press. Map, illus., index. 160 pp. [Papago lands are indicated on the map (p. 8); Papago coiled baskets are described (pp. 39, 51); Papago pottery is described (pp. 13, 16, 28, 32); Papagos wore Mexican style rawhide sandals (p. 81); and Papagos used Apotato masher@ war clubs (p. 104). Drawings of a Papago potter making a vessel are based on photos of Listiana Francisco of Coyote Village as seen in Fontana and others (1962).]

    1988a           Burden baskets of the Southwest. In Reflections: papers on Southwestern culture history in honor of Charles H. Lange [Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Vol. 14], edited by Anne V. Poore, pp. 125-142. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press. [Whiteford makes note of Papago carrying nets B which he does not regard as baskets, the Afamous@ kiahas or gihos. He also notes that Papagos carried things in pots or in basket bowls on their heads.]

    1988b           Southwestern Indian baskets: their history and their makers. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press. Illus., bibl., index. xvi + 219 pp. [Papago Indian baskets receive considerable discussion, and several Papago baskets are illustrated (see the volume=s index for pagination). There is also a photo of Papago basketmaker Anita Antone making a basket.]

Whiting, Alfred F.

    1953             The Tumacacori census of 1796. Kiva, Vol. 19, no. 2 (Fall), pp. 1-12. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This 1796 census for this southern Arizona Spanish mission shows a population of 48 Papagos in a total population of 103.]

Whitman, Royal B.

    1872             Report of the massacre of friendly Apache Indians at Camp Grant, Arizona Territory, April 30, 1871, by white citizens of Tucson, Mexicans, and Papago Indians, while the Indians were prisoners of war under the American flag. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, 1871-72, 1, Vol. 3, part 5, 42nd Congress, 2d session], pp. 485-487. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report, written at Camp Grant, Arizona Territory, is dated May 17, 1871 and is addressed to Colonel J.G.C. Lee, Tucson, Arizona Territory. Whitman, who was the officer in charge at Camp Grant when the massacre occurred, quotes Apaches: AThey say: >We know there are a great many white men and Mexicans who do not wish us to live at peace. We know that the Papagos would not have come out after us at this time unless they had been persuaded to do so.=@ Whitman also observes that Papagos used government-issued arms in helping to carry out the massacre.]

Whittaker, John C., and Lee Fratt

    1984             Continuity and change in stone tools at Mission Tumacacori, Arizona. Lithic Technology, Vol. 13, no. 1 (April), pp. 11-19. San Antonio, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas. [Historic-period stone tools excavated or found on the surface at Tumacacori Mission in southern Arizona B doubtless of Piman (i.e., Pima or Papago) origin, are described and compared with stone tools found in other early nineteenth-century sites, some of which are also Pima/Papago.]

Whittier, Charles A.

    1868             Report of Captain Chas. A Whittier to General James B. Fry. In Message of the President of the United States, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 40^th Congress, 3d session, pp. 599-603. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Whittier=s report, dated June 6, 1868, was written on board the steamship Montana en route from Guaymas, Sonora, to San Francisco, California. He writes (p. 603): AThe Papagos in the southern and southwestern part of the Territory are, like the tribe last mentioned (the Pima), industrious, and like them friendly to us and hostile to the Apache. Nothing is done by our government for them.@]

Whittlesey, Stephanie M.

    1986             Restorable and partial vessels. In Archaeological investigations at AZ U:14:75 (ASM), a turn-of-the-century Pima homestead [Archaeological Series, no. 172], edited by Robert W. Layhe, pp. 74-102. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum Cultural Resource Management Division. [Discussed and illustrated here are restorable and partial Piman vessels recovered archaeologically from a late 19th-century Pima Indian homestead on the Gila River Indian Reservation. The author notes that most collections of Papago pottery are comprised of wares made for sale to non-Indians, while this collection presumably consists only of wares intended for utilitarian use by Pimas. The possibility of Papago trade wares at the site is also noted, as is the fact that so-called "Kwahadk" pottery is similar to that made by other Pimans and by some Yumans.]

    1987a           Plain and red ware ceramics. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, pp. 181-204. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [The author concludes that the red and plain earthenware vessels recovered from an archaeological site on the San Xavier Reservation represent prehistoric Hohokam -- principally Tanque Verde phase -- occupation, and not Sobaipuri (O'odham) occupation.]

    1987b           Problems of ceramic production and exchange: an overview. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 2, pp. 99-116. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["This chapter presents the results of technological analyses of San Xavier (prehistoric Hohokam) pottery, discusses the methodological and theoretical implications of the results, and integrates this information into a prospectus for studying ceramic production and exchange in the Tucson Basin" (in prehistoric times).]

    1987c           A stylistic study of Tanque Verde Red-on-brown pottery. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 2, pp. 117-147. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["This chapter presents the results of a stylistic analysis of (prehistoric Hohokam) Tanque Verde Red-on-brown vessels" excavated from a Hohokam site on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987d           Tanque Verde Red-on-brown stylistic study: variables, coding format, and data. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix G, pp. 417-435. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["Variables recorded for the stylistic study of Tanque Verde Red-on-brown are presented in this appendix." The pottery examined came from excavation of a prehistoric Hohokam site on the San Xavier Reservation. Illustrated.]

Whittlesey, Stephanie M., and Kim Beckwith

    1987             Coding formats for decorated and plain ceramic analyses. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix L, pp. 473-480. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["Presented in this appendix are the coding formats used in the analysis of plain and decorated ceramics" recovered from a prehistoric Hohokam site on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Whittlessey, Stephanie M.; Scott O=Mack, and Rebecca S. Toupal

    2000             The people of southern Arizona, past and present. Tucson, Pima County Board of Supervisors, County Administrator. Maps. 121 pp. [This overview of the history of southern Arizona includes frequent mention of Tohono O=odham. The report was prepared in conjunction with the county=s Sonoran Desert conservation plan. This is the cultural resources element of that plan.]

Whorf, Benjamin L.

    1935             The comparative linguistics of Uto-Aztecan. American Anthropologist, Vol. 37, no. 4, part 1 (October-December), pp. 600-608. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Papago language is briefly mentioned on pages 601, 606, and 608.]

Wickham, Woodward A.

    1971a           Letter to Richard H. Nolte. Institute of Current World Affairs, July 14, pp. 1-12. New York. [With a map and seven black-and-white photos relating to Papagos, this newsletter briefly discusses Papago history from 1698 until 1971. The author also writes about Thomas Segundo, a Papago tribal chairman who died May 12, 1971 in an airplane crash (pp. 1-13).].

    1971b           Letter to Richard H. Nolte. Institute of Current World Affairs, September, pp. 1-12. New York. [The author spent two days with a Papago family in a saguaro harvesting camp in Saguaro National Monument in the Tucson Mountains. He describes the harvest of saguaro fruit in detail and includes step-by-step photos of the harvest and syrup making.]

Wigglesworth, Almeda

    1970             We camped on the Arizona desert. Golden West, Vol. 7, no. 1 (November), pp. 10, 45-46. Freeport, New York, Maverick Publications, Inc. [In 1910 the author stayed in Indian Oasis (later, Sells) with her husband who was employed by the government to survey and allot land to the Papagos (the allotments were never issued). She relates some stories about life with Papagos in Indian Oasis.]

Wilbar, A.P.

    1862             Report of the Surveyor General of New Mexico. In Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1861, pp. 118-129. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 29, 1861 and written in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the report is addressed to the Surveyor General=s Office. San Xavier is listed among the Indian Apueblos@ of New Mexico, with a population of 170 persons in the 1860 census with a personal estate valued at $6,325. Also listed are the Papago villages of Cumaro (Gu Vo), Tecolote, Charco, Pirigua (Hickiwan), Ocaboa, Cojate (Kohatk), Coca (Kaka), Santa Rosa, Cahuavi (Cababi), and Llano with an estimated population of 3,500 and a personal estate valued at $125,000 (pages 125-126).]

Wilbur, R.A.

