RRR

Raab, L. Mark

    1973a           AZ AA:5:2: a prehistoric cactus camp in Papagueria. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 8, no. 3 (October), pp. 116-118. Tempe, Arizona Academy of Science. [This is an illustrated discussion of a presumed prehistoric (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) saguaro cactus fruit gathering camp about thirty-five miles south of Casa Grande, Arizona in the Slate Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation. The archaeological inferences are based largely on a Papago ethnographic model.]

    1973b           A research design for the field investigation of archaeological resources recorded in the Santa Rosa Wash project area: phase I. Archaeological Series, no. 26. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. [This is a 95-page exposition of the means and ends proposed for an archaeological study of the Santa Rosa Wash area about ten miles north-northeast of Kohatk on the Papago Indian Reservation. It includes descriptive summaries of thirty-eight archaeological sites in the area, including both prehistoric and historic Indian sites and historic non-Indian sites.].

    1974             Archaeological investigations for the Santa Rosa Wash project. Archaeological Series, no. 60. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. [This is a 430-page report on archaeological investigations of prehistoric sites, some 175 of them (including a large prehistoric water reservoir), within the Santa Rosa Wash area about ten miles north-northeast of Kohatk village on the Papago Indian Reservation. The work included both excavation and surface sampling and survey.]

    1975             A prehistoric water reservoir from Santa Rosa Wash, southern Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 40, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 295-307. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Archaeological excavations at Santa Rosa Wash on the northern Papago Indian Reservation disclosed the existence of at least one prehistoric water reservoir constructed about A.D. 1000. Attention is drawn to the possibility of similar structures which may exist in this general area.]

    1976             AThe structure of prehistoric community organization at Santa Rosa Wash, southern Arizona.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe. [A discussion based on archaeological work carried out in prehistoric sites in the Santa Rosa Wash area about ten miles north-northeast of the village of Kohatk on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Rabeau, E.S.

    1967             Comprehensive health services and management needs. In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp. 8-14. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [Rabeau, Chief of the Division of Indian Health of the U.S. Public Health Service, outlines the objectives of a systems analysis module created by the Indian Health Service to serve better Indians= health needs. The pilot study, as he indicates, was carried out on the Papago Indian Reservation. He explains the methodology worked out for the Papago study in some detail.]

Rabeau, E.S., compiler

    1967             Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference]. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. Maps, illus. 49 pp. [This is a gathering of six presentations made at the first Operation SAM Orientation Conference held in Tucson, Arizona, November 16, 1966.]

Rabeau, E.S., and Nadine Rund

    1971             Cultural and social problems in the delivery of health care services for Southwest Indians. In Health elated problems in arid lands, edited by M.L. Riedesel, pp. 53-58. Tempe, CODAZR, Arizona State University. [Discussion of cultural, social, and environmental problems in the delivery of health services for Papagos and Pimas. Briefly considered are Papago attitudes toward disease and curing.]

Radding, Cynthia

     1975            The Anza expeditions, 1774-1776. A re-enactment by the Arizona Historical Society and the Arizona Bicentennial Commission. [Tucson], Arizona Historical Society and the Arizona Bicentennial Commission. Map, illus. 6 pp. [The text here is in both English and Spanish. It provides the historical background of the 1775-1776 colonizing expedition led by Juan Bautista de Anza from Mexico City to San Francisco, California. Radding observes that the expedition Ahad the enthusiastic support of Fray Francisco Garcés, head of the mission at San Xavier del Bac, who had explored the routes first discovered by the Jesuit Fathers Kino, Keller and Sedelmayr through the Papaguería to the Gila River and west to the Colorado.@]

    1979             Las estructuras socio-económicas de las msiones de la Pimería Alta, 1768-1850 [Noroeste de México, no. 3]. Hermosillo, Sonora, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. Maps, illus., bibl. 130 pp. [This is a well-documented study in the change in population and economy that occurred in the mission communities of the Pimería Alta between 1768, when Franciscans arrived, and 1850, by which time that Piman populations in these communities had all but disappeared.]

    1981             La accumulación originaria de capital agrario en Sonora. Noroeste de México, no. 5, pp. 14-46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [The shift in Sonoran economy in the waning years of Spanish rule and early years of Mexico from one of agrarian communities to those based on private ownership is outlined, including what occurred in the Pimería Alta where by 1842 the missions had become de facto secularized, with Papagos at Caborca losing their lands in the process.]

    1982             Monumentos en el desierto. Las iglesias coloniales del norte de Sonora. In Monumentos históricos [Boletín, núm. 7], front cover, pp. 77-98. México, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia, Monumentos Históricos. [There are brief histories and illustrated descriptions here of the Pimería Alta missions of Cocóspera, San Ignacio, Tubutama, and Caborca. A color photo of the ruins of Cocóspera is on the cover; the photos accompanying the descriptive text are in black-and-white.]

    1990             Familias y comunidades campesinas en los altos de Sonora, siglo XVIII. Revista Europea de Estudios Latinamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, no. 49 (December), pp. 79-106. Amsterdam and Leiden, Paises Bajos. [Provided here is an overview of acculturation in northern Sonora in the wake of the 17^th and 18^th century encounters between Indians and Europeans. There are considerable data here concerning the Pimans and communities of the Pimería Alta. Included in the data are names and other census statistics for Cocóspera for 1796.]

    1995             Entre del desierto y la sierra: las naciones O'odham y Tegüima de Sonora, 1530-1840. México, D.F., Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios. Maps, illus., bibl. 213 pp. [About the Opata and O'odham -- primarily the Lower Pima -- of Sonora, the book begins with pre-European conditions and moves through exploration, missionization, civil settlement, Bourbon reforms, and the Mexican Republican era. Sixty-one pages of appendices reproduce pertinent government documents. There is some material here on Sonora's northern O'odham, including the HiaCed O'odham.]

    1997             Wandering peoples. Colonialism, ethnic spaces, and ecological frontiers in northwestern Mexico, 1700-1850. Durham and London, Duke University Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xx + 404 pp. [This analytical history of northwestern Sonora for the 150 years between 1700 and 1850 includes many scattered references to the O'odham of the Pimería Alta, although the emphasis is on other regions of Sonora. On pp. 181-82, Radding describes the politically-forced assimilation of O'odham (and other Indian) communities into the national body politic via 1831 and 1835 decrees of the Mexican government.]

    1998             The colonial pact and changing ethnic frontiers in highland Sonora, 1740-1840. In Contested ground. Comparative frontiers on the northern and southern edges of the Spanish Empire, edited by Donna J. Guy and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 52-66. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Radding observes that aboriginally, AOpatas controlled the major river valleys of central Sonora, and maintained contested boundaries with the Sobaipuri Pima, Lower Pima, and Cahita peoples to the north, west, and south ... .@]

Radding de Murrieta, Cynthia

    1977             The function of the market in changing economic structures in the mission communities of Pimería Alta, 1768-1821. The Americas, Vol 34, no. 2 (October), pp.155-169. Washington, D.C., Academy of American Franciscan History. [Radding examines what occurred in the economies of the Northern Piman mission communities in the Pimería Alta after the Franciscan missionary takeover in 1768 and up to the creation of the Republic of Mexico in 1821. Her study leads her to see Aa transition in the Upper Pima missions from an economy characteristic of a self-contained, agrarian community to that of individualized production destined for sale in the market. ... Indian labor, once invested for the subsistence of the community, was rechanneled to serve private interests. Finally, the market worked as a force for social change as mission Indians mixed with Spaniards, mestizos and mulattoes in he mines and haciendas, and non-Indians took up residence in mission pueblos.@]

    1991             The function of the market in changing economic structures in the mission communities of Pimería Alta, 1768-1821. In The Franciscan missions of northern Mexico [Spanish borderlands Sourcebooks, edited by David H. Thomas, Vol. 20], edited with an introduction by Thomas E. Sheridan, Charles W. Polzer, Thomas H. Naylor, and Diana W. Hadley, pp. 297-311. New York & London, Garland Publishing, Inc. [A facsimile reprint of Radding de Murrieta (1977.]

Ragatz, Rea

    1991             O=odham (Pima & Tohono O=odham) baskets. In 1992. Indians of the Pimería Alta [calendar], pp. [7]-[8]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [A painting with captions in O=odham. Spanish, and English features O=odham baskets as rendered by this Green Valley, Arizona artist.]

Ramer, Alexis M.

    1992             Proto Uto-Aztecan *pi, Ayounger sister@->, Agreat grandmother.@ American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 111-117. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California. [Among the examples cited to show that pi is a proto Uto-Aztecan word for younger sister or great grandmother, the example of O=odham wiikol and wiisad for great grandparent and great grandchild is given. It is assumed that the wii prefix was once pi.]

Ramírez, José F.

    1949             Extracto de las relaciones de los viajeros y misioneros, que han explorado el territorio situado al norte de México del 26° al 29°, etc. [Bibliotecas Aportación Histórica, segunda series]. México, Vargas Rea. Illus. 97 pp. [Pages 81-97 include an account of Northern Pimans, one drawing largely on the early 18^th-century writings of Jesuit missionary Luis Velarde.]

Ramírez y Arellano, Ignacio Joseph

    1953             See Geiger (1953)

Ramon, Angel

    1999             Things I would miss about the desert. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, p. 43. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [This 14-year-old Marana High School Tohono O'odham student writes a poem about the desert's animals, storms, and plants.]

Ramon, Archie

    1980a           Full moon. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 25. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A three-line poem in English by a Papago about the full moon and a portent of wind.]

    1980b           Quarter moon. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 25. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A three-line poem in English by a Papago about the quarter moon and a portent of rain.]

    1980c           Summer. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 26. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A five-line poem in English by a Papago about the arrival of summer.]

