LLL

La Baree, Ysabel

    1906             Brother Lorenzo. University of Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 7, no. 5 (March), pp. 344-351. Tucson, Students of the University of Arizona. [A really bad piece of fiction about the involvement of Brother Lorenzo with Father Eusebio Kino in the early history of Mission San Xavier del Bac. A photograph of the mission's sanctuary and retablo mayor faces page 346.]

La Barre, Weston

    1938             Native American beers. American Anthropologist, Vol. 40, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 224-234. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [A one-paragraph discussion of the Papago's harvesting and use of saguaro fruit and the ceremony that goes with it. The point is made that the wine produced was the central feature of Papagos' seasonal rain-making ceremonies (p. 232). Information is based on secondary sources.]

Lacy, R.J., and B.C. Morrison

    1966             Case history of integrated geophysical methods at the Mission deposit, Arizona. In Mining geophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 321-325. Tulsa, Society of Exploration Geophysicists. [The Mission deposit, a body of copper ore, is on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

La Farge, Oliver

    1929             Laughing Boy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Houghton Mifflin Co. 302 pp. [This is a novel about a young Navajo, Laughing Boy, who falls in love with and marries Slim Girl. At one point in the story, Slim Girl says to Laughing Boy, "I grew up. I wanted to work for Washington on a reservation, like that Papago woman who writes papers for the American chief at T'o Nanasdési. But I could not get work right away ..." (p. 258).]

Lafora, Nicolás de la

    1939             Relación del Viaje que hizo a los Presidios Internos situados en la frontera de la América Septentrional perteneciente al Rey de España. Edited by Vito Alessio Robles. México, D.F., Pedro Robredo. Map. 335 pp. [This is the original Spanish version of Kinnaird (1958).]

La Forgia, Jennifer

    1982             Papago fields make grad=s best classroom. Graduate News, Vol. 6, no. 3 (February), pp. 2-3. Tucson, Graduate College, University of Arizona. [This is about University of Arizona graduate student Gary Nabhan and his field studies of traditional Papago flash flood farming on the Papago Indian Reservation. AAs fewer Papagos follow their farming heritage, fewer seeds are grown and saved.

                             ABy helping to record what happens in Papago fields, Nabhan said he hopes both the seeds and the farming heritage will continue.@]

Laguna, Angel

    1950             My pilgrimage to Magdalena. Kiva, Vol. 16, nos. 1-2 (October-November), pp. 14-18. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is an account by a Patagonia, Arizona high school senior who in 1946 walked all the way to Magdalena, Sonora, for the October fiesta of Saint Francis. Mention is made of the use by Mexicans of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Laird, Brian D.

    1997             To bury the dead. A novel of suspense. New York, St. Martin=s Press. 179 pp. [Set in southern Arizona, quite a bit of the action in this mystery novel takes place on the Papago Indian Reservation and in neighboring country in Sonora, especially at Pozo Verde.].

Laird, David, compiler

    1998             Desert stories: a readers' guide to the Sonoran Borderlands/Historias del desierto: guía para lectores de la zona fronteriza sonorense. Spanish translation by Yajaira Gray. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Map, illus., indices. 90 pp. [This bilingual compilation of some 140 books and dozen videos and films includes several that relate to the Tohono O'odham as well as to Mission San Xavier del Bac and the region's Spanish-period history.]

Laird, Wendy

    1995             A celebration of desert cultures. Seedhead News, no. 48 (Spring), p. 2. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [An article about a conference held in Caborca, Sonora March 2-4, 1995 features a photograph of Tohono O'odham children dancing in "native" costume and holding O'odham baskets. O'odham were among the various groups who participated in the conference.]

LaMar, Jeanne

    1978             The modern Papago. In Arizona, by Palo Verde High School Students, pp. 51-59. Tucson, Palo Verde High School. [This is a paper written by a student for an Arizona government class at Palo Verde High School. It touches briefly on Papago housing, religious life, and agriculture.]