    1872a           Dr. Wilbur on returning the Apache children stolen at the Camp Grant massacre. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, 1871-72, 1, Vol. 3, part 5, 42^nd Congress, 2d session], p. 504. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Written in Tucson, Arizona Territory on October 25, 1871, this letter is addressed to Lt. R.E. Whitman, Camp Grant, Arizona Territory. In it Wilbur deals with the return of eight Apache children taken captive by Papagos during the Camp Grant massacre.]

    1872b           Report of the United States Special Indian Agent for the Papago. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, 1871-72, 1, Vol. 3, part 5, 42^nd Congress, 2d session], pp. 781-782. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Written in Tucson, Arizona Territory on August 26, 1871 and addressed to H. Bendell, Arizona Superintendent of Indian Affairs, the report deals chiefly with Wilbur=s visits to Papago communities at San Xavier, Tacquison, Topony, Cumaro, Cahuabi, Comohuabi, and Tecolote. Emphasis in the report is on San Xavier. Wilbur estimates the number of families in each place, decries the lack of government assistance, and makes recommendations for schools, a blacksmith, a physician, and for government aid.]

    1872c           Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Papagos. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, pp. 320-322. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Wilbur=s second annual report is dated August 31, 1872, and was written at Tucson, Arizona Territory and addressed to H. Bendell, Arizona Superintendent of Indian Affairs. The report deals with the desire of Papagos for a reservation, preferably at San Xavier. He notes Papagos work as laborers during the harvest season and that they lose livestock to the Apaches. He gives information about the Camp Grant treaty between Papagos and Apaches, the visit of AAccencion@ (a Papago leader) to Washington, and medical care and he makes requests for general improvements.]

    1873             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Papagos. In Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1873, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 651-652. Washington, Government Printing Office. Wilbur=s third annual report was written in Tucson, Arizona Territory on September 1, 1973 and is addressed to E.P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He discusses the peace worked out between Papagos and AAribaipai@ (Aravaipa) and APenal@ (Pinal) Apaches (p. 651). On page 652 are his discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac; his having spent $2,500 on what he calls a new school house at San Xavier (which led to a dispute between him and Bishop Salpointe); two sisters from ASt. Joseph Academy@ have arrived at San Xavier to teach school; and he recommends building a blacksmith and wagon shop and hiring two mechanics to teach Papago boys a trade. He says a map is being prepared of the lands Papagos desire for their reservation; that Papagos= health has been good; and that this year=s pursuits have been satisfactory.]

    1874a           Annual report of the United States Indian Agent for the Papagos. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1873, pp. 283-284. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Another printing of Wilbur (1873).]

    1874b           Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Papagos. In Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1874, pp. 291-292. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Wilbur=s fourth annual report, written in Tucson, Arizona, to Commissioner of Indian Affairs E.P. Smith, is dated September 15, 1874. It deals with the fact that the government is taking care of Papagos= necessities and wants little by little; the decline in Papago intemperance; Papagos= returning neighboring ranchers= livestock; farming improvements; and the opening of the San Xavier school with successful attendance. Wilbur also writes at great length about his problems with Catholic priests, and he recommends that Papagos be placed under charge of some other church.]

Wilbur, R.A.; James H. Toole, and Solomon Warner

    1987             Legal descriptions and appraisal value by owner-claimants of lands around the Mission of San Xavier, 1872. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix H3, pp. 31-43. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This list was compiled by Wilbur, Indian agent for the Papagos, and the others because Wilbur was proposing that a reservation for Papagos be created around Mission San Xavier. After the reservation was created in 1874, many of them were forced to move, while others were accommodated by excluding their lands from the originally proposed reservation. Thirty-seven properties are listed here, most of them belonging to Mexican-Americans. This particular list was accompanied by an August 27, 1873 letter from Levi Ruggles, who was then Register of Land Office in Florence, Arizona Territory, indicating there were no legal land filings south of San Xavier Mission in the AS.W. corner of Sec. 22 T.15.S. R.13E. Sections 156 and 10, lie due north of Sec. 22.@]

Wilbur, Ray L., and C.J. Rhodes

    1930             Lands of Papago Indians in Arizona. Senate Reports, Vol. 2, no. 702, 71^st Congress, 2d session. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.

Wilbur-Cruce, Eva A.

    1985             Indian country. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 26, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 351-374. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [The AIndian country@ in question is that in the vicinity of Arivaca in southern Arizona, and the Indians involved are Papagos who hunted, gathered, and traded in and around Arivaca in the early part of the 20^th century. Many of these Papagos, here well-described in the reminiscences of one who knew them when she was a girl, lived at El Bajio (Pozo Verde), Sonora. This is an excellent account of those Papagos for that period. Included among the photo illustrations is a picture of a large group of Papagos selling pottery by the roadside - probably in Mule Pass outside of Bisbee, Arizona. Eva Wilbur-Cruce was the granddaughter of Dr. R.A. Wilbur, government agent for the Papago Indians in the early to middle 1870s.]

    1987a           A beautiful, cruel country. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. xiv + 318 pp. [These are the reminiscences of Eva Antonio Wilbur-Cruce, granddaughter of Dr. R.A. Wilbur, the man who was Indian agent for the Papago Indians in 1871 at the time of the Camp Grant massacre and who was the agent responsible for creation of the first Papago Indian reservation - at San Xavier - in 1874. Wilbur, who spent most of her life living on a ranch near Arivaca, Arizona, devotes a chapter to her grandfather (pp. 1-9), and throughout the book she recalls many events involving Papago Indians. She recalls that Amany Indians went each spring to Tucson to harvest the saguaro fruit from the hills there. They plucked the fruit from the cacti with long poles and made it into jelly, then brought it back to their villages, moving south along Avra (Altar) Valley to the Poso Verde Indian village, where they would wait until fall before starting their yearly circuit again - to Magdalena, to Tucson, and back again to Poso Verde@ (p. 31). She also writes about the forced departure of Papagos from the Arivaca area in the early part of the 20^th century (pp. 302-308).]

    1987b           A trip to the mountain. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 3-19. Tucson, University of Arizona Press, Southwest Center. [Childhood reminiscences of a woman who grew up on a ranch near Arivaca, Arizona, that include memories of Papago Indians who formerly lived along the banks of Arivaca Creek, of the Papago settlement at Poso Verde, Sonora, and of the annual October trek of Papagos to Magdalena, Sonora.]

    1987c           Waiting for mañana. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 10 (October), pp. 36-41. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [This is an except from Wilbur-Cruce (1987a), one with considerable discussion of the Papagos who lived near the Wilbur ranch near Arivaca in southern Arizona soon after the start of the 20th century.]

Wilcox, David R.

    1979             Warfare implications of dry-laid masonry walls on Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall/Winter), pp. 15-38. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This discussion of trincheras on a hill adjacent to Tucson, Arizona, includes consideration of such archaeological sites elsewhere in the Papaguería and of possible Piman (AOotam@) involvement with such sites.]

Wilcox, David R., and Stephen M. Larson

    1979             Introduction to Tumamoc Hill survey. Warfare implications of dry-laid masonry walls on Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall/Winter), pp. 1-14. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Brief mention is made of the attempt to settle Sobaipuri Indians (O=odham who later became incorporated into the APapago@ population) at Tucson in 1762, and of five Indian settlements north of San Xavier del Bac in the 1690s.]

Wilcox, David R., and Lynette O. Shenk

    1977             The architecture of Casa Grande and its interpretation [Archaeological Series, no. 115]. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. [It is briefly noted here that in 1694 Father Eusebio Francisco Kino paid a visit to the ruins of Casa Grande in southern Arizona, having been alerted to the presence of the ruins by natives of San Xavier del Bac. He was guided to the ruins by Sobaipuri Indians (O=odham).]

Wild, Peter

    1985             The devil was given permission: the poetry of Arizona=s territorial newspapers. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 26, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 259-272. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Included is a brief mention of the publication of the Quijotoa Prospector at Quijotoa in the Papago country. Information is from Luttrell (1949).]

    1986             The saguaro forest. Photographs by Hal Coss. Flagstaff, Arizona, Northland Press. Illus. 65 pp. [A large part of this book about saguaro cacti and saguaro forests concerns the relationship between Tohono O=odham and the saguaro, including a retelling of Papago legends about the plant. Seven color photos illustrate the process of harvesting saguaro fruit and converting the fruit to syrup.]