    1980d           Winter. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 26. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A five-line poem in English by a Papago about winter when, AMother earth is dead.@]

    1984a           =Eda hukkam masad; mat o su:d g masad / quarter moon; full moon. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 58-59. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Reprints, including versions in Papago, of Archie Ramon (1980a, b).]

    1984b           Toniab; s-he:bijedkam / summer; winter. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 56-57. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Reprints, including versions in Papago, of Archie Ramon (1980c, d).]

Ramon, George

    1953             None shall own. In The new trail, revised edition, pp. 9-12. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [A poem by a 19-year-old Papago student about a wild horse no one could capture.]

Ramon, Helen J.

    1980a           Ha=a / olla. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 30. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem about the olla (earthenware water jar).]

    1980b           Ñ-hu=ul / my grandmother. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 13. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem about the poet=s grandmother.]

    1980c           Tohonno / desert. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 28. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem about the desert.]

    1982a           Ha=a / olla. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 50-51. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of H.J. Ramon (1980a).]

    1982b           Ñ-hu=ul / my grandmother. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 52-53. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Reprint of H.J. Ramon (1980b).]

    1982c           Tohono / desert. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 54-55. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint, with a different spelling of Atohono,@ of H.J. Ramon (1980c).]

    1992             Helen's story (Helen hai'cu a:ga). Seedhead News, no. 39 (Winter Solstice), p. 11. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This is Helen Ramon's story of growing up in the 1950s in a traditional Tohono O=odham household. First published in 1980 by the San Simon School, San Simon, Arizona, in a bilingual (O'odham/English) version. Ramon became a bilingual education teacher at San Simon.]

Ramon, Julene

    1999             Beautiful flower (in memory of Winnie). In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, p. 55. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [Seventeen-year-old Baboquivari High School Tohono O'odham student Ramon writes poetically about her deceased friend whom she likens to a beautiful flower.]

    2000             Beautiful flower (in memory of Winnie). ArtsReach, Vol. 1, no. 1 (October/November), p. 3. [Tucson], s.n. [This is a reprint of Ramon (1999).]

Ramon, Patsy; Rosilda Manuel, and Gus Antone

    [1976]          Ñ-ki:am cikpan. [Kerwo, Arizona], Gewo=o Day School and Kindergarten. 12 pp. [A Awork and see@ book for Papago children. Text is entirely in Papago.]

Ramon, Patsy; Rosilda Manuel, Gus Antone, and Kathleen Long

    1976a           A=al ha=icu ha a:aga. Kerwo, Arizona, Kerwo Bilingual Project. 8 pp. [As the title indicates, these are Achildren=s stories.@ Text is wholly in Papago.]

    1976b           S-uam wa:lko. Kerwo, Arizona, Kerwo Bilingual Project. 23 pp. [The story of Athe yellow boat,@ a children=s tale accompanied by drawings. Text is entirely in Papago.]

Ramsey, Robert E.

    2001             "My God, Eddie, what will we do?" The Ramsey family's experiences on the Pima Indian Reservation, 1926-1964. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 42, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 23-38. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Ramsey's reminiscences about his growing up on the Gila River Indian Reservation, where he arrived as a four-and-a-half year old child with his family in October, 1926, begin with his father's being assigned to the "reservation day school village of Chiu Chuischu," almost certainly Chuichu on the Papago Indian Reservation. He recalls it was about 30 miles from the Pima Agency headquarters at Sacaton. Included is a black-and-white photo of their new home, "a lone adobe building (which) contained both our living quarters and the school. A small dining room and kitchen was enclosed under the same roof. The nearest Indian home was more than a mile away. The dwelling had neither electricity nor indoor plumbing. Water had to be hauled by horse and wagon, once every two weeks, from a well two miles distant. An outhouse stood in back of the house."

    The school had 18 children, and the Ramseys remained in "Chiu Chuischu" for two years. The school was abandoned in 1928 after a tornado ruined the building.]

Rankin, Adrianne G., and Christian E. Downum

    1986             Site descriptions. In A class III archaeological survey of the Phase B corridor, Tucson Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project [Archaeological Series, no. 168], by Christian E. Downum, Adrianne G. Rankin, and Jon S. Czaplicki, pp. 41-180. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [Included among these sites in the Avra Valley of southern Arizona are three which are classified as protohistoric ASobaipuri.@ These are described on pages 172-177. Sherds of Papago pottery were taken from an historic site here as well (pp. 178-179).]

Raphael, Ralph B.

    1953             The book of American Indians. Greenwich, Fawcett Publications, Inc. Maps, illus. 144 pp. [Mention is made of Papagos on page 42 and on page 102 there is a picture entitled, AA medicine man treats a sick patient of the Papago tribe with a rattle and deer tail on San Xavier Reservation in 1923.@]

Rasmessen, R.

    n.d.               Souvenir of San Xavier Mission, Tucson, Ariz. Tucson, R. Rasmessen. Title page + 12 plates. [Tied in pict. wraps, this nice little souvenir booklet is a gathering of a dozen black-and-white photographic views, both interior and exterior, of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The booklet appears to have been published in the decade following 1910.]

Rath, A.F.

    1939             Progress and development of Arizona roads. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 6 (June), pp. 31-34. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Rath, who was state manager for the Arizona Highway Planning Survey, alludes to the fairly recent empowering of tribal councils, including that of the Papago, by the federal Indian Department. One result, he says, have been changes in place names, "causing our map department no end of trouble. An example of this difficulty is found on the Papago Indian Reservation ... where recent changes have been submitted for approval. For years the village of Santa Rosa was known by no other name; now it has been changed to Gu Achi. Covered Wells had its face lifted and now proudly calls itself Maish Vaya; Santa Cruz is Como Vo; Sweetwater will perhaps be Siovi Shuatak, and San Juan is Hahakamuk. Our base map will reflect all changes and the new names appearing thereon will not be difficult to pronounce once you master the Papago tongue."]

Ravesloot, John C.

    1987a           The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site: summary and conclusions. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 2, pp. 149-151. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Ravesloot summarizes results of archaeological efforts at a prehistoric site excavated on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987b           Chronological relationships of features. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 2, pp. 61-69. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [In this chapter, project director Ravesloot examines "the contemporaneity of various features with the same depositional unit and the temporal relationships of all features at the site. This temporal information is then used to discuss the Tucson Basin chronological sequence, specifically the beginning and ending dates of the (Hohokam) Classic period" (of prehistory). The site is on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987c           Previous archaeological work and the nature of the sample. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 1, pp. 11-20. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["This chapter provides a brief summary of previous archaeological investigations of the San Xavier Bridge Site ... and assesses the nature and representativeness of that portion of the site located within the project right-of-way" (p. 11). The prehistoric site under consideration is on the San Xavier Reservation, and previous work at nearby Martinez Hill provides much of the discussion.]

    1987d           Research objectives, excavation strategy, and results. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 1, pp. 21-35. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [The title is the abstract. The prehistoric site is on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987e           Results of excavations: feature descriptions. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 155-179. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This well-illustrated chapter describes architectural features, extramural pits and hearths, cremations and inhumations, and grave accompaniments in a prehistoric site excavated on the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987f            The San Xavier bridge project. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 1, pp. 3-10. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Ravesloot summarizes project results and project history of archaeological studies carried out in a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. In this introductory chapter, he also lays out the organization of the report which follows.]

    1987g           Structure descriptions. Chronological relationships of features. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix J, pp. 457-466. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [These are detailed analyses of four features within a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation characterized by hard-packed "floor" surfaces, three of which almost certainly represented houses or similar structures.]

    1988             Archaeological data recovery at the San Xavier bridge site on the Tohono O=odham Indian Reservation. In An inventory of Native American programs at the University of Arizona for fiscal years 1985-1987, by Gordon V. Krutz, pp. 59-60. Tucson, University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Archaeologist Ravesloot tells how the Arizona State Museum and representatives of the San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham Nation worked together to bring about a successful salvage archaeological project next to the Santa Cruz River on the reservation where a bridge was being reconstructed.]

    1990             On the treatment and reburial of human remains: the San Xavier bridge project, Tucson, Arizona. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 14, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 35-48. Berkeley, Native American Studies Program, University of California. [This is about the 1984-86 excavation and analysis of prehistoric remains uncovered from the San Xavier Indian Reservation and about their reburial by Tohono O=odham in 1986. It provides a case study concerning relationships between non-Indian archaeologists and Indians and, even more specifically, concerning the nature of such relationships as these existed between Tohono O=odham at San Xavier and archaeologists in the mid 1980s.]

Ravesloot, John C., editor

    1987             The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171]. Three parts in two volumes. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Construction of a new bridge over the Santa Cruz River on the San Xavier Indian Reservation necessitated an archaeological salvage project in a prehistoric site, one dating from late Archaic times to as late as ca. A.D. 1300. This detailed report, with contributions by eighteen authors, includes maps, plans, and abundant illustrations of artifacts and other features. Most of the remains are Hohokam. Archaeology was carried out in 1985 and 1986.]

Ravesloot, John C., and Stephanie M. Whittlesey

    1987             Inferring the protohistoric period in southern Arizona. Chronological relationships of features. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 2, pp. 81-98. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [While there was no direct evidence for protohistoric use or occupation within the San Xavier Bridge Site on the San Xavier Reservation, the authors undertake a survey of data from such possible sites in southern Arizona where information concerning the often-postulated cultural connection between the prehistoric Hohokam and historic O'odham can be evaluated. The situation is one made more crucial by the fact that O'odham lay claim to prehistoric remains based on a belief in cultural and biological continuity. The authors write, "Information on the San Xavier Bridge Site fails to clarify substantially our understanding of the protohistoric period" (p. 96).]

Ray, Alberta

    1982             Is Papago art a dying art? Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 4. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Papago student Ray, who writes she is learning at the high school how to make Papago baskets, thinks, "Papago art is nice. People should learn to respect it. ... We can keep our art alive for many generations."]