Lamb, Neven P.

    1969             "Papago population biology: a study of microevolution." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 196 pp. ["This study examines the demographic and genetic structure of a population of Papago Indians of Ajo, Arizona and through this examination determines the relative importance of the various evolutionary processes currently operating on it."]

    1975             Papago Indian admixture and mating patterns in a mining town: a genetic cauldron. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 42, no. 1 (January), pp. 71-79. Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [This study focuses on Papagos in Ajo, Arizona, where they have an in-migration rate of 72.3%; dispersal rate of 20.6%; and an admixture rate of 37.7%.]

    1979             Homogamy, phenotypic assortive mating, and selective mating among the Papago Indians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 50, no. 3 (March), p. 456. Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology for the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. [Abstract of a paper submitted to be read at the 1979 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. This study of Papago phenotypic characteristics was carried out among 150 off-reservation Papagos living in southern Arizona.]

Lamb, Susan

    1993             Tumacacori National Historical Park. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus., suggested reading. 15 pp. [Included here is considerable discussion of the native Piman inhabitants of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz river valleys and of the Papagos who moved into Tumacacori and other riverine mission stations when the original inhabitants died from epidemic diseases.]

Lambertie, Charles de

    1885             Le drame de la Sonora, l'état de Sonora, M. le comte de Raousset-Boulbon et M. Charles de Pindray. Paris, Chez Ledoyen, Libraire-Editeur. 320 pp. [Raousset-Boulbon and Pindray were involved in abortive French colonizing efforts in Sonora in the mid-19th century. This book about their ventures includes a section titled, "Les Indiens Papagos" (pages 281-297).]

Lamore-Choate, Yvonne

    2002             My relocation experience. In Urban voices: the Bay Area American Indian community, edited by Susan Lobo, pp. 38-41. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Lamore-Choate, a Quechan Indian woman who had relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1969, tells (p. 39) how when she went to work at the Native American studies office at the University of California in Berkeley she was Agreeted by two friendly students, a Tohono O=odham (called Papago in those days) girl from, Sells, Arizona, and a young man from the Cheyenne River Sioux tribe.@]

LaMoreaux, Philip E.

    2004             San Xavier artwork. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80,. No. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [In this letter to the editor the writer reminisces how in 1927 and 1928 he visited Mission San Xavier del Bac, a place Ain total ruin.@ He says he used to crawl to the top of the tower Aon a rickety wooden ladder.@]

L'Amour, Louis

    1957             Last stand at Papago Wells. Greenwich, Fawcett Publications Inc. 126 pp. [A fictional western set in the country of Papago Indians of southern Arizona.]

Lamphere, Louise

    1983             Southwestern ceremonialism. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 743-763. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [There are data here concerning Papago ceremonialism, with its being discussed in terms of shamanism, the communal feast, and the pilgrimage. Information drawn largely from works by Ruth Underhill and Donald Bahr.]

Landar, Herbert J.

    1973             The tribes and languages of North America: a checklist. In Current trends in linguistics, Vol. 10, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, pp. 1251-1441. The Hague and Paris, Mouton. [The Papago language is listed on pages 1270, 1278, and 1380.]

    1996             Sources. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 721-761. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [On p. 747 there is a lightly-annotated bibliography of sources relating to Papago (Tohono O'odham) language studies.]

Lane Publishing Company, editorial staff

    1955             Sunset discovery trips in Mexico. Menlo Park, California, Lane Publishing Company. Maps, illus., index. 96 pp. [Included in this tour guide is a section entitled AKino Missions,@ one which briefly outlines Kino=s career among the Northern Piman Indians and which includes photos of missions San Ignacio, Magdalena, and Tubutama (front cover) and a list that further includes missions Caborca, Pitiquito, and Oquitoa.]

Laney, Nancy R.