Wilde, Sandra J.

    1986             AAn analysis of the development of spelling and punctuation in selected third and fourth grade children.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 316 pp. [AThis study explores various aspects of the spelling and punctuation development of six Tohono O=odham, (Papago) children using their third and fourth grade years..@]

Wilder, Carleton S.

    1963             The Yaqui deer dance: a study in cultural change. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 186 [Anthropological Papers, no. 66], pp. 145-210. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [In considering the distribution of deer dances throughout the Southwest, Wilder makes reference to the Papago deer dance held in autumn and the role of the deer in the Papago vikita ceremony. His data are drawn from Ruth Underhill (1939, 1940b).]

Wilder, Joseph C.

    1987             Publishing the Southwest: the last Vikita. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn). Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [An introduction to a special issue of the Journal of the Southwest, an issue featuring the presently-defunct vikita ceremony of the O=odham (Papago Indians).]

Wilken, Robert L.

    1955             Anselm Weber, O.F.M.: missionary to the Navaho, 1898-1921. Milwaukee, The Bruce Publishing Company. [Mention is made of a visit by Father Anselm to Mission San Xavier del Bac in August, 1902 (p. 89); of Bishop Henry Granjon=s spending $1,000 in 1911 that had been given to him by the Marquette League in 1905 to build a mission among the Hopi Indians, using the money instead to pay Fr. Mathias Rechsteiner of the Sacred Heart Province of the Order of Friars Minor to start missionary work among the Papago Indians (pp. 157-158); and of Bishop Granjon=s having spent the bulk of the annual $2,000 stipend given him by the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions on restoration of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 222). It is also noted that in 1911 Cardinal Gibbons persuaded Bishop Granjon to turn Mission San Xavier del Bac and the Papago missions over to Franciscans of the St. Louis (Sacred Heart) Province.]

Wilkins, Bertha S.

    1897             In a government Indian school. Land of Sunshine, Vol. 7, no. 6 (November), pp. 242-247. Los Angeles, Land of Sunshine Publishing Company. [This illustrated article is written by the teacher of a government boarding school class of twenty-six Pima and two Papago Indians located on the Gila River Indian Reservation in southern Arizona.]

Wilkinson, John F.

    1935             AThe Papago Indians and their education.@ Master=s thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, bibl. 152 pp. [This is a mis-titled thesis which, in the words of its author, is A... in its treatment largely philosophical ...@(p. 145) It contains essentially no factual data regarding Papagos= formal education, but is concerned chiefly with federal policy regarding American Indians in general, policies ranging from the Indian Reorganization Act to allotments to general educational policies. The writer betrays his ignorance of Papago history when he writes (p. 17), AThe Papagos had no reservation until 1916.@ This is a highly opinionated treatise on Indians in general, one with recommendations for a Papago curriculum (chapter 10).]

Willard, F.C.

    1912             A week afield in southern Arizona. Condor, Vol. 14,no. 2 (March/April), pp. 53-63. Hollywood, California, Cooper Ornithological Club. [The writer spent part of a week in May, 1911 collecting birds in the mesquite forest on the San Xavier Indian Reservation (pp. 57-59).]

Willenbrink, Antonine

    1934             [Letter to the Reverend Charles A. Erkenswick, Archdiocese of Chicago.] Indian Sentinel, Vol. 14, no. 3 (Summer), p. 72. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [The letter thanks the Reverend Erksenswick for his donation of $50 to St. John=s Mission of the Gila River Indian Reservation, a donation which will benefit Pima, Papago, and Apache children. A photo accompanies the letter which shows boys and girls holding puppets, the caption of which reads, APuppet Show Given by Pima, Papago, and Apache Children@ at St. John=s Mission School.]

    1935             Notes on the Pima Indian language. s.l., The Franciscan Fathers of California. 67 pp. [This is written as a practical handbook for anyone wishing to acquire a working knowledge of Pima (O=odham) in the quickest and easiest manner possible.]

    1937             St. Francis Assisi Mission, Akchin, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 2, no. 1 (October), pp. 47-48. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a September 20, 1939 letter to Father Maynard Geiger telling about the flood that hit the Ak Chin (Maricopa) Reservation as a result of big rains that began on August 13. The people on the Ak Chin Reservation are mostly Papagos, but with Pimas= living there as well.]

Willenbrink, Antonine, and Celestine Chinn

    1935             A primer catechism on the Christial doctrine in the Pima Indian language. s.l., The Franciscan Fathers of California. 62 pp. [The title is the abstract. The Roman Catholic catechism is published here in O=odham and in English. The catechism was used by friars working among Papagos as well as among Pimas.]

Willett, Elizabeth

    1982             Reduplication and accent in Southeastern Tepehuan. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 48, no. 2 (April), pp. 168-184. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Various comparisons are drawn with the Papago language.]

Williams, Anita A. de

    1983             Cocopa. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 99-112. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of friendly contacts between Papagos and Cocopas (p. 99), and the Papago term for Cocopa is given on page 111.]

Williams, Della

    1980             Introduction. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, inside front cover. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [The principal of the San Simon School on the Papago Indian Reservation explains that the poems in this book Awere written during the summer of 1980 while their authors were participating in a linguistics workshop in Albuquerque, New Mexico.@ Eight of the eleven poets represented are Papago.]

Williams, Eleanor B.

    1941             Grass-roots democracy on the desert. Indians at Work, Vol. 8, no. 12 (August), pp. 16-21. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. [This is about a business meeting held with representatives of the Schuk Toak District of the Papago Indian Reservation in which the roundup of Papago horses on the reservation for inspection by the state veterinarian was to be carried out. Inspection was for the purpose of eliminating dourine, equine venereal disease.]

Williams, Jack

    1973             A look at mining. Pay Dirt, no. 405 (March 26), pp. 26, 28. Bisbee, Arizona Small Mines Operators Association. [The Governor of Arizona reflects on the mining industry in Arizona, observing, among other things, that AAmerican Smelting and Refining Company=s new copper oxide leaching plant is expected to be completed and in operation by the middle of February at the San Xavier Mine south of Tucson, processing some 4,000 tons or ore per day.

                             AThe plant will utilize low-grade oxide ore overlying two sulphide ore bodies and will receive electrolytic copper ready for market without smelting, giving the company increased metallic copper production without any complications from smelting.@]

Williams, Jack S.

    [1986a]       A visitors= guide to the presidio fortress of Santa Cruz de Terrenate. s.l., s.n. Illus. Unpaged. [This 28-page visitors= guide to the ruins of the Presidio de Santa Cruz de Terrenate on the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona, a presidio which lasted from 1772 to 1780, was once manned by soldiers that included Opata and Pima Indian allies.]

    1986b           The Presidio of Santa Cruz de Terrenate: a forgotten fortress of southern Arizona. Smoke Signal, nos. 47/48 (Spring/Fall), pp. 129-147. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Williams points out that Indians from San Xavier del Bac and from San Agustín del Tucson B undoubtedly O=odham B helped build the Presidio of Santa Cruz de Terrenate on the San Pedro River in 1776 (p. 134).]

    1986cd         San Augustin del Tucson: a vanished mission community of the Pimería Alta. Smoke Signal, nos. 47/48 (Spring/Fall), pp. 112-128. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [A well-illustrated and well-documented history of the mission visita of San Agustín del Tucson which was established at the base of Tucson=s Sentinel Peak (AA@- Mountain) in the late eighteenth century for the Piman Indians (O=odham) who lived in the village there. It was a visita of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1988a           Fortress Tucson: architecture and the art of war (1775-1856). Smoke Signal, nos. 49/50 (Spring/Fall), pp. 149, 168-188. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [An illustrated article about the Spanish and, later, Mexican presidio of Tucson makes mention in footnotes of the physical plan of San Xavier del Bac, including its Indian village, as described by Spanish engineer Gerónimo de la Rocha in 1780. Mention is also made of Piman workers helping with the presidio=s construction.]