Rea, Amadeo

    1977             AHistoric changes in avifauna of the Gila River Indian Reservation, central Arizona.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 346 pp. [Emphasis is on the birds of the Gila River (Pima) Indian Reservation, but there are scattered mentions of Papagos= names for birds and of observations of birds on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1979             Hunting lexemic categories of the Pima Indians. Kiva, Vol. 544, nos 2-3 (Winter/Spring), pp. 113-119. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of the concepts traditionally in use concerning hunting among Gila River Pimas draws on various Papago comparisons. Mention is made of the fact that the Papago mo=opidam (headbearer, or hunter who wears a deer=s head as a disguise) was absent among the Pimas.]

    1981             Resource utilization and food taboos of Sonoran Desert peoples. Journal of Ethnobiology, Vol. 1, no. 1 (May), pp. 69-83. Flagstaff, Arizona, Center for Western Studies, Inc. [Papago and Sand Papago are included in the study, and charts are represented which show their known food taboos. Relatively few such taboos are noted for the Sand Papago, presumably because they had to depend on nearly everything in their sparse environment for survival.]

    1983             Once a river. Bird life and habitat changes on the middle Gila. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xiv + 285 pp. [There is scattered mention throughout, especially in the ethnographic descriptions contained in the species accounts, of birds on the Papago Indian Reservation and Papago names for them. Emphasis, however, is on the Gila River Pimas. This is a published version of Rea (1977).]

    1997             At the desert's green edge. An ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., appendices, bibl., index. xxi + 430 pp. [Tohono O=odham are placed within the larger context of O'odham cultures, and there are other scattered references to Tohono O'odham as well, including information on the saguaro fruit harvest (p. 258). Rea observes, "... no one has done a comprehensive ethnobotany of the Tohono O'odham groups yet" (p. 399). Consult the book's index for Tohono O'odham references.]

    1998             Folk mammalogy of the Northern Pimans. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., appendices, bibl., index. xvii + 286 pp. [While the focus here is on the Gila River Pima, Rea includes considerable information concerning the Tohono O'odham and their complex traditional relationship with mammals in their desert environment. His principal Tohono O'odham consultant was Frank Jim (1916- ), a cowboy, mechanic, and farm worker whose home is at Charco 27 on the western side of the Papago Indian Reservation. He was a major consultant concerning hunting and its interface with "staying sickness" and ceremonialism and concerning butchering and the anatomy of various mammals.]

Reader, Tristan

    1997             Tohono O'odham community action. Seedhead News, no. 59 (Winter), p. 5. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This is about a program devoted to restructuring the traditional food system, i.e., bringing back cultivation and consumption of corn, squash and melons among Tohono O'odham, to combat effects of diabetes occasioned by modern dietary changes.]

Reader=s Digest

    1978             America=s fascinating Indian heritage. Pleasantville, New York, and Montreal, Reader=s Digest Association, Inc. Maps, illus, index. 416 pp. [Brief, and not very accurate, description of traditional Papago culture on page 232. Papagos and Pimas are said to be the descendants of the prehistoric Hohokam (pp. 54, 57). Papagos are mentioned on page 206 in a discussion of homelands of various Southwest Indian groups.]

Ready, Alma

    1973             Open range and hidden silver. Arizona=s Santa Cruz County. Nogales, Arizona, Alto Press. Map, illus., suggested reading, index.. iii + 178 pp. [This history of Santa Cruz County in southern Arizona includes a chapter on the history of the Pimería Alta and another on Spanish-period history and the involvement of pioneer Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino in the region. Most of the book is devoted to events post 1850.]

    1976             Calabasas. A true story. Nogales, Arizona, Alto Press. Map, illus. 14 pp. [This history of the former community of Calabasas in southern Arizona notes: AMore than two centuries ago at Guevavi, it was noted that Father Francisco Pauer baptized 78 Papagos who had that day been removed from an obscure Indian village to a >place called Calabazas= where the original Pimas had been wiped out by a >terrible sickness.=

                             ACalabazas thus became the >visiting place,= or visita, of the first of Arizona=s missions four miles up the Santa Cruz River. Four years later construction of a small church was started by Father Pauer=s successor. By a fluke of fate its ruins stand there still.@]

    1986             Open range and hidden silver. Arizona=s Santa Cruz County. Nogales, Arizona, Pimeria Alta Historical Society. Map, illus., suggested reading, index.. iii + 178 pp. [This third printing is of Ready (1973).]

    1989             A very small place. Arizona=s Santa Cruz County. Book list. Nogales, Arizona, Alto Press. Index. 80 pp. [This Alist of books and articles relevant to Arizona=s smallest county@ includes a few involving Papago Indians. See pages 31, 37.]

    1992             La Arizona, Sonora. Pimería Alta Historical Society Newsletter, December, pp. [3]-[6]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [In writing about the colonial-period mine and ranch in Sonora called "Arizona," Ready also recounts the story of the 1751 Pima Revolt, noting that the Pimans drove the Spaniards out of several missions, San Xavier del Bac included.]

Reavis, [Peyton]

    1981             [Photograph of Papago Indian Danny Lopez standing next to the Children=s Shrine on the Papago Indian Reservation.] Buckskin Bulletin, Vol. 15, no. 4 (Fall), p. 5. Tucson, Westerners International. [Caption for the photograph says that Lopez was telling the story of the Children=s Shrine to a group of members of Tucson=s Adobe Corral of the Westerners.]

Reagan, Ronald

    1982             Veto of H.R. 5118: message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto message on H.R. 5118, the proposed ASouthern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982@ [House Document, 97^th Congress, 2d session]. Washington, .D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [This act, intended to resolves certain water issue between non-Indians and the Tohono O=odham of southern Arizona, was later passed in amended form.]

Recheis, Käthe, and Georg Bydlinski, compilers and translators

    1983             Weiss du, dass die Bäume reden. Weisheit der Indianer. Wien, Freiburg, and Basel, Herder. [Included here are translations into German of a poem by Papago Indian Alonzo Lopez (p. 21) and of two poems by anonymous Papagos (pages 73-74).]

Redman, Francis

    1923             Father Francis= Papago parochial school. The Indian Sentinel, Vol. 3, no. 4 (October), p. 189. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [A plea for funds for a Tucson, Arizona parochial school for Papago Indians. Father Redman notes that the school opened on the Feast of Our Lady of Mercy and that it is intended to dedicate the school=s chapel to Saint Joseph.]

    1953             Bursting at the seams. The Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33, no. 5 (May), pp. 78-79. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Father Redman, a Franciscan missionary among the Apaches at San Carlos, Arizona, says of Apaches that, Athey have been mistrustful (of the missionaries), unlike the Papagos and Pimas here in Arizona and the nearby Indians of California, who have been friendly, amenable, and docile.@]

Redmont, Jane

    1982             Profile: a Christian monk looks at religious pluralism. Harvard Divinity Bulletin, June / July, pp. 4-5. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press. [This article about Brother David Steindl-Rast, a Benedictine monk, says, AHe also began a study of Native American religion a little over a decade ago when he was asked to help set up a house of prayer on the Papago Reservation in New Mexico (sic). He came to know the Papago tradition >not so much by talking as by being there= and eventually found there were bridges between this way of life and his own.@]

Redondo, Santiago

    1997a           [Letter to José Urrea, Governor of Sonora, written in Altar, Sonora, April 28, 1838]. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, translated and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 61. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Redondo, political chief of the Altar district of Sonora, reports that for years there have been fears of a Papago uprising because of the greed and rapaciousness of Mexican gold-seekers in Papago country. Knowing gold-seekers may deprive them of their lands, Papagos Ahave tried to keep the presence of gold in their land secret.@ Moreover, AI myself have been eyewitness to Papago discontent in such villages as Quitovac, Sonoita, Carricito, Soñi, Arivaipa, and Cubó. This is understandable in the light of the insults and even extortions they have suffered at the hands of unscrupulous Mexican miners, and also because of the enormous amount of water taken from them to supply the mining camps B particularly in the lands acquired by Diego Celaya, which the Papagos consider as theirs by right of residence there from time immemorial.

                             AThere can be no doubt that Papago discontent will increase as more and more water and lands are taken from them. If the Papago revolt feared by the justice at San Perfecto B he wrote to me on April 17 B has indeed broken out, Your Excellency now knows its causes and background.@]

    1997b           [Letter to José Urrea, Governor of Sonora, written in Altar, Sonora, May 12, 1838]. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, translated and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 62. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a cover letter submitting a report by Rafael Moraga (1997b) written in 1838 and which Adescribes his expedition of April 24 through May 1 with sixty of his auxiliaries through the mining camps of the Papaguería.@ The expedition had been requested by the justice of San Perfecto who feared a Papago uprising in the wake of a confrontation between a Mexican miner named Diego Celaya and the Papago governor of Carricito. The day was saved through the good graces of the Papago governor of Cubó (Kerwo), a man named Tónalic. AWe both are convinced,@ writes Redondo, Athat there are many, many good and peaceful Papagos who could never ascribe to a total rebellion ... .@]

Reel, Estelle

    1907             Indian school sites - San Xavier, Arizona. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1906, no. 5, Report of the Superintendent of Indian Schools [Documents of the House of Representatives, Vol. 15], p. 445. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Details are given concerning purchase of a day school at San Xavier del Bac.]

Reel, James

    2004             Tucson through time. A concise history of the Old Pueblo. Tucson Home Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 1 (Summer), pp. NC4-NC6. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Printed her in the ANewcomers Handbook@ section of the magazine, Reel=s brief history of Tucson notes that it was an O=odham village, Chukshon, that gave its name to what became the present Tucson. Reel refers to the original O=odham inhabitants as AAkimel O=odham,@ or River People, and he refers to the A: Tohono O=odham@ or Desert People, as a Anewly arrived tribe@ in the eighteenth century B a concept that greatly oversimplifies the situation. He also mistakenly refers to Tucson as an AAkimel O=odham village administered by a priest@ when, in fact, only one priest ever served there, and he for less than a year.]