    1998             Desert water: from ancient aquifers to modern demands. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Illus, further reading. 22 pp. [Included are two pages (12-13) on the traditional adaptation by the O'odham -- including river, desert, and "sand" people -- to the rhythms and resources of the Sonoran Desert.]

Langdon, Thomas C.

    1975             Harold Bell Wright: citizen of Tucson. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 16, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 77-97. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This is an article about author Harold Bell Wright, one of whose books, Long ago told, is a collection of Papago oral stories. There is a discussion of the book on page 91.]

Langellier, J. Phillip

    1979             Camp Grant affair, 1871: milestone in federal Indian policy? Military History of Texas and the Southwest, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 17-29. Austin, Military History Press. [The role of Papagos in the 1871 ambush of an Apache camp in southern Arizona is outlined here in detail.]

Langewiesche, William

    1993             Cutting for sign. New York, Pantheon Books. Map. 247 pp. [This book about contemporary life along the United States and Mexican boundary includes a section concerning the southern boundary of the Papago Indian Reservation and the problem there concerning importation of drugs (pp. 123-140) and what is being done on the reservation to combat it.]

Lanham, Richard

    1969             Define the universe; give alternatives. SDC Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 6 (Spring), pp. 4-25. Santa Monica, California System Development Corporation. [This article concerns the U.S. Indian Health Service's Health Program Systems Center for the Papago Indian Reservation. The article, which includes interview material with tribal chairman Tom Segundo, is accompanied by 28 black-and-white photographs of Papagos, health care specialists, and the reservation.]

Lapham, Macy H.

    1948             The desert storehouse. Scientific Monthly, Vol. 66, no. 6 (June), pp. 451-460. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Association for the Advancement of Science. [Lapham writes that the tepary bean "has been grown by the Papago Indians to such an extent that they became known as the 'bean eaters' or 'bean people.'" He also includes Papagos among sedentary desert dwellers as Indians who were less accomplished than Apaches as hunters and whose game consisted largely of rabbits, small mammals, and the occasional small Sonoran white-tailed deer.]

Larson, Peggy P.

    2002             Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: a scrapbook. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press. Illus. 107 pp. [A Tohono O=odham traditional brush house, or shaish-ki, built on the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum grounds in 1953 is shown and discussed on p. 28; saguaro fruit-harvesting is featured on p. 89, including a photo of Tohono O=odham Anita Ahill pouring syrup; Tohono O=odham dancers and Juanita Ahill making tortillas on the Desert Museum=s grounds are shown photos on p. 91; and on p. 105, author Larson reminisces about the Tohono O=odham=s construction of the brush house.]

Larson, Stephen M.

    1979             The material culture distribution on the Tumamoc Hill summit. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-inter), pp. 71-81. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Tumamoc Hill is next to the west side of downtown Tucson, Arizona. This discussion includes mention of rock circles and other sites in the Papaguería, as well as of mortar holes in this and other Papaguerian sites.]

Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda

    1973             Panorama de los estudios de lenguas yutoaztecas. Anales de Antropología, Vol. 10, pp. 337-386. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This excellent survey of the bibliography of the study of Uto-Aztecan languages includes references pertaining to Papago and Pima.]

Laut, Agnes C.

    1913             Through our unknown Southwest. New York, McBride, Nast & Company. Illus. xxx + 271 pp. [An entire chapter (15) is devoted to ASan Xavier del Bac Mission, Tucson, Arizona.@ It is a journalistic account, one that says, AThe finest basket makers of the world, these Papagoes are. They make baskets of such close weave that they will hold water, and you see the Papago Indian women with jars B ollas B of water on their head going up and down from the water pools. Basket makers weave in front of the sun-baked adobe walls where hang the red strings of chile like garlands. On the whole, the Indian faces are happy and good. They do not care for wealth, these children of the Desert. Give them >this day their daily bread,= and they are content, and thank God.@

                             A lot of bad history and purple prose is tempered somewhat by the fact that she at least tells the reader that four sisters of St. Joseph (of Carondelet), headed by Mother Superior Aquinas, were living at the mission and conducting a school for Papago children there at the time of her visit (some time between 1908 and 1913), and that the nuns had a pet parrot. There is also a ca. 1900 black-and-white photo of the southeast elevation of the mission complex taken from Grotto Hill facing page 254.]