    1988b           A walking tour of the archaeological dig at the Presidio of Tubac. Tubac, The Center for Spanish Colonial Archaeology in cooperation with Arizona State Parks. Map, illus. 18 pp. [This is a guide to archaeological excavations then underway in the so-called Asouth barrio@ of the Spanish-period presidio of Tubac, a place founded in 1752 in the wake of the 1751 Pima Revolt. He writes, ADuring colonial times is was customary for trade fairs to be held in town plazas. In 1800 you might have seen families trading with Papago and Apache Indians. The town=s settlers gave the Indians manufactured goods such as glass beads, steel knives and fancy cloth in exchange for food, livestock and hides.@]

    1988c           A walking tour of the Presidio of Tubac. Tubac, The Center for Spanish Colonial Archaeology in cooperation with Arizona State Parks. Map, illus. 18 pp. [Williams writes, AIn 1751 the (Piman) Indians of northern Sonora rose up against the priests, ranchers and miners who had colonized their homeland. The bloody rebellion that followed led to the destruction of the small mission settlement that was established at Tubac in the 1730's.@ The booklet is a walking guide to buildings and other features preserved within the confines of Tubac State Historical Park in southern Arizona.]

    1991             AArchitecture and defense on the military frontier of America, 1752-1856.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., refs. cited. 319 pp. [This study of the Spanish fortifications on the northern frontier of New Spain beginning in 1752 takes into account the military activities of Northern Piman Indians, including their role in helping build presidios as well as their role as fighters against Apaches. Williams also lists military actions as these involved various mission communities.]

    1992             Archaeological investigations at the captain=s house at the Presidio of Tubac, 1992. Tubac, Arizona, The Center for Spanish Colonial Archaeology. Map, illus., tables, refs. cited. v + 1547 pp. [This extremely-detailed report on excavations of a site that had once been the captain=s house in the Spanish presidio of Tubac in southern Arizona includes a history of excavations in Tucson and on the San Pedro River involving Spanish presidios, including a summary of the dispute among archaeologists and historians concerning the identification of the Sobaipuri village of Quiburi. The history of Tubac, which was initially a Northern Piman settlement, is presented here as are details of the many Piman-manufactured artifacts, especially pottery, recovered in the excavations.]

Williams, Peter W.

    1997             Houses of God: region, religion, and architecture in the United States. Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press. Illus., index. xvii + 321 pp. [The author has a brief description of Mission San Xavier del Bac on pages 245-246, one which incorrectly states that construction of the present edifice began in 1772 and which characterizes the estípite columns as a Adistinctly Mexican Baroque innovation.@ Photos of the mission by Carleton Watkins (1880) and Fritz Kaeser (1952) are on pages 262 and 263.]

Williams, Robert A., Jr., and Gordon V. Krutz

    1991             Second annual U of A President=s Tribal Leaders Advisory Council meeting. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 1-6. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Included in the discussion of this conference is mention of the fact that Tohono O=odham Vivian Juan has been appointed Assistant Dean of Native American Students at the University of Arizona. She appears in one of the photos accompanying the article.]

Williams, Sidney A.

    1960             A new occurrence of allanite in the Quijotoa Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Arizona Geological Society Digest, Vol. 3, pp. 46-51. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [The Quijotoa Mountains are on the Papago Indian Reservation. The allanite, discovered in the early 1950s, proved not to be present in economically significant quantities.]

Williams, Thomas R.

    1956             APapago personal adaptability as a product of the culture contact and change situation.@ Master=s thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 163 pp. [This is an attempt to evaluate the hypothesis that Papago adaptability resulted from Papago-Anglo contact or Papago-Spanish contact. It surveys important changes in Papago culture. The study=s eight chapters are titled: (1) Introduction; (2) The aboriginal community; (3) The contact continuum, periods I and II; (4) Changes in Papago culture, periods I and II; (5) Major processes in Papago culture change, 1687-1875; (6) A discussion; (7) A comparison of changes and conditions of contact in Papago and San Ildefonso culture arising from contacts with the same western European culture; and (8) The hypothesis of Papago personal adaptability as a product of the culture contact and change situation.]

    1957             ASocialization in a Papago Indian village.@ Doctor of Social Science dissertation, Maxwell Graduate School of Social Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. Maps, illus. vi + 256 pp. [This dissertation describes the process of socialization in the village of Gu Achi on the Papago Reservation. Comprised of three parts, the first summarizes geography, history and language of the Papagos; the second describes life in Gu Achi; and the third deals with the major processes of socialization in this village.]

    1958             The structure of socialization process in Papago Indian society. Social Forces, Vol. 36, no. 3 (March), pp. 251-256. Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press. [Results of a study conducted from January to June, 1956 in the Gu Achi District of the Papago Indian Reservation. The author discusses six major structural features of the process of socialization in Papago society.]

    1970             The structure of socialization process in Papago Indian society. In From child to adult, edited by John Middleton, pp. 163-172. New York, Natural History Press. [A reprint of Thomas R. Williams (1958).]

    1972             Introduction to socialization: human culture transmitted. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby Company. Illus., index, bibls. 308 pp. [The volume includes a lengthy discussion of Papagos in a chapter titled, AModels of Learning and the Process of Socialization.@ Based largely on Williams= 1950s field work, the section includes eight of his photographs of Papago people and places, including a picture of Enos Francisco, Sr., and Jr. There is also an 1893 photograph from the American Museum of Natural History that is labeled APapago,@ but which is almost certainly Maricopa. A summary discussion of Papago learning and enculturation is on pages 97-98.]

Williamson, George H.

    1950             Why the pilgrims come. Kiva, Vol. 12, nos 1-2 (October/November), pp. 2-8. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Concerns the visit of Papagos and Yaquis to the annual October fiesta of St. Francis in Magdalena, Sonora.]

Williges, Theodore

    1951             [Letter to the editor]. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 31, no. 8 (October), p. 107. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Letter from Father Theodore, a Franciscan priest at San Jose Mission at Pisinemo on the Papago Indian Reservation, offers thanks for a private donation for the purchase of rosaries. Includes a photo of Papagos praying at a hillside shrine next to St. Catherine=s Mission, Ajo, Arizona.]

    1952             Community Christmas. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 32, no. 10 (October), p. 107. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [About the Christmas Eve and Christmas Day celebration held at San Jose Mission, Pisinemo, Papago Indian Reservation, accompanied by two photos of Papago children in Christmas pageant costumes.]

    1962             San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 24, no. 2 (April), pp. 99-100. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Theodore, who on June 13, 1961 became the new superior at Mission San Xavier del Bac, summarizes events occurring at the mission between 1949 and the present. He notes that the mission was restored under Father Celestine Chinn=s administration between 1949 and 1958 and he talks about thefts of money from the alms box in the church.]

Willson, Roscoe G.

    1941             Bighorn sheep of the Arizona desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 17, no. 2 (February), pp. 34-37. Phoenix, Arizona Highways Department. [Writes Willson: ABoth the Papago and Pima Indians have known the bighorn sheep in the desert mountains as far back as the memories of the oldest tribesmen can carry them.

                             AOld Pablo Lijero, one of the headmen of the Papagos, who recently died at the reported age of 105, was born in Alambre Canyon at the north end of the Baboquivari Mountains, southwest of Tucson, told the writer in 1907 that as a boy he had hunted bighorn sheep in the Coyote Mountains, just north of his rancheria. The following day the writer and a companion saw several head of them high up among the cliffs of the Coyotes.@]

    1955             The origin of Arizona=s name. Arizona Highways, Vol. 31, no. 3 (March), pp. 2-5. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [AArizona@ is thought, writes Willson, to have been derived from a small Papago rancheria which was called by the Papagos AArizonac,@ meaning the place of little water, or springs. (It now appears more likely to be a Basque word meaning Aplace of the oaks.@)]

    1958             A bit of Papago crow. Arizona Days and Ways, August 24, pp. 30-31. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [In 1874 a group of Papago Indians, after rescuing some livestock stolen from them by Apaches, were falsely accused and pursued by some Texas stockmen.]