Reese, Mary Ann

    1977             The changing heart of downtown Tucson. Sunset, Vol. 158, no. 1 (January), pp. 36-43. Menlo Park, California, Lane Publishing Company. [Although this article is about downtown Tucson and its architecture and events of interest, it includes mention of the upcoming 27^th annual San Xavier Fiesta to be held in April at Mission San Xavier del Bac, a pageant to commemorate the mission=s founding. There are photos of Yaqui Indian matachin dancers performing in front of the church and of two Papago girls, their faces painted white, dancing in the plaza in front of the church.]

    1994             Arizona: the West=s desert playground. Sunset, Vol. 192, no. 4 (April), pp. 43-47. Menlo Park, Sunset Publishing Corporation. [Included in this special advertising supplement is a lengthy notice about the efforts of the Patronato San Xavier to see to the conservation of the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac. She describes it as, Athe most important mural restoration project in the Unted States today ... .@]

Reeves, Sylvia M.

    1971             Mission to the Papagos. Our Sunday Visitor, July 25, pp. 1, 12, 13. Huntington, Indiana, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. [This national Catholic family weekly has this illustrated article on San Jose Mission at Pisinemo on the Papago Indian Reservation. It includes a discussion of the observance of the March 19 Feast of St. Joseph as well as of a Papago funeral in the village.]

Reff, Daniel T.

    1992             Contact shock in northwestern New Spain, 1518-1764. In Disease and demography in the Americas, edited by John W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker, pp. 265-276. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. [Although the Pimería Alta and Northern Pimans are not a part of this discussion about the impact of European-introduced pathogens on native populations in northwestern New Spain, a map (p. 267) indicates a Asecondary@ road extending up the west coast of Mexico to Tucson, a route through which pathogens could conceivably have been introduced.]

Reichardt, Karen

    1993             Taking the seeds back home. Seedhead News, no. 40, p. 3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Reichhardt reminisces about her 15-year relationship with Papago Indian Laura Kermen and the garden tended by Laura's brother, Jose, at their home in Topawa. It was from here that the first seeds were collected to begin the program of Native Seeds/SEARCH.]

Reid, Betty, and Ben Winton

    2004             Keeping promises. What is sovereignty and other questions about Indian country. Tucson, Western National Parks Association. Map, time line, illus. 39 pp. [On page 29 there is a black-and-white photograph of AFrances Manuel, Tohono O=odham basket maker, authority on indigenous plants, Tohono O=odham Nation, San Pedro Village Arizona.@ She is shown standing kneading dough in a bowl on a table.]

Reid, J. Jefferson

    1986             Emil Walter Haury. The archaeologist as humanist and scientist. In Emil W. Haury=s prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, pp. 3-17. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made of a program of archaeological research on the Papago Indian Reservation carried out between 1938 and 1942 under Haury=s direction.]

Reid, J. Jefferson, and Stephanie M. Whittlesey

    1998             A search for the philosophical Julian: American pragmatism and southwestern archaeology. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 275-286. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Archaeologist Julian Hayden is quoted (p. 281) concerning the sudden flash of insight that came to him suggesting that the prehistoric "Amargosans like the Uto-Aztecans, spoke Pima ... . Amargosans WERE Uto-Aztecans and they spoke Piman!" He believed, in other words, that the historic O'odham were the direct lineal descendants of the prehistoric peoples labeled by archaeologists as the Amargosans.]

Reid, Jeannie M.; Sandra D. Fullmer, Karen D. Pettigrew, and others

    1971             Nutrient intake of Pima Indian women: relationships to diabetes mellitus and gallbladder disease. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 24, no. 10 (October), pp. 1281-1289. Baltimore, The Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc. [A detailed dietary survey of Pima and Papago women was undertaken to determine (1) if there is an association between dietary intake of selected nutrients and the prevalence either of diabetes mellitus or gallbladder disease and (2) to ascertain whether dietary intake of some nutrients changes with age among patients with and without diabetes mellitus or cholelithiasis in the following ten years.]

Reid, John C.

    1858             Reid=s tramp, or a journal of incidents of ten months= travel through Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora and California. Selma, Alabama, The Book and Job Office of John Hardy and Company. 237 pp. [Brief mention is made of Papago Indian agriculture and of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1935             Reid=s tramp, or a journal of incidents of ten months= travel through Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora and California. Austin, the Steck Company. 245 pp. [This is a reprint of Steck (1958). The mention of Papago agriculture is on pages 177 and 189 and of Mission San Xavier on pages 179, 185, and 189.]

Reichard, Gladys A.

    1938             Social life. In General anthropology, edited by Franz Boas, pp. 409-486. Boston, D.C. Heath and Company. [A very brief discussion of women=s religious activities among the Papago taken from Ruth Underhill=s (1936) Autobiography of a Papago woman is contrasted with the acquisition of power for curing among Papago men (p. 468).]

Reinhard, Karl J., and Richard H. Hevly

    1991             Dietary and parasitological analysis of coprolites recovered from mummy 5, Ventana Cave, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 319-325. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Ventana Cave is located on the Papago Indian Reservation. Mummy 5 represents the remains of a 5-year-old child, one who lived between ca. A.D. 1000 and 1450. Analysis of coprolites associated with this mummy revealed evidence of saguaro fruit and mesquite pods, but no parasites.]

Reinhard, Karl R., and Naomi I. Greenwalt

    1975             Epidemiological definitions of the cohort of diseases associated with diabetes in Southwestern American Indians. Medical Care, Vol. 13, no. 2 (February), pp. 160-163. Philadelphia and New York, J.B. Lippincott Company. [Papago Indians are the population used in this study.]

Reinhartz, Dennis, and Gerald D. Saxon, editors

    1998             The mapping of the entradas into the Greater Southwest. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, cartobibliography, index. xiv + 227 pp. [This gathering of six essays by as many authors provide the background to an understanding of the history of map-making that led ultimately to maps depicting the region of what is now thought of in the United States as the AGreater Southwest,@ a region that includes the Pimería Alta. Many maps are shown, including those that depict the region. These include a ca. 1743 London edition of Kino=s 1701 map showing how northwest Sonora and northern Baja California are linked, indicating Baja California as a peninsula rather than as an island. See K. Goodwin (1998).]

Reisner, Marc

    1986             Cadillac desert: the American West and its disappearing water. New York, Viking Penguin, Inc. Maps, illus. viii + 582 pp. [The book includes some discussion of Papago and Ak Chin Reservation water rights and water allocations under the Central Arizona Project.]

    1987             Pipe dreams. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 1 (January), pp. 36-41. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [An article about the Central Arizona Project (CAP) designed to bring water from the Colorado River to Tucson mentions the CAP water allocation for the Ak Chin and Papago tribes. Extracted from Reisner (1986).]

Remington, Frederic

    1887             Sketches of the Papagos of San Xavier. Harper=s Weekly, Vol. 31, no. 1580 (April 2), pp. 243-244. New York, Harper & Brothers. [A short article on the Papago Indians of San Xavier del Bac with a number of line drawings of Papago Indians and one of Mission San Xavier by this well-known Western artist. Also see Pitz (1972) and Vorpahl (1978).]

Renner, Bernard

    1967             Father Bonaventure returns. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 8. Santa Barbara, Serra Press. [An account of the funeral of Fr. Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., who was buried in St. Catherine Cemetery, Topawa, Papago Indian Reservation on March 1, 1967.]

Rensch, H.E.

    1934             Chronology for Tumacacori National Monument, with bibliography. Berkeley, California, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Field Division of Education. Bibl. 37 pp. [Although principally a chronology of events at Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona, a mission founded in the late 17^th century by Father Eusebio Kino for Northern Piman Indians, its scope covers the entire Pimería Alta, including many events in Tucson and at Mission San Xavier del Bac. The chronology begins in 1536 with the travels of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and concludes in 1822. Also included are extracts that mention Mission Tumacacori taken from the 1848 diary of Cave J. Couts (also see Couts 1961); the 1849 journal of C.C. Cox (also see Cox 1925); the journal of Judge Benjamin Hayes (also see Wolcott 1929); the 1849 diary of H.M.T. Powell (also see H.M.T. Powell 1931); and the accounts of Nathaniel Michler (also see Michler 1859) and William H. Emory (also see Emory 1857).]

Reschly, Daniel J.

    1978             WISC-R factor structures among Anglos, Blacks, Chicanos, and Native American Papagos. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 46, no. 3 (June), pp. 417-422. Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association. [See Reschly and Jipson (1976).]

Reschly, Daniel J., and Frederick J. Jipson

    1976             Ethnicity, geographic locale, age, sex, and urban-rural residence as variables in the prevalence of mild retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Vol. 81, no. 2 (September), pp. 154-161. Washington, D.C., American Association of Mental Deficiency. [A report on the administration of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised (WISC - R) among Anglo, Black, Mexican-American, and Papago Indian children in Pima County schools. The 240 Papago children tested scored lowest among all 950 children divided by ethnic group.]

Reschly, Daniel J., and Jane E. Reschly

    1979             Validity of WISC-R factor scores in predicting achievement and attention for four sociocultural groups. Journal of School Psychology, Vol. 17, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 355-361. New York, Journal of School Psychology, Inc. [Results of tests performed among Anglo, Black, Chicano, and Papago children using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised and Metropolitan Achievement Test.]

Reschly, Daniel J., and Darrell L. Sabers

    1979             Analysis of test bias in four groups with the regression definition. Journal of Education Measurement, Vol. 16, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 1-9. East Lansing, Michigan, National Council on Measurement in Education. [A study of comparative Metropolitan and WISC-R test results among Anglo, Black, Chicano, and Papago children in Tucson Unified School District schools. Papagos generally scored last in all areas.]