    1913b           Why go abroad? Sunset, Vol. 30, no. 1 (January), pp. 27-32. San Francisco, Sunset Magazine. [This illustrated article, subtitled, "The mission in the Arizona Desert," offers a brief discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Scattered references to, and photographs of, Papagos occur throughout. There are two photos of the church's exterior and one of its interior.]

    1913c           Why go abroad? The great house of a vanished people. Sunset, Vol. 30, no. 3 (March), pp. 243-249. San Francisco, Sunset Magazine. [In writing about the Casa Grande ruins of southern Arizona in this illustrated article, Laut mentions, AThere are few fireplaces among the ancient dwellings of the Pimas and Papagos, but lots of fire pits B >sipapus= (sic) B where the spirits of the gods come from the underworld.@ She also writes that in 1694, pioneer Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino Agathered the Pimas and Papagos about and said mass there ... . Then followed the elevation of the Host, the bowing of the heads, the raising of the standard of the cross, and a new era that has not boded well for the Pimas and Papagos ... . Then the Papagos and Pimas scattered to their antelope plains and to the mountains, and the priest went on to the mission of San Xavier del Bac.@]

Lavender, David

    1980             The Southwest. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers. 352 pp. [This is a sweeping history of the "Southwest," chiefly New Mexico and Arizona, with scattered mention of Papago Indians throughout. Consult the book's index.]

    1983             The monuments and memorials of the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 18-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made that it is widely believed the prehistoric Hohokam were the progenitors of today's Pimas and Papagos. Too, a discussion of Mission Tumacacori alludes to its (Piman) Indians and the fact that in the mid-19th century they took Tumacacori's religious images to Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1986             The enduring Southwest. In Images from the Southwest, by Marc Gaede, pp. 1-18. Flagstaff, Northland Press. [Lavender makes passing mention of the Papagos' consumption of saguaro fruit, of their reservation, and of their basketry (pages 10, 14).]

Layhe, Robert W.

    1986             Nature and need for the project. In Archaeological investigations at AZ U:14:75 (ASM), a turn-of-the-century Pima homestead [Archaeological Series, no. 172], edited by Robert W. Layhe, pp. 1-4. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This introduction to a report on archaeological investigation of a late 19th-century Gila River Pima homestead notes that most extant collections of Papago pottery consist of wares made for non-Indians, whereas ceramics from this site offer information on domestic Piman pottery.]

Laylander, Don

    2001             The creation and flute lure myths: regional patterns in Southern California traditions. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 155-178. Banning, California, Malki Museum Press. [@A comparative analysis of two myths recorded in numerous versions from southern California, western Arizona, and northern Baja California suggests that the region=s traditional cultures were shaped by ongoing borrowing and innovation ... .@ Papagos are among the groups mentioned and, inexplicably, he includes Papagos in a military alliance said also to have included Apaches (pp. 165-166).]

Layne, J. Gregg

    1951             The march of the Mormon Battalion to California, 1846-1847. Westways, Vol. 43, no. 11 (November), p. 21. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [Accompanied by a map, this is a brief account of the march of the Mormon Battalion through what later became southern Arizona in 1846. In December of that year, the group passed within sight of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Leach, Nicky J.

    1992             The guide to National Parks of the Southwest. With photographs by George H.H. Huey. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus., suggested reading list. 80 pp. [Included here, with a map and two color photos, is a page (72) devoted to Tumacacori National Historical Park. The outline of its history presented here notes that this mission, like those of Guevavi and Calabazas, was founded in the late 17^th century for the region=s natives, Northern Piman Indians.]

Lease, Paul V.