    1964             Myth of Jesuit treasure stirs vandalism impulse. Provincial Annals, Vol. 26, no. 3 (July), pp. 208-210. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Reprinted from the Arizona Republic newspaper of November 25, 1962, this article B drawing heavily on material published by Father Charles Polzer (1962) in Desert B decries the vandalism in such former Piman Indian churches as Tumacacori and Cocospera as a result of treasure hunters= looking for mythical Jesuit treasure.]

    1967             Papagos, >the bean people.= Arizona, May 7, pp. 54-55. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [A good general article about Papagos discussing such things as change on the main reservation since 1916, Papago progressives and conservatives, agriculture, and mining on the reservation.]

    1969             Papagos wrongly accused. Arizona, August 24, pp. 14-15. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [Reprint of Willson (1958).]

Wilsey & Ham

    1973             Preliminary comprehensive development plan for the Papago Reservation. Tucson, Wilsey & Ham. Map, illus. 31 pp. [The title is the abstract. There is an introduction followed by sections headed APlanning Context,@ ALand Use,@ AEnvironmental Protection,@ AHousing,@ APublic Facilities,@ ACirculation,@ AUtilities,@ AEconomic Development,@ and AImplementation.@ The study was prepared under a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 701 planning grant.]

Wilson, Andrew W.

    1951             The Papago Development Program., an example of land use planning. Yearbook of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 13, p. 47. Cheney, Washington, The Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. [This is a three-paragraph abstract of the provisions of the Papago Development Program (Papago Tribal Council 1949).]

Wilson, C. Roderick [a.k.a. Charles R. Wilson, q.v.]

    1969             Papago Indian population movement: an index of culture change. Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, Vol. 6, no. 1 (April), pp. 23-32. Fort Collins, Colorado, The Rocky Mountain Social Science Association. [A discussion of 20^th century patterns of Papago migration and their effect on Papago culture change.]

Wilson, Charles R. [a.k.a. C. Roderick Wilson, q.v.]

    1972             AMigration, change, and variation: a Papago case study.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. Bibl. 182 pp. [This dissertation examines the differing patterns of population movement among Papagos from various districts of the Sells Papago Reservation. Three analytic procedures are followed: discernment of the general trend of Papago migration phenomena as a whole; variability at the village level; and the extent to which variability contrasts with the standard conceptualization of these villages as being either progressive or conservative.]

Wilson, Eldred D.; J.B. Cunningham, and G.M. Butler

    1934             Arizona lode mines and gold mining [Bulletin of the Arizona Bureau of Mines, no. 137]. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Included throughout are mentions of mineral deposits on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Wilson, James R.

    1939             Basket weaver at home -- Papago. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 9 (September), p. 34. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is an excellent black-and-white photograph of a Papago woman weaving an oval-shaped coiled basket as she is seated next to a building with wattle walls. A finished basket and basket making materials are also in the photo.]

Wilson, Ida N.

    1939             Papago has leadership. Indians at Work, Vol. 6, no. 10 (June), pp. 8-9. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. [This illustrated article deals with actions taken by the Papago Tribal Council on the appointment of judges, economic development, roads, and marketing of arts and crafts.]

Wilson, John P.

    1981             Archaeological survey of the proposed Tucson Electric Tortolita-South relocated segment, Pinal and Pima counties, Arizona. Report, no. 26. Tucson, Arizona, [prepared for the Tucson Electric Power Company]. [An archaeological site survey in southern Arizona, one which draws on ethnographic analogy in its interpretations, with Papago culture as the model. Wilson discounts the often-presumed continuity between prehistoric Hohokam and historic Piman Indians.]

     1985            Early Piman agriculture: a new look. In Southwestern culture history: collected papers in honor of Albert H. Schroeder [Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Vol. 10], edited by Charles H. Lange, pp. 129-138. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press. [Wilson demonstrates the likelihood that even before Europeans introduced wheat, Papagos were double cropping corn.]

Wilson, L.G., and Michael D. Osborn

    1988             Training sessions in field hydrologic techniques for Tohono O=odham employees. In An inventory of Native American programs at the University of Arizona for fiscal years 1985-1987, by Gordon V. Krutz, pp. 50-51. Tucson, University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Report on a three-day workshop for Tohono O=odham employees working in water-related tasks. The workshop was held in March, 1987.]

Wilson, Maggie

    1980             The sacred mountains. Arizona Highways, Vol. 56, no. 5 (May), pp. 12-13. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Two fine color photos illustrate an account of the significance of Baboquivari Peak to Papagos, one which tells of I=itoi=s cave.]

    1983             Artist of the people. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 3 (March), pp. 2, 5. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A discussion of the life of Ettore ATed@ De Grazia mentions Papago women being present at his funeral in 1982.]

Wilson, Marian C.

    1891             Manuelita: the story of San Xavier del Bac. Chicago, United States Book Company. 305 pp. [A fictionalized account of the Spanish-period history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, a story beginning with Father Eusebio Kino and ending with completion of the present church in 1797. Tumacacori Mission also is involved in the story. Almost none of the historical details are correct.]

Wilson, Ruth I.

    1910             Two glimpses of San Xavier del Bac. Overland Monthly, Vol. 55, no. 3 (March), pp. 232, 256-264. San Francisco, The Overland Monthly Co., Publishers. [This is a descriptive article about Mission San Xavier del Bac, one with two exterior and one interior photographs of the mission. Mention of Papagos is scattered throughout.]

Wilson, Woodrow

     1929a          Executive Order dated October 27, 1914, extending the trust period of Papago allotments. In Indian affairs: laws and treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Vol. 4, p. 1005. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [The allotments are those on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1929b           Executive Order dated January 14, 1916, setting aside lands for the Papago Indian reservation. In Indian affairs: laws and treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Vol. 4, pp. 1008-1011. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [This Executive Order created the Sells portion of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1929c           Executive Order dated February 1, 1917, altering the boundaries of the Papago Indian reservation. In Indian affairs: laws and treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Vol. 4, pp. 1005-1008. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [This Executive Order divided the 1916 reservation into northern and southern halves, with an east-west strip running down the middle.]

Winchell, Dick G.

    1986             American Indian population change in Arizona: an analysis of recent census data. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 45-51. Tempe, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. [Included among the population figures are those for Papagos as given by both the 1980 U.S. Census and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The U.S. Census gave the figure as 7,203, or 5.6% of Arizona=s total Indian population. The BIA=s figure for Papagos in 1980 was 11,307, or 57% greater than that of the U.S. Census. The U.S. Census figure for Sells was 1,739, of whom 93.3% were Indian.]

Winkelman, M

    1992             Pharmacological properties of some Piman (O=odham) medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes. Preface by Gary P. Nabhan. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. Illus., bibl. 20 pp. [This is an investigation of certain plants used by Northern Pimans: Castela emoryi, Epheda spp., Krameria spp., Larrea divaricata, Opuntia spp., Peniocereus greggii, Plantago spp., Prosopis velutina, Salvia columbariae, and Verbena goodingii.]

Winslow, F.R.

    1948             Lost silver of del Bac. Desert Magazine, Vol. 11, no. 11 (September), p. 32. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is a letter to the editor which relates the story of a lost treasure (silver statue, gold, and other silver) in the vicinity of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Winsor, Roanna H.

    1956             The unchanging Papago. Westways, Vo. 48, no. 1 (January), pp. 2-3. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [This is a brief ethnographic account of Papago Indians, one based largely, if not entirely so, on information gathered at San Xavier del Bac. It is accompanied by five black-and-white photographs, one entitled, ATypical of Papago homes are a mud-plastered saguaro ribs house, left, and the sun-baked adobe, right.@]

    1958             Tubac. Arizona=s first state park. Arizona Highways, Vol. 34, no. 9 (September), pp. 36-39. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [In summarizing the history of Tubac in southern Arizona, which Aprobably began as a Piman village@ and which became a Spanish presidio in 1752 as a result of the 1751 Piman revolt, the author also alludes to missions San Xavier del Bac, Guevavi, and Tumacácori.]

Winter, Joseph C.