Ressler, John Q.

    1968             Indian and Spanish water-control on New Spain=s northwest frontier. Journal of the West, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January), pp. 10-17. Los Angeles, Journal of the West. [Included here is a brief discussion of the ak chin system of irrigation noting that it remains in use at the present time on parts of the Papago Indian Reservation (p. 13).]

Reyes, Antonio de los

    1856             Descripción de las misiones de la Pimería, 1772. In Documentos para la historia de México, 3rd series, Vol. 4. México, D.F., Imprenta de Vicente García Torres. [This is the 1772 report to Viceroy Antonio María Bucareli by Father Antonio Reyes, O.F.M., who in 1780 became the first Bishop of Sonora. In it he offers considerable information on the missions of the Pimería Alta.]

    1945             Copia del manifesto estado de las provincias de Sonora [Biblioteca Aportación Histórica]. México, Vargas Rea. 55 pp. [This is a reprinted version of Reyes 1856.]

    1958             Misiones en Sinaloa y Sonora, 1784. Volume 4. México, D.F., Ediciones Culturales del Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. [By this time the Bishop of Sonora, this is Reyes=s second report on the missions, this time including not only Upper and Lower Pimería, but all the missions of Sonora and Sinaloa.]

Reynolds, William E.; Sandra Sobelman, Michael McCarthy, and Gay Kinkade

    1974             Archaeological investigations at Jackrabbit Mine. Archaeological Series, no. 39. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [A report on results of mapping, drawing, photographing, and sampling each locus and feature of Jackrabbit Mine located in the Slate Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation. The mine was begun in 1875 and operated until about 1911. Papagos worked at the mine and sherds of Papago pottery were found in the archaeological study in the field.]

Rhoads, Pamela

    1986             Desert harvest. Native American cookery. Phoenix Home & Garden, Vol. 6, no. 12 (October), pp. 72-76. Phoenix, Phoenix Home & Garden. [Among the recipes listed here is one for Arizona tepary beans. It is noted that the beans are available in season at trading posts on the Tohono O=odham Reservation and that the beans were once a staple in the diet of Papago Indians (Tohono O=odham).]

Rice, Glen E., and Charles L. Redman

    1993             Cooperation and partnership. Native Peoples. Vol. 6, no. 2 (Winter), p. 30. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [In discussing the need for archaeologists and Native Americans to cooperate in archaeological ventures, the authors write, "This milieu, which we archaeologists call the 'Salado,' was an important chapter in the history of many Native Americans of the Southwest, particularly agricultural peoples such as the Pima, the Tohono O'odham, the Zuni, and the Hopi. . . ."]

Richmond, Charles P.

    1899             San Xavier. Sage Green and Silver, Vol. 1, no. 4 (April), pp. 1-3. Tucson, University of Arizona. [A brief description and historical overview of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Includes a photo of the mission (p. 1) after the 1887 earthquake but prior to complete collapse of the south cemetery wall preceding its restoration by Bishop Granjon. Mounds of buildings to the south of the church show clearly.]

Ridgeway, Charles W.

    1951             AA philosophy of curriculum for Papago Indian day schools.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.

Rickard, Forrest R., compiler

    1996             Exploring, mining, leaching, and concentrating of copper ores as related to the development of Ajo, Arizona (to mid-year 1942). Ajo, Arizona, Forest R. Rickard. Maps, illus., bibl. index. 348 pp. [Scattered incidental mention of the Papago Indians living and working in Ajo occurs throughout the book (consult the volume's index).]

Rigby, Douglas

    1957             Desert happy. Philadelphia and New York, J.B. Lippincott Company. x + 313 pp. [A description of southern Arizona in the vicinity of Tucson in the 1940s and >50s, this book includes some discussion of Papago Indians and a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The section devoted to Papagos is largely a rumination on their current status (ca. 1950) and the prospects for their future.]

Rigg, Edwin A.

    1897             [Letter written from Ft. Yuma, California, March 27, 1862 to Col. James H. Carleton, commanding the southern district in Los Angeles.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 1, pp. 957-958. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [Union Army officer Rigg says that in examining maps of the area below the Gila River, AI find a trail laid down running through that pass by the Pimas to San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson ... . I sent Mr. George Martin into Sonora last night. He will push his scouts through the Papagos toward Tucson and Pimas, and assures me that in five days have can give me positive information about (Confederate) troops being there and the number of them.@]

Riley, Carroll L.

    1982             The frontier people. The Greater Southwest in the protohistoric period [Occasional Papers of the Center for Archaeological Investigations, no. 1]. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University. xi + 182 pp. [An entire section is devoted to the subject of Upper Pimans, including Papagos, in Aprotohistoric@ times (ca. A.D. 1400-1700). Riley is inclined to accept the idea of a Hohokam-Piman continuum.]

    1987             The frontier people. The Greater Southwest in the protohistoric period. Revised and expanded edition. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 469 pp. [A chapter devoted to the ADesert Province@ covers the late prehistoric and early historic history of the Piman Indians (including Papagos) as interpreted by Riley.]

    1990             A view from the protohistoric. In Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul E. Minnis and Charles L. Redman, pp. 228-238. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [Riley postulates that the societies of the Pima-Papago of the Gila-Salt river drainages Acrumbled@ by A.D. 1700.]

    1993             Charles C. Di Peso: an intellectual biography. In Culture and contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca, edited by Anne I. Woosley and John C. Ravesloot, pp. 11-22. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico Press. [Included here (p. 14) is a discussion of the views of David Doyel and Charles C. Di Peso concerning the Hohokam-Piman continuum or lack of same, with Riley offering his own views and reiterating those of William H. Doelle (1980) as well.]

Riley, John B.

    1886             Report of the Indian School Superintendent. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indians Affairs for 1886, pp. LIX-LXXXVII. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated November 1, 1886 and is addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. Page LXXXI: AThe Papagoes, in Arizona numbering about 6,000, have no school facilities. They are a peaceable, agricultural people, and entirely self-supporting. A good boarding school and day-schools at several points should be established.@]

Río, Ignacio del

    1987             Las tradiciones misioneras y los afanes expansionistas de Eusebio Francisco Kino. In 300 años del arribo del Padre Kio a Sonora, 1687-1987. Simposio binacional de estudios sobre Eusebio Francisco Kino. Memoria, pp. 79-89. Hermosillo, Gobierno del Estado de Sonora. [At least half of this essay is about the evangelizing and other activities of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., among the Northern Piman Indians in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.]

Rios, Ted

    1980             The egg. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 151-154. Tucson, Department of English, University of Arizona. [Recorded and transcribed by Kathleen Sands, this is a story told by Rios about a medicine man who is arrested for drunkenness and who escapes the police by rolling an egg on a table.]

Rios, Theodore, and Kathleen M. Sands

    2000             Telling a good one. The process of a Native American collaborative biography. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. xix + 365 pp. [This is far more Sands= book than that of Rios. While Rios=s words come through occasionally, the volume is principally a densely academic discussion of the process of collaboration between a Native American, in this case a Papago Indian, and a non-Indian who has tape recorded episodes from his life and transcribed them. One gets the impression Sands wished she had not done it.]

Rita Ann

    1955             [Letter to the editor.] Calumet, Vol. 42, no. 2 (May), pp. 17-18. New York, Marquette League. [A letter from a nun, Sister Rita Ann, written from Sacred Heart Mission, Arizona which says, among other things, ATomorrow Audrey Enfield, the lovely Apache who attended St. John=s mission, will be married to Eugene Jose, a Papago, also a Catholic mission student, in our chapel. Most of the desert Fathers will be here. Audrey and Eugene are favorites and it will be a large wedding with a High Mass.@]

Rivas, Ophelia

    1971             Indians. In Arrow III, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 16. s.l., The Pacific Grove Press. [This poem by a Papago in an 8^th grade class in the Santa Rosa School on the Papago Reservation complains that although Indians were here before Columbus, Awe are treated as though we just got here.@]

    1974             Indians. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 103. New York, Pocket Books. [A reprint of Rivas (1971).]

Roberts, Alice M.

    1939             Bells of San Xavier del Bac. Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 10 (August), p. 2. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [A prize-winning (second place) black-and-white photo entitled ABells of San Xavier del Bac@ taken by Roberts is reproduced here.]

Roberts, Andrew

    1973             Indians are no longer off stage left. After Dark, Vol. 6, no. 5 (September), pp. 38-39. New York, Danad Publishing Company. [This article about the American Indian Theatre Ensemble devotes a paragraph to Papago Indian David Montana and his enactment of a dance choreographed by him called ADeer Slayer.@] 

Roberts, Harris H.

    1936             Papago architecture. Indians at Work, Vol. 4, no. 3 (September 15), pp. 35-37. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [A general article about Papago houses and their construction, including Papagos= use of mud, straw, palo verde, mesquite, saguaro ribs, rawhide, dirt, and gravel in their construction. There are four black-and-white photos of Papago dwellings.]

Roberts, Harris H.; Walter C. Coe, and Claude C. Cornwall

    1934             Remaking a reservation range - IECW - part II. Indians at Work, Vol. 2, no. 9 (December 15), pp. 8-14. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This is an article about Great Depression-era improvements made on the Papago Indian Reservation, including construction of Foothill Trail, a main stem road providing a connecting link for a number of random roads on the reservation; construction of new charcos or earthen ponds; and construction of a series of masonry dams across canyons in the higher altitudes of reservation mountains. Illustrated.]

Roberts, Helen H.