    1965             Pimas, dead padres and gold. Intrigue, death and lost riches in the Pima uprising of 1751. A treasure hunter's version as seen through his journal. Menlo Park, California, The Archivist's Press. Illus. viii + 62 pp. [This is a version of the Pima Revolt of 1751 as compiled by a treasure hunter who died in 1963 and published posthumously by his widow. A segment concerning bars of gold, a pack train, and the hiding of gold in the Sierra Pinta in Papago country of southwest Arizona are based solely on legend or on the writer's imagination. A photograph of Mission Tumacácori is on the book=s cover.]

Lee, Betty

    1976             [Letter to the editor.] Desert Silhouette's Tucson Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 1 (January), p. 6. Tucson, N&W Publications. [This letter thanks the editor for publicity concerning the 1975 re-enactment of the 1775-76 Juan Bautista de Anza expedition to California from Tubac. A black-and-white photo shows men dressed as Spanish soldados de cuera in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Lee, Dorothy S.

    1979             Native North American music and oral data. A catalogue of sound recordings, 1893-1978. Bloomington and London, Indiana University Press. [A dozen Papago recordings are listed here.]

Lee, Joseph G.

    1964             Papago Indian medicine. Frontier Times, Vol. 38, no. 4 (June-July), pp. 34-35, 51. Austin, Western Publications Inc. [Aspects of Papago medicine and medicine men as seen by a physician who practiced on the Papago Reservation. Includes the use of native plants and animals in curing. Four black-and-white photos show Papago women making bread, a Papago mortar and pestle, Mission San Xavier del Bac, and Dr. Lee.]

    1965             Spanish medicine on the old frontier. Arizona Medicine, Vol. 22, no. 6 (June), pp. 448-453. Scottsdale, The Arizona Medical Association, Inc. [It's noted here that Lee was once a physician to the Papago Indians, and Mission an Xavier del Bac in mentioned in passing.]

Lefebvre, Sue

    1982             Hermosillo from A to Z. Information and workbook about Mexico. Phoenix, Shared Care. Maps, illus., bibl. 184 pp. [One page (47) is devoted to the history and culture of Papago Indians, with the emphasis on Sonoran Papagos.]

Leigh, Randolph

    1941             Forgotten waters: adventures in the Gulf of California. Philadelphia, New York, and London, J.B. Lippincott Co. Maps, illus., index. 324 pp. ["On the Sonoran coast the Indian population is made up of remnants of a number of tribes of the Yuman linguistic family (sic). Among these are the Cocopahs, Maricopas, Yaquis, Havasupais, Mojaves, Walaphis (sic), Dieguenos, Papagos, and Kawais." (p. 137). Of these, of course, only the Uto-Aztecan speaking Yaquis and Papagos and the Yuman-speaking Cocopas touched the Sonoran coast. Makes one wonder where this guy was.]

Leihy, George W.

    1865             Report of the Superintendent of Arizona Indian Affairs. In Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1865, pp. 503-508. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated October 18, 1865 and is addressed to W.P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. It describes Papagos as a branch of the Pima Indians living south of the Gila River at and near Mission San Xavier del Bac. Some Papagos live at San Xavier (which he assumes is a reservation, although it is not). Most land in Papago country is not arable. He notes that Papagos raise cattle, are economical and industrious, that they need material aid, and that there are 5,000 of them. He recommends they be placed on what he assumes to be their reservation under supervision of an agent.]

Leitch, Barbara A.

    1979             Papago. In A concise dictionary of Indian tribes of North America, by Barbara A. Leitch; edited Kendall T. LePoer, pp. 348-350. Algonac, Michigan, Reference Publications, Inc. [A summary of information concerning Papagos, much of it taken from Ruth Underhill's Social Organization of the Papago Indians (1939).]

Leith, Stanton B.

    1974             Index of mining properties in Pima County, Arizona. Bulletin of the Arizona Bureau of Mines, no. 189. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Includes extensive historical, geological, and bibliographical