    1973             Cultural modifications of the Gila Pima: A.D. 1697 -- A.D. 1846. Ethnohistory, Vol. 20, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 67-77. Tucson, American Society for Ethnohistory. [It is mentioned in passing that during the period 1770-1846, Apaches sometimes attacked Papagos, usually in small groups concerned with horse stealing (p. 71). He also writes that after 1773 Athe Santa Cruz (River) was abandoned by the Pimas and slowly taken over by the Papagos@ (p. 72), and he tells about the 1756 attack of Pimans on Mission San Xavier (p. 73).]

    1976             The process of farming diffusion in the Southwest and Great Basin. American Antiquity, Vol. 41, no. 4 (October), pp 421-429. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology. [It is mentioned in passing (p. 421) that horticulture continued into the historic period in the economy of the Papago Indians.]

Winter, Larry

    1992             Legends of the lost: turkey-egg big gold nuggets await finder of desert mine. Arizona Highways, Vol. 68, no. 2 (February), pp. 50-51. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a recounting of the tale of the Lost Jabonero Mine, a mine said to exist along the Camino del Diablo in southwestern Arizona or northwestern Sonora. The legend is that a soap maker had found the mine when he was killed by Papago Indians who kept the mine's location a secret. All this is said to have occurred in the 2nd half of the 19th century.]

Winters, John

    1973             The Papagos and their legends. (Ole!, October 27, pp. 8-9. Tucson, Tucson Daily Citizen. [This illustrated newspaper supplement article is about Dean and Lucille Saxton and their book, Legends and lore of the Papago Indians (1973). Included here are two legends from the book, one on how the earth was made and another about how the hunter=s dog becomes a woman.]

Winters, Wayne

    1963             Campfires along the treasure trail. Tombstone, Tombstone Nugget Publishing Company. Illus. 88 pp. [There is a letter here from Thomas Childs (1963) to Mrs. George F. Kitt of the Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society dated June 8, 1946. It tells about Papago involvement in a lost treasure presumably somewhere near Tule Tank on the Camino del Diablo. The story is about a Papago man who fled a cholera epidemic in Caborca to go live with relatives in Gila City, Arizona (pp. 66-68). Pages 71-77 are devoted to the Jesuit mission at Sonoyta, Sonora, and Papagos= having helped build it in 1701 only to have been involved in its sacking in 1751. There are good details here concerning the vandalism at the mission site starting in 1907 by M.G. Levy of Ajo. The book, however, is a typical treasure-hunting tome and needs to be evaluated with care in that it contains more fiction than fact.]

Wisdom, Charles W.

    1930             AElements of the Piman language.@ Master=s thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. 97 pp. [This study deals exclusively with the Piman language, dialects of which are spoken by Papagos.]

Wissler, Clark

    1915             Material culture of the North American Indian. In Anthropology of North America, pp. 76-134. New York, G.E. Stechert & Company. [A...the Papago were similar,@ writes Wissler, Athough less advanced (than the Pima)@ (p. 93). Wissler discusses house types, irrigation, use of wild plants, weaving of cloth, pottery, and basketry.]

    1938             The American Indian: an introduction to the anthropology of the New World. 3^rd edition. New York, P. Smith.. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xvii + 466 pp. [Papago is listed as a Piman language (p. 396). Perhaps what is most notable here is the almost complete absence of mention of Papagos, an indication of how little knowledge there was concerning them at the time. This first edition of this book appeared in 1917, with later editions in 1922 as well as in 1950 and 1957.]

    1941             Indians of the United States. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Doran and Company. Illus., index. xvi + 319 pp. [Papago is listed under the Nahuatlan or Aztec branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family (p. 212), and there is a one-paragraph description of the Pima and Papago (p. 225).]

Withers, Arnold W.

    1941             AExcavations at Valshni Village, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona.@ Master=s thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, illus., bibl. 85 pp. [AThis report is concerned with the excavation of Valshni Village, a surface ruin fourteen miles southwest of Sells, Arizona in the Sells District of the Papago Indian Reservation.@ The site is entirely prehistoric.]

    1944             Excavations at Valshni Village, a site on the Papago Reservation. American Antiquity, Vol. 10, no. 1 (July), pp. 33-47. Menasha, Wisconsin, Society for American Archaeology. [This is a summary of the 1939-40 excavation of Valshni Village, a prehistoric surface ruin fourteen miles southwest of Sells, Arizona.]

    1973             Excavations at Valshni Village, Arizona. Edited by Walter T. Duering. Arizona Archaeologist, no. 7. Phoenix, Arizona Archaeological Society. Maps, illus., bibl. xiii + 90 pp. [This is the published version of Winters (1941).]

Witt, Shirley H.

    1974             Native women today. Civil Rights Digest, Vol. 6, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 28-35. Washington, D.C., U.S. Commission of Civil Rights. [Although her ethnicity is not identified in the article, AMs. Ella Rumley, of the Tucson Indian Center@ (p. 32), is a Papago woman whose maiden name was Kisto. AShe reported that Indians who have jobs in that area are employed only in menial positions. There are no Indian retail clerks, tellers, or secretaries, to her knowledge.@]

Wojcik, Ruth

    1993             San Xavier del Bac mission. Century 21 Homes Magazine, front cover. s.l., Century 21 Real Estate Corporation. [Reproduced here is a color print by photographer Wojcik of the south elevation of the church of San Xavier del Bac.]

Wolcott, Marjorie T., editor

    1929             Pioneer notes from the diaries of Judge Benjamin Hayes, 1849-1875. Los Angeles, privately printed. Illus., index. 307 pp. [Hayes=s diary entry for December 13, 1849 indicates that he made camp at San Xavier del Bac. He gives the APimo@ population as 500 and briefly describes the Indians living there. He also describes the church in considerable detail, particularly its interior and furnishings (pp. 43-45).]

Wolf, Ann Marie A.; Anna H. Spitz, and Gary Olson

    2003             Characterization of the solid waste system of the Tohono O=odham Nation. Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 65, no. 8 (April), pp. 9-15. Denver, National Environmental Health Association. [AThe Tohono O=odham, Nation=s Solid Waste Management Program (SWMP) and the Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc (SERI) complete a waste characterization study for the Tohono O=odham Nation (the Nation) to aid in development of an effective waste management plan. The Nation has recently switched from open dumping and burning of waste to collection in dumpsters and transportation to regulated landfills. The study indicated that members of the Nation produce approximately one-third of the average amount of municipal solid waste produced per person per day in the United States. Far fewer hazardous materials and yard trimmings are found in the waste stream than in the U.S. average. Source reduction options are limited because much of the residential waste comes from packaging materials. Recycling opportunities exist but are hampered by the long distance to markets, which forces the Nation to look at innovative ways of utilizing materials on site. An education program focusing on the traditional O=odham lifestyle has been implemented to help reduce solid waste generation while improving people=s health and the environment.@]

Wood, Harvey

    1955             Personal recollections. Pasadena, California, privately printed. [Wood came west to California in 1849 with gold seekers of the Carson Association. His route took him through Tucson.]

Woodard, Gary C., and Elizabeth Checcio

    1989             The legal framework of water transfer in Arizona. Arizona Law Review, Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 721-743. Tucson, College of Law of the University of Arizona. [Mention is made of the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act (SAWRSA) of 1982 and its involvement with the claims of the Tohono O=odham Nation and the Ak Chin community to water.]

Woodbury, Richard B., and Nathalie F.S. Woodbury

    1964             The changing patterns of Papago land use. Actas y Memorias, Vol. 2, pp. 181-186. México, 35^th Congreso International de Americanistas, 1962. [This paper presents some changes in Papago land use, with examples including year around occupation of land, off-reservation work in cotton fields, increasing dependency on agriculture versus gathering, less acreage under cultivation, steady growth of stock raising, and the leasing of land to outside agriculturalists.]

Woodbury, Richard B., and Ezra B.W. Zubrow

    1979             Agricultural beginnings, 2000 B.C. - A.D. 500. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 9, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 43-60. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [This discussion of the prehistory of agriculture in the American Southwest includes mention of the fact that both Pimas and Papagos charred and ate cotton seeds in historic times.]

Woodman, Ruth C.