    1929             Basketry of the San Carlos Apache. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 31, part 2, pp. 127-218. New York, The American Museum of Natural History. [Roberts writes that the basketry of the San Carlos area is somewhat allied geographically and culturally to that of the Papago and Pima, and that what applies to the San Carlos Apaches in the environmental effect upon culture also applies to the Papago and Pima (pp. 127-128). She also opines that San Carlos basketry is not as beautiful in design as Papago work (p. 218).]

Roberts, James Hall (pseud.)

    1966             The burning sky. New York, William Morrow and Co., Inc. [See Duncan 1979.]

Roberts, Virginia C.

    1976             Outpost in the desert. The story of Tucson under the Spanish flag. Tucson, Rau Advertising and Publishing Company. Map, illus., glossary, refs. 37 pp. [With illustrations by the author, this is a coloring book history of early Tucson, one that includes the involvement of Northern Pimans in that history. It was their community that Father Eusebio Kino came upon in 1697; it was they who became involved in the Pima Revolt of 1751; and it was a group of ASobaipuris@ from the San Pedro River Valley who enlarged Tucson=s population in 1762.]

    1992             With their own blood. A saga of Southwestern pioneers. Fort Worth, Texas Christian University Press. Map, illus., notes, bibl., index. xvi + 286 pp. [This is a book about Arizona=s Pennington family, people who moved to Arizona in the late 1850s. In March, 1860, a woman named Larcena Page was captured (and subsequently killed) by Apaches, and Papago warriors were in the scouting party that left Tubac in search of her (pp. 28-29). And the Mesilla Times newspaper reported in late 1861 that after withdrawal of American troops from southern Arizona, the Papagos and APimos@ have Aassumed a threatening attitude,@ which was probably incorrect. Papago involvement in the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre is also related (pages 173-174).]

Robinson, Andrea

    2002             Collections: Basha collection celebrates Arizona. Native Peoples, Vol. 15, no. 2 (January/February), pp. 72-74. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [This is about the private collection of Southwest Native American art of Eddie and Nadine Basha of Arizona. Papago (Tohono O=odham) baskets are a part of the collection, one of them B with blue beads around the rim B shown in a color photo.].

Robinson, Bert

    1951             Basket makers of Arizona. Arizona Highways, Vol. 27, no. 8 (August), pp. 30-39. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Illustrations include photos of Papago baskets, a Papago weaver, and Papagos using baskets to winnow wheat. Three paragraphs are devoted to a summary of Papago baskets and basket making, including the fact that it is the most commercialized of that of Arizona tribes and the fact that AOne weaver will not use another weaver=s design. They simply say, >She might not like it.=@]

    1954             The basket weavers of Arizona. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Map, illus., index. 164 pp. [Papago basketry and ethnography are discussed on pages 37-53. Included are discussions of ancient shrines, Papago economy, yucca baskets, and white man=s influence. There are several photographs of Papago baskets, and Mission San Xavier is briefly mentioned on pages 37-38. Consult the index on page 164.]

    1991             The basket weavers of Arizona. Foreword by H. Thomas Cain. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Map, illus., index. xvi + 164 pp. [This is a softcover reprint of Robinson (1954) with the addition of a foreword by H. Thomas Cain.]

Robinson, D. Lowell, and Albert K. Dobrenz

    1994             Horticultural survivors of a southern Arizona ghost town. Desert Plants, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-5, 22. Tucson, University of Arizona Press for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, Inc. [This article about surviving fruits trees and other exotic plants at Harshaw, Arizona cites a master's thesis (Dean 1982) to make the assertion that the Sobaipuris were the first to develop mineral mines in this region, mines said to be "the earliest known on the Pacific slope north of Mexico." There is, in fact, no evidence of Sobaipuris' mining minerals.]

Robinson, Samuel

    1984             Arizona in 1861. A contemporary account by Samuel Robinson. Introduction and annotations by Constance W. Altschuler. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 25, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 21-76. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Robinson was an accountant for the Santa Rita Mining Company in southern Arizona. Printed here are a letter he wrote to his brother on March 17, 1861, and a diary kept by him between April 29 and August 23, 1861. In his letter he writes, AThe Pappago (sic) Indians are peaceable and well behaved B some of them living in Tubac, but the majority live a short distance this (south) side of Tucson. They always give us (at the Santa Rita Mines) a call as they go to the Fort (Buchanan) and expect a little flour, meat &c. They are deadly enemies of the Apaches, and are therefore some protection against them. The Pappagos (sic) number about four thousand@ (p. 29).

                             Robinson=s diary mentions that Papagos chased and killed Apaches on June 21, 1861 (p. 52) and that a Papago was killed by Apaches at Canoa in mid-July, 1861 (p. 55). He says of Mission San Xavier del Bac that it is Asaid to be one hundred years old. It is in a good state of preservation and there is a great deal of statuary in it yet. It is in the keeping of the Papago Indians, who claim that it was handed down to them by their ancestors.@(p. 65).]

Robinson, Thomas

    1861             Report of the scientific commission appointed by his excellency the Governor of the State of Sonora, Sr. Don Ignacio Pesqueira, for the survey of the Port of La Libertad, in the District of Altar (Sonora, Mexico) under the direction of the chief of said commission, Thomas Robinson, of the Port of Guaymas, in the year 1861. San Francisco, Henry Payot, Bookseller and Publisher. [There is a reference to Papago gold mining in the State of Sonora (p. 9).]

Robinson, William J.

    1963             Excavation at San Xavier del Bac, 1958. Kiva, Vol. 29, no. 2 (December), pp. 35-57. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [AExcavations at the historic Franciscan Mission of San Xavier revealed an architectural complex which represented workshops related to the construction of the present mission building. The paucity of artifacts and fragility of construction indicate a temporary structure which may have been initially destroyed at the completion of the mission church ca. A.D. 1796.@ The report is illustrated with a site plan, elevations, and photographs.]

    1964             Excavations at San Xavier del Bac (a summary). Provincial Annals, Vol. 26, no. 3 (July), pp. 191-193. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a condensed version of William Robinson (1963).]

    1976             Mission Guevavi: excavations in the convento. Kiva, Vol. 42, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 135-175. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a well-illustrated report on archaeology carried out at the site of this ca. 1751-774 Pimería Alta (southern Arizona) mission, one that served the O=odham, including Papagos who moved there from the desert to the west.]

Roca, Paul M.

    1967             Paths of the padres through Sonora. An illustrated history & guide to its Spanish churches. Foreword by John Francis Bannon. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xxii + 468 pp. [This is by far the most comprehensive guide to the Spanish missions of Sonora, including all the missions of the Sonoran portion of the Pimería Alta. The locations are shown on detailed maps; those with ruins or still-standing structures are shown in black-and-white photos (the frontispiece is a color photo of Mission Caborca); and for each mission there are detailed notes on its chronological history, notes on travel to the site, and, often, Roca=s judgmental, and sometimes condescending, opinions concerning the places and people.]

Rodríguez, Francisco A.

    1991             The otro lado B Nogales, Sonora. In Voices from the Pimería Alta, pp. 3-7. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [The author notes that before he established Mission San Xavier del Bac, Father Eusebio Kino established Mission San Gabriel de Guevavi near present-day Nogales, Arizona and Sonora.]

Rodríguez Gallardo, Joseph Rafael; Tomás Pardo de Macías, Juan Tomás Beldarraín, and Juan Vicente Arregui

    1997             Prisoners at Pitic, 1748. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 360-364, 368-370. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Included in this list of prisoners are two who wear shackles and work while wearing them: Luis Siborsa of the Pimería Alta and a ranchería near Santa María Suamca and Nicolás from the Pimería Alta and pueblo of Caborca. They are the only Northern Pimans among a group of 86 prisoners.]

Rodríguez-Loubet, François, and Nelly Silva Sánchez

    199? La quimera del coyote y el sueño americano. Etnoprehistoria del desierto del Altar en Sonora. Arqueología, pp. 2-7. México, D.F., Dirección de Monumentos Prehispánicos, Instituto de Antropología e Historia. [About the Tohono O'odham observance of the vikita ceremony in Quitovac, Sonora, with various speculations concerning its antiquity and meanings.]

Rodríguez Mota V., Enrique

    1992             Luis del Saric. Guaymas, Sonora, privately printed. 151 pp. [With no historical references or other supporting evidence cited, this is a biography of Luis Oacpicagigua, the Northern Piman Indian resident of Saric, Sonora, who fomented the 1751 Pima Revolt against the Spaniards.]

Rogers, Earl M.

    1981             AThe annual reports of the Bureau of Indian Affairs as cultural/historical sources: the Papago case.@ Master of Arts thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. Maps, refs, appendices. viii + 184 pp. [Drawing on information in annual published reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs from 1858 through 1936, the author gleans a great deal of information concerning Papago history, including data on government-Papago interaction, Papago-other interaction, economy, religion, sociopolitical organization, and more. He also offers a summary of what he calls Aassimilative statistics@ concerning Papagos from 1875 through 1934. This is an extremely useful tool for research.]

Rohder, Regis

    1949             St. Catherine=s Papago Mission, Ajo, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 11, no. 3 (January), pp. 147-148. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is about the dedication of a new church for Papagos living in Ajo. The event occurred April 30, 1948, on the Feast of St. Catherine of Siena. Also discussed is the proposed new church of Saint Barbara for the village of Vaya Chin. Data are presented concerning the numbers of Indians in Ajo working for Phelps Dodge and their living conditions with respect to housing.]

    1953             [Untitled photo.] The Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33, no. 8 (October), front cover. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Photo is of a small boy carrying a rosary. His name is Jose. Although the location is not given, he is definitely a Papago boy on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1955             Our Christmas donation. Calumet, Vol. 42, no. 2 (May), pp. 16-17. New York, Marquette League. [This is a letter from Father Regis, a Franciscan missionary at San Solano Mission at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation, thanking the editor for a Christmas donation of $2,525.20. A caption accompanying a photo showing Father Remy Rudin, O.F.M., and four Papago boys indicates that the donation Ahelped to give the Papagos a social hall.@]

    1967             Eulogy for Fr. Bonaventure Oblasser=s funeral. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 3-5. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Eulogy delivered February 27, 1967 on the occasion of the death of Franciscan missionary Bonaventure Oblasser, by far the most active missionary among Papago Indians in the 20^th century. Most of the eulogy tells of Bonaventure=s work among Papagos and of their deep affection for him. Bonaventure died February 23, 1967, and was buried in the cemetery at Topawa.]