    1943             More on Papago legend. Desert Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 9 (July), p. 26. El Centro, Desert Publishing Company. [Woodman says she heard a different version of the Papago children=s shrine story than that reported by Muench in the March, 1943 issue of Desert Magazine, but that she likes Muench=s version better.]

Woodruff, Janette

    1939             Indian oasis. As told to Cecil Dryden. Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers, Ltd. Illus., index. 325 pp. [The Papago are among the three Indian tribes with which Woodruff spent twenty-five years of her life in government service B chiefly as an Aouting matron.@ The section dealing with her Papago experiences is on pages 225-320. It is accompanied by fourteen black-and-white photographs.]

Woods, Clee

    1945             I found the cave of a Pima god. Desert Magazine, Vol. 8, no. 9 (July), pp. 8-10. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [With a map, this concerns a journey to and description of what the author calls a sacred cave, ASee-A-Huh=s@ (i.e., Elder Brother=s), on the western slopes of the Baboquivari Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation. Two photos of the cave are included. (The cave is more commonly known as I=itoi=s Cave.).]

Woods, Teri K.; Karen Blaine, and Lauri Francisco

    2002             O=odham himdag as a source of strength and wellness among the Tohono O=odham of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 29, no. 1 (March), pp. 35-54. West Hartford, University of Connecticut School of Social Work. [AThe Tohono O=odham are fostering strength and wellness in their community by translating increased economic self-sufficiency and resources derived from gaming into social, health, and educational services which maintain their tribal traditions, thereby providing an effective path toward the maintenance of cultural identity, or O=odham Himdag. Cultural identify serves as a source of client strength and as a protective factor contributing to client wellness. ...@]

Woodward, Arthur

    1933             Ancient houses of modern Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 32, part 3 (September/December), pp. 79-98. Los Angeles. [Woodward describes plans and elevations of a deserted encampment left by soldier-laborers who were engaged in construction of the Altar-Sonoita highway in Sonora during the winter of 1931-32. The site is near the Papago settlement of Quitovac, Sonora, and includes pit houses and flimsy surface structures. The units are remarkably Indian-like in appearance. Woodward alludes to the summer house and winter traditions of Pima and Papago Indians (p. 95). Illustrated.]

    1938             Padre of the unchartered desert. Desert Magazine, Vol. 1, no. 11 (September), pp. 3-5, 26. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [An article about Father Francisco Garcés, O.F.M., and his activities along the Lower Colorado River between 1771 and 1781. Mention is made of the fact that he first administered to the Papago Indians at Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1768.]

    1939             Fray Marcos and the golden dream. Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 6 (April), pp. 3-6. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [Woodward says Sobaipuri Indians (Northern O=odham) accompanied Fray Marcos through the country of the Opata Indians of Sonora in 1539.]

    1983             Misiones del norte de Sonora. Aspectos históricos y arqueológicos. Prólogo by Charles W. Polzer. Hermosillo, Gobierno del Estado de Sonora. Illus., plans, bibl. 131 pp. [This is the textual portion, translated from English into Spanish, of Woodward=s study of the historical and archaeological aspects of the missions of northern Sonora, especially of the missions of the Pimería Alta, based in large part on a 1935 expedition by members of the National Park Service to visit and study these missions. The original text in English of Woodward=s report is published in Pickens (1993). Included here are reproductions of drawings of an ebony and silver cross at Mission San Ignacio, a plan for Mission Cocóspera, a plan for the central plaza of Magdalena which prophetically comes close to locating the burial place of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, plans for Atil and Santa Teresa, and the plan for the mission at Bisanig.]

Woolf, Charles M.

    1965             Albinism among Indians in Arizona and New Mexico. American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 17, no. 1 (January), pp. 23-35. Sheboygan, Wisconsin, The American Society of Human Genetics. [The writer says there is no recorded instance of albinism among Papagos (p. 28).]

Woosley, Anne I.

    1980             Agricultural diversity in the prehistoric Southwest. Kiva, Vol. 45, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 317-335. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Scattered mention occurs throughout concerning various kinds of water control systems on the Papago Indian Reservation and elsewhere in aboriginal Papago country. One photo is of a large charco near Sells, Arizona, on the reservation.]

Worcester, Donald E.

    1979             Apaches: eagles of the Southwest. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xviii + 389 pp. [There is scattered mention throughout of Mission San Xavier del Bac and of Papagos, such as on pages 17 (Apache raid at San Xavier in 1763); 39 (1840s warfare of Papagos); 47 (penetration of Apaches into Papago country in the 1840s); 70 (Papagos as fighters against Apaches in the mid-19th century); 87 (Apaches steal Papago horses at San Xavier del Bac); 100 (Papagos= involvement in an 1863 attack on Apaches); 102 (Papagos at San Xavier); 104 (Papagos as 1865 volunteers in the Arizona militia); 121-123 (Papagos and the 1871 Camp Grant massacre); 130 (Papagos= stealing of Apache children); 136 (Papagos at an 1872 conference with General O.O. Howard); and 157 (Papagos at an 1873 peace parley called by General Crook).]

Worden, Marshall A.

    1985             Estimated total lease payments to lessors for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. 1985 through 2017. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXVII. [The title is the abstract.]

Work, Hubert

    1928             Report on a bill to authorize the construction of a fence along the east boundary of the Papago Indian reservation, Arizona. Senate Reports, Vol. 1, no. 503, 70^th Congress, 1^st session. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.

Workers of the Writers= Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Arizona, compilers

    1940a           Arizona: state guide. New York, Hastings House. Maps, illus., chronology, bibl., index. xxv + 530 pp. [For mentions of Papagos and missions Guevavi, San Xavier del Bac, and Tumacacori, consult the index under AGuevavi Mission@; AIndian Reservations; Papago@; AIndian Tribes: Papago@; ASan Xavier del Bac, Mission of@; ATumacacori, Mission of@; and ATumacacori National Monument.@]

    1940b           Mission San Xavier del Bac, Arizona. New York, Hastings House, sponsored by the Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 57 pp. [Illustrated with numerous black-and-white photos of Mission San Xavier as well as of Papago dwellings, cemetery, and school children, this book has a short history and written description of the mission.]

    1989             The WPA guide to 1930s Arizona. Foreword by Stewart L. Udall. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., chronology, bibl., index. xxv + 530 pp. [With the addition of a foreword by Udall, this is a softcover reprint of Workers of the Writers= Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Arizona (1940a).]

Workman, P.L., and J.D. Niswander

     1970            Population studies on Southwestern Indian tribes. II. Local genetic differentiation in the Papago. American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 22, no. 1 (January), pp. 24-49. Chicago, The American Society of Human Genetics. [AThe Papago Indian population living on two reservations in southern Arizona is distributed among 10 partially endogamous, geographically distinguishable regions. This study analyzes the population structure of the Papago. By the use of X5 and Wrights F statistic, it was found that there are highly significant, essentially random genetic differences among Papago groups.]

Wormington, H.M.

    1970             Prehistoric Indians of the Southwest. Denver, The Denver Museum of Natural History. Maps, illus., index. 191 pp. [Wormington discusses Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation on pages 142 and 144, noting that the ancient Indians of this region resemble the Papago Indians who still occupy it.]

Wormser, Richard

    1975             Tubac. [Tubac, Arizona], The Tubac Historical Society. Map, illus., bibl., index. 52 pp. [This history of Tubac, Arizona, notes that before the arrival of Spaniards in the region, Athe inhabitants of the upper Santa Cruz Valley were Pima, Papago, and Sobaipuri Indians, all closely related and reasonably peaceful.@ He summarizes the work of Father Eusebio Kino and other early Spanish missionaries among the Pimans, and he summarizes events from the 1751 Pima Revolt and the consequent founding of the Spanish presidio at Tubac in 1752.]

Wright, Barton

    1996             Buying Indian arts and crafts. Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 11 (November), pp. 18-21. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Included among the color illustrations accompanying this article is one showing six contemporary Tohono O'odham baskets made by basket weavers Margaret Saraficio, Angelita Lopez, Rose Osife, Matilda Thomas Miguel, Marian Carrol Cruz, and Francis Stevens.]

Wright, Harold B.

    1929a           Long ago told: legends of the Papago Indians. New York and London, D. Appleton & Company. Illus. 290 pp. [This is a gathering of Papago folk tales, largely collected by Katherine F. Kitt, presented in a very free English version. Included are stories about the beginning of all things, the Desert People fire, the four brothers, the whirlwind, a cruel old woman, little White Feather, a friendly gift, the giant catus (saguaro), eye mountain, the fields, morning star, old Mother-white-head, the contest, cradles, the rainbow, run lightly, the flowers, the owls, and the yellow hand.]

    199- Long ago told: legends of the Papago Indians. Princess Anne, Maryland, Yestermorrow. Illus. xvii +289 pp. [This edition, limited to 500 copies, is a reprint of H.B. Wright (1929).]

Wright, Norman P.

    1947             Mexican kaleidoscope. London and Toronto, William Heinemann, Ltd. Map, illus., index. 175 pp. [In a chapter titled, AThe Indians B 1945,@ the author quotes 1930 Mexican census figures which indicate 535 Papagos living in Mexico of whom 222 were listed as Amonolinguals@ and 313 as Abilinguals.@]

Wright, Winnie D.

    1973             ASurvey of Ak Chin Indian Reservation to determine educational needs.@ Ed.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe. 132 pp. [The survey had three objectives: (1) to discover what the Ak Chin desire and will support in education; (2) to encourage the Ak Chin toward participation in planning on the basis of research findings; and (3) to obtain demographic data necessary for planning the results. A structured interview administered to fifty-two families residing on the Ak Chin Reservation and an opinionair of youths 13 to 18 years old were used to obtain the data. Many, or most, Ak Chin residents are Papagos.]

Wulff, Robert M.

    1973             Housing the Papago: an analytical critique of a housing delivery system. Los Angeles, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California. Illus., bibl. 39 pp. [This report describes and critiques the present Papago housing delivery system and recommends a strategy and methodology for solving problems found in the present system.]

Wurzbach, Emil F.

    1915             Life and memoirs of Emil Frederick Wurzbach. Translated by Franz. J. Dohmen. San Antonio, Texas, s.n. [Identical to Wurzbach (1937), but without the Meusebach maerials.]

    1937             Life and memoirs of Emil Frederick Wurzbach, to which is appended some papers of John Meusebach. Translated by Franz J. Dohmen. San Antonio, Texas, Yanaguana Society. 39 pp. [Wurzbach=s travels took him along the Santa Cruz River Valley in southern Arizona in 1857. He recalls that he was guided there from Yuma by Aa little Jew@ named Jacob who presumably had survived the massacre of the Crabb expedition to Caborca earlier that year (April 6, 1857). He writes that their route took them past missions ASt. Harcova@ (San Xavier) and ATumocrockerie@(Tumacácori), the latter where, Awe found the two men, they were not wild; one of them was crazy, the other one had a little mind left. This Mission had a wall around it, inside of the wall was about four acres. The main building and the tower had caved in, but there remained one low wing, which was alright, that was there where the two men lived. They had a small bunch of goats and a large garden. The old ruins were grown over with fine grapes. They lived on dried grapes and goat meat and their clothing was goat skin. There was a fine spring of water inside of the wall and run under the wall to the outside where we camped. The wall was ten feet high and had but one small door, and the two men had big rocks to fit the door and we could not get in by the door, so we cut a small tree and leaned it against the wall. I got on the wall and called to them but they would not come near me, at last one of them called out in German >get away from there=, then I told them I was a German and a friend. They could not understand anything but the German language. After I spoke to them in German they came and opened the door for us. We stayed with them for two days. ...@ What he says the Germans told them about themselves is not credible, and most is probably a figment of Wurzbach=s imagination or a product of poor recollection.

                             Subsequently, Wurzbach and his companions got to Athe old Mission Collibaos (Calabazas), but the Government had established a Fort there, Fort Buchanan. ... The next Mission was St. Lossos (San Lazaro?). ... From there we went to Santa Cruz@ (pp.21-22).].

Wyatt, Edgar

    2002             Home for the Thanksgiving holiday. Arizona Highways, Vol. 78, no. 11 (November), p. 3. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article, pulled from the unpublished files of Arizona Highways and apparently written ca. 1946, is about a Papago (Tohono O=odham) prisoner who was inadvertently left locked in the Sells jail over the Thanksgiving holiday. He kicked the door in and the jailer was held responsible for damage to the door.]

Wycliffe Bible Translators

    n.d.               The Christmas story. s.l., s.n. 4 pp. [This is a translation into Papago of Luke 1:2 and Matthew 1:2.]

    n.d.              Pima and Papago hymns. Santa Anna, California, s.n. [This Atrial edition@ includes the lyrics for nineteen Pima and Papago Christian hymns in Piman.]

    1959             Hymns of the Papagos and Pimas. Sells, Arizona, Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc. 50 pp. [These are the lyrics in Papago of fifty Christian hymns, including the words for AGod Bless America.@ A Pima-Papago alphabet is appended.]

    1960             Mark >o=ohana >ab =amjeth g jiosh ha=ichu= >aaga. Santa Anna, California, s.n. [Translation into Papago of the first eight chapters of the Gospel according to Mark.]

    1961             Pima and Papago hymns. Sells, Arizona, s.n. 41 pp. [This Asecond trial edition@includes the texts of forty-one Christian hymns in Pima and Papago.]

    1969             haíchu hab ha-juni g Jesus aháda; in o o=ohanas o=odhamkaj ch mil-gahnkaj mo wah haschu am hab junihim hegam mo wuD ah=adaj g jiosh alidag / The Acts of the Apostles in Papago and English. Papago-Piman translation. New York, New York Bible Society. Map, illus. 249 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

    1972             Hymns of the Papagos and Pimas. Tucson, Palm Press. 68 pp. [Here are the texts for sixty-three Christian hymns in the Papago language.]

Wylie-Kellermann, Jeanie, editor

    1999             Community food security. Witness, no. 82 (January/February), pp. 5-23, 30-31. Ambler, Pennsylvania, Episcopal Church Publishing Company. [Included in this compilation of articles is one by Tohono O=odham Community Action (TOCA), ATohono O=odham community food system@ (pp. 16-17).]

Wyllys, Rufus K.

    1931             See Velarde (1931)

    1932-33       Kino of Pimería Alta, Apostle of the Southwest. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 5, no. 1 (April), pp. 5-32; no. 2 (July), pp. 95-134; no. 3 (October), pp. 205-225; and no. 4 (January), pp. 308-326. Phoenix, Arizona State Historian. [This serialized biography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., pioneer missionary among the Northern O=odham, includes references throughout to the Indians, including those specifically labeled as APapago@ by Wyllys.]

    1933             The trail of the padres: the story of the Arizona missions. Arizona Highways, Vol. 9, no. 12 (December), pp. 9, 18-21. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Missions San Xavier and Tumacacori are included in this essay.]

    1935a           Pioneer padre: the life and times of Eusebio Francisco Kino. Dallas, The Southwest Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xi + 230 pp. [This book provides a popular summary of what was known about the life of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., who in 1687 became the pioneer missionary among the northern O=odham.]

    1935b           The Spanish missions of the Southwest. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 6, no. 4 (January), pp. 27-37. Phoenix, Arizona State Historian. [This is a broad historical overview of the topic with a geographic reach from Texas to California. Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino and Franciscan missionary Francisco Garcés are mentioned specifically as are the Pimería Alta missions at Guevavi, San Xavier del Bac, Tumacácori, and Dolores. By way of summarizing, Wyllys opines, AIn the Pimería and in Lower California, the missionaries held their own, and did little more.@]

Wyman, Leland C.

    1983             Southwest Indian drypainting. Santa Fe, School of American Research; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Illus., bibl., index. xxiii + 320 pp. [An entire chapter (pp. 233-241) is devoted to Papago Indian drypainting, with data from Donald Bahr and Bernard Fontana and with two color and ten black-and-white photographs by Bernard Fontana and one by Mervin W. Larson.]