    1982             Padre to the Papagos: Father Bonaventure Oblasser. Tucson, The Oblasser Library, San Xavier Mission. Illus. 73 pp. [This is a well-illustrated biographical sketch of the life of Franciscan missionary Bonaventure Oblasser, a man who spent most of his priestly life serving the Papago Indians in the 20^th century.]

Rohret, Angela

    1923a           Dependable. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 11, no. 6 (June), pp. 254-255, 276. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [This is about an April 1, 1923 ride taken with Father Bonaventure Oblasser from Topawa to Little Tucson and Lourdes church on the Papago Indian Reservation and about problems with the Dodge automobile in which they rode.]

    1923b           The lay missionary happy in her work. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 3, no. 4 (October), p. 169. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Photograph and one-paragraph mention of Helen Kirmen (Kermen) by one of two sisters who became lay missionary teachers to the Papagos in the early 1920s.]

Romeo, Donna M.

    1998             A>We are family=: tribal employment in an Indian-owned casino.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa. [AA dearth of information about tribal casino employment begs the question of just how appropriate or effective an >engine= is an Indian casino for employment for tribal members. Data for this dissertation are largely derived from an employee study I conducted in 1996 for the Desert Diamond Casino, an enterprise owned and self-managed by the Tohono O=odham Nation of Arizona. Ethnographic research was designed to provide an analysis of gaming from the perspective of tribal casino employees. This case study provides insight on ... change involved in the merger of corporate capitalism and tribal culture.@]

Romero, Josephine

    1953             Juanita. In The new trails, revised edition, p. 23. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [This 19-year-old Papago student tells an Aimaginative story built upon a superstition of the Papago tribe.@ It concerns a girl who failed to stay up all night for an August dance.]

Romero, Juan

    1994a           The Old Pueblo in peril. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 14-15. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [The Yaqui Indians of Sonora were in full revolt on March 4, 1827 when Tucson mayor Juan Romero write this letter to the Acting Governor of the State of Occidente. In it he expresses the concern the Yaquis may forge an alliance with Papagos, Apaches, and even Yumas, thus threatening the very existence of Tucson.]

    1994b           Report to Francisco Iriarte, Governor of Occidente. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 13. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [The mayor of Tucson=s report of January 4, 1827, notes that Maricopas, concerned that American fur trappers headed down the Gila River might act as spies for the Maricopas= enemies, the Yumas, A... wanted to kill them (the trappers). The Maricopas also wanted to attack the Papagos who were protecting the Americans.@]

    1997a           The Old Pueblo in peril. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 9. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Romero (1994a).]

    1997b           Report to Francisco Iriarte, Governor of Occidente. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 10-11. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Romero (1994b).]

Roosevelt, Kermit

    1912             The sheep of the desert. Scribner=s Magazine, Vol. 51, no. 1 (January), pp. 90-102. New York, Charles Scribner=s Sons. [Mention is made that the AIndians,@ almost certainly Papagos, collect the fruit of the saguaro and dry it (p. 100). Roosevelt made this observation based on a trip he had taken over the Camino del Diablo from Yuma, Arizona to the Pinacate Mountains in northwest Sonora and back to Wellton, Arizona.]

    1991             The sheep of the desert. In Mexican game trails. Americans afield in Old Mexico, 1866-1940, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 77-92. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [A reprint of Roosevelt 1912.]

Rose, Dan

    1936             The ancient mines of Ajo. Tucson, Mission Publishing Company. Illus. 67 pp. [This brief history of Ajo, Arizona includes material on Papagos (pp. 1-5), including a legend that Papagos worked the arroyos around Ajo looking for placer gold. There is also a discussion of Papagos and patata (lambs-quarters, Monolepis Nuttalliana), used as a green, on pages 19-20. Rose further includes a discussion of Tom Childs, a prospector who married a Papago woman and who lived in the Ajo area and who became known as an authority on the Sand Papago.]

Rose, Robert H.

    1936a           Bancroft Library research. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, supplement for November, pp. 335-356. [Coolidge, Arizona], Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [These summaries in English of summaries of Spanish archival materials noted by Alphonse Pinart include lists of officiating priests for the Pimería Alta missions of San Ignacio, Cocospera, Magdalena, and Imuris. The San Ignacio census for 1768 indicates Papagos comprised a portion of the community=s population of 158 (p. 340). In 1736, Mission San Ignacio was depopulated by continual epidemics and fever. Father Gaspar Stiger resettled the three towns with Papagos (p. 344).

                             When Stiger arrived in the Pimería Alta (in 1732), he was assigned to Mission San Xavier del Bac, Ain which envious of the fact that the glory of God and the faith of which Jesus Christ was advancing, the Devil harassed (?) the Indians with witchcraft that they should kill him, which they tried to do on three occasions and it would have been accomplished (save for the providence of God through Padre Agustin de Campos) and although free from enchantment Stiger remained suffering all his life and the three evildoers had a hapless end, the Devil carrying one off, another suddenly fell dead and the third was killed by his own relatives@ (p. 344).]

    1936b           Bancroft Library research. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, supplement for December, pp. 413-436. [Coolidge, Arizona], Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [These are translations into English of various Spanish and French documents in the Bancroft Library. References to Papagos are on pages 419 (San Xavier is their principal village; Papago and Pima are closely related languages); 424 (Papagos live where the missions are located as well as along the Gila and Colorado Rivers to the Sea of Cortez); 425 (roaming Papago Indians helped build mission churches); and 429 (Papagos are 70 to 80 leagues north of Tubutama up to the Colorado and Gila rivers).]

Rosen, Winifred

    1971             Letter to Richard H. Nolte. Institute of Current World Affairs, July 14, pp. 1-8. New York. [There is a good description here of Papago basketry, one including techniques, tools, materials, and eight black-and-white photos.]

Rosenbaum, Louis J.; Ellen Alton, and Bernard Becker

    1970             Dexamethasone testing in Southwestern Indians. Investigative Ophthalmology, Vol. 9, no. 5 (May), pp. 325-330. St. Louis, Association for Research Ophthalmology. [The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma and responsiveness to topical dexamethasone was compared between Southwestern Indian and non-Indian populations. In both populations plasma cortisol suppression by oral dexamethasone was decreased in individuals in the group most responsive to topical dexamethasone. Indians demonstrated very high prevalence of phenylthiorea tasters and positive oral glucose tolerance tests but contrary to the non-Indian populations these two parameters did not correlate with the topical dexamethasone response. Eleven Southwestern tribes were represented but most were Papago or Apache. Indians were tested in the eye clinic of the Phoenix Indian Hospital.]

Rosenthal, E. Jane

    1977a           Aboriginal land use in the southwestern Quijotoa Valley, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 43, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 1-10. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Field investigation of ten prehistoric sites along Papago Indian Road (PIR) 1 yielded numerous small Sells Phase agricultural settlements as well as earlier Amargosa-period campsites next to minor washes. Data recovered suggest the need for a chronologic revision of the Sells Phase placement in the Hohokam Classic period. A map and two photos are included.]

    1977b           Arizona AA:14:21. A prehistoric activity area near modern Comobabi village. s.l., s.n. 20 pp. (processed). [This report was prepared for the Western Archeological Center of the National Park Service in Tucson, Arizona. The prehistoric site described is near the village of Comobabi on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1979             ASurface context, contemporaneity and cultural tradition: chipped stone tools from the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora Mexico.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, illus., bibl. 178 pp. [This dissertation reports on a computer-assisted study of morphological attributes designed to interpret the cultural and temporal affiliations of 1,386 chipped stone tools from fifty-three sites in the Sierra Pinacate region of northwest Sonora, Mexico. The Pinacate region was once a Piman (HiaCed O=odham) homeland.]

Rosenthal, E. Jane; Douglas R. Brown, Marc Severson, and John B. Clonts

    1978             The Quijotoa Valley project. Tucson, Cultural Resources Management Division, Western Archeological Center, National Park Service. Maps, illus., refs. cited. xiv + 314 pp. [A detailed report describing the surveying, evaluating, and excavating of archaeological sites along new roadways in the Quijotoa Valley on the Papago Indian Reservation. Nearly all the dozen sites excavated appear to have been prehistoric, although some Papago (historic) materials were encountered. Separate sections of the report describe the ceramics, stone tools, bone tools, and shell objects.]

Rosenthal, Jane M.

    1985             Dogs, pets, horses, and demons: some American Indian words and concepts. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 51, no. 4 (October), pp. 563-566. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [The author observes that the Papago language has a marker for the concept of Apets.@]

Ross, Winifred

    1944             AThe present-day dietary habits of the Papago Indians.@ Master=s thesis, School of Home Economics, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 69 pp. [All research was carried out on the Papago Indian Reservation. The thesis is divided into chapters titled Introduction; Review of Literature (studies of American Indians and studies of Papago Indians; Plan of Study (questionnaires, methods of food analysis); Discussion (height-weight studies, food habits of the Papagos, adequacy of the diet, results of the food analysis, recommendations); and Summary.]

Roth, Linda

    1987             Pit style lime kilns. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix H4, pp. 63-70. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [ADuring the survey of the San Xavier Archaeological Project (SXAP), four features, possibly the collapsed remains of pit style, heap-burning lime kilns were recorded.@ The survey took place within an 18,729-acre segment of the San Xavier Reservation. This report describes details of heap-burning lime production as it may have occurred in these pits. A good bibliography on lime kilns accompanies this 6-page essay.]

Rothman, Hal

    1989             Preserving different pasts. The American National Monuments. Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press. Maps, appendix, bibl. essay, index. xvii + 255. [A chapter about the National Park Service career of Frank Pinkley notes that in 1919 he became responsible for the care of the ruins of the Pimería Alta=s Tumacacori Mission, which had been Adecaying for generations.@ In 1922 he persuaded the Arizona legislature to appropriate $1,000 for repair work at the mission, Athe first state government gift to a specific National Park Service site.@]

Rothrock, G.H.

    1985             [A late 1870s stereo view of the east-southeast elevation of the church and western portion of the convento of Mission San Xavier del Bac.] Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 26, no. 1 (Spring), front cover. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Presence of the atrium wall indicates a pre-1887 earthquake photo; picket fence in front of convento probably built ca. 1874.]

Roueché, Berton

    1967             A reporter at large. South of Ajo. New Yorker, August 27, pp. 76, 78-86, 89-92. New York, F-R Publ. Co. [Included here is an account of a visit paid by the author and his three traveling companions to Bates Well, south of Ajo, Arizona, where they met an Indian named "Chico," whose two languages were Spanish and Papago (p. 81).]

Row, A. Tracy, compiler

    1986             Images of Tucson B past and present. In Tucson: a short history, by Charles W. Polzer, Thomas H. Naylor, Thomas E. Sheridan, Tony L. Burgess, Martha Ames Burgess, and A. Tracy Row, pp. 125-148. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center, Inc. [This portfolio of photographic images includes one in color of the Papago Midnighters, Aa waila social or polka band. Sometimes called >chicken scratch,= the musical style is a combination of Papago, Anglo and Mexican influences. The instruments probably came into use after World War II.@]

Royce, Charles C., compiler

    1899             Indian land cessions in the United States [Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. 18, part 2, pp. 523-997]. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Precise boundaries are given for the San Xavier Reservation created July 1, 1874 (p. 876); precise boundaries are given for the Gila Bend Reservation created December 12, 1882 (p. 908); and brief historical data concerning Papagos and their two reservations are presented (pp. 922-923).]

Rubio, Matilde, and Timothy L. Lewis

    1998             San Xavier del Bac: la paloma blanca del desierto. R&R (restauración & rehabilitación), no. 23, Diciembre, pp. 64-67. Madrid, Grupo Prensa Española. [With 14 color photos and a map, this is a detailed discussion of the repair and reintegration by Rubio and Lewis, a Tohono O=odham, of the life-size angels at the crossing in Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Rudin, Remy

    1953             Papagos on the job. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33, no. 8 (October), p. 127. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [This article is by a Franciscan missionary on the Papago Reservation. It is about a broken and subsequently-repaired water line to Our Lady of Guadalupe Mission in the village of Cowlic. A photo of a Papago man and woman carrying water from the village well is included.]

    1960a           San Solano mission, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 23, no. 1 (July), pp. 8, 23. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Sant Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A photograph of participants in the Mass accompanied by a notice about the golden jubilee celebration held at San Solano Mission at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation for Father Leo Simon. Father Remy also tells about the confirmation of Papagos by the Bishop of Tucson.]

    1960b           San Solano mission, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 23, no. 2 (October), pp. 116-177. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Sant Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A summary of recent activities on the part of Franciscan missionaries on the Papago Indian Reservation. Mention is made of the administration of I.Q. tests to Papago children, consolidation of schools, and the continuing services of Papago Indian Laura Kermen as a teacher of beginners in school at Topawa.]

Ruff, Arthur W.

    1951             AThe geology and ore deposits of the Indiana mining area, Pima County.@ Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The fifteen patented claims of the Indiana-Arizona Mining Company are all located inside the northeastern corner of the Papago Indian Reservation except for portions of the four most eastern claims. Mining began here in 1880.]

Ruggles, Levi

    1868             Letter from United States special agent. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1867, pp. 161-165. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This letter, written at the Pima Villages, Arizona Territory and dated June 20, 1867, is addressed to G.W. Dent, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, La Paz, Arizona Territory. He writes of Papagos that they are an agricultural people; that water in their country is scarce, with drought being the rule; lands at San Xavier del Bac are irrigated and cultivated; and because of water scarcity people abandon their homes for months and seek employment in Sonora among the Pimas. He says Papagos number some 6,000 and their numbers are increasing; they should be located on one or two reservations; most are converts to Christianity; they have performed valuable military service in the last two years; and a school for them should be established at San Xavier del Bac.]

    1870             Report of United States sub-Indian agent for Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives 1869-70, Vol. 3, part 3, 41^st Congress, 2d session], pp. 648-654. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report was written at the Pima Villages, Arizona Territory on June 22, 1869, and is addressed to George W. Dent, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Arizona Territory. Ruggles quotes from a report made by General Devon in which Devon states, falsely, according to Ruggles, that the Pima have made depredations upon stock belonging to stock trains and ranchers. AThey (Pimas) have been in suspicious communication with the Papagos, near the Sonora line, and it has been feared by citizens that the two tribes were planning another outbreak.@ The assertion is vigorously denied by Ruggles.]

Ruibal C., Juan A.

    1989             Memoria del tricentenario de la llegada de Eusebio Francisco Kino a Sonora. Hermosillo, s.n. Map, illus. 149 pp. [This is a gathering of summaries of celebrations held in various Sonoran communities in 1987 along with congratulatory letters and reproductions of newspaper articles concerning observances of the 300^th anniversary of the arrival in the Pimería Alta of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino.]

Ruley, Bessie J.

    1966             AChild rearing practices among selected culturally deprived minorities.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The Florida State University, Tallahassee. 123 pp. [This study describes and compares the child-rearing beliefs, values, and practices of Papago Indian, Mexican-American, and Caucasian mothers. The subjects were of lower socioeconomic class, had at east one child in a public school in the first grade, and lived within the metropolitan area of Tucson or of Nogales, Arizona.]

Rund, Nadine H., and Ella H. Rumley

    1968             Demographic and socio-cultural characteristics: off-reservation service population, Sells Service Unit, Arizona. Tucson, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Health Program Systems Center. 67 pp. [This is an analysis of demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of the off-reservation users of the Sells Service Unit of the Indian Health Service. Data analyzed include name, age, sex, marital status, community of origin and current residence, tribal designation, Papago blood quantum, Indian blood quantum, education, school type, environment, and nine additional categories.]

    1970             Guidelines for gathering cross-cultural information. [Washington, D.C.], Government Printing Office. Illus. 12 pp. [The guidelines set forth in this booklet are based on experiences among Papago Indians, both on and off the reservation. The guidelines were promulgated by the Office of Program Development, Indian Health Service, Public Health Service, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.]

Rund, Nadine, H.; Herman Siegel, and Ella G. Rumley

    1968             Demographic and socio-cultural characteristics: Papago Indian reservations, Arizona. Tucson, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Health Program Systems Center. [This report contains an analysis of demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of the Indian population of the Sells, San Xavier, and Gila Bend reservations of southern Arizona. Information analyzed includes name, age, sex, marital status, district and community of origin and current residence, tribal designation, Papago blood quantum, Indian blood quantum, education, and school type and environment as well as ten additional categories.]

Rush, Olive

    1933             San Xavier Mission. In America in the Southwest, edited by Thomas M. Pearce and Telfair Hendon, facing p. 145. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [A black-and-white printed reproduction of an oil painting by Olive Rush which shows Papago Indians in the plaza south of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Rusling, James F.

    1874             Across America; or, the great West and the Pacific Coast. New York, Sheldon and Company. Map, illus., index. xx + 503 pp. [The exterior and interior of Mission San Xavier del Bac are described on pages 379-380. Rusling additionally writes that A... now only a squalid village of Papago Indians crouches at its feet.@ He says that Papagos worship in the church.]

Russell, Frank

    1908             The Pima Indians. In Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. 26, pp. 3-389. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Although about the Gila River Pima Indians, this heavily-illustrated monograph contains many references to Papagos as well, with information on such topics as Papago use of Agave heteracantha (now Agave lechuguilla), basketry, cattle, divisions, labels, games, pottery, mescal use, prickly pear use, saguaro hook use, teeth, thievery, trade, traditions concerning wild gourds, warfare with Yumas, etc. Consult the index of the Annual Report under APapago@ (p. 503).]

    1975             The Pima Indians. Introduction, citation sources, and bibliography by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xv + 479 pp. [A reprint, with added materials by Bernard L. Fontana, of Russell (1908).]

Russell, Luella H.

    1930             AThe primitive religion of the Southwest.@ Master=s thesis, College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 174 pp. [Information of Papago religion and mythology is included as provided by Papago informants Teresa Celaya, Joe Alvarez, Old Juan, and Joe Lewis. Mention is made of the story of the eagle and the flood (p. 53); Ee-tah (i.e., I=itoi, p. 66); Ee-tah and wine ceremonies (p. 67); dog sacrifice (pp. 79-80); burning or singeing hair as a sign of mourning (p. 90); bathing in the river as part of a sacrificial fast (p. 109); fasting for sixteen days in connection with killing in war (p. 110); and sacred shrines, caves, and water holes (p. 117). In Appendix A, pp. ii-vi, there is a discussion of the Papago ADawn Fire@ on the Chapel Hill at San Xavier, with smoke seemingly coming off the hill in the accompanying photo, and in figures 16 and 17 in Appendix B are photos of a Papago bird effigy and a Papago corn effigy.]

Ryan, Carson V.

    1950             [Black-and-white photographs.] Desert Magazine, Vol. 13, no. 7 (May), p. 25. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Two photographs taken by this Sells, Arizona photographer show a Papago woman grading something in a metal grinder and, the second, a woman threshing beans with a flail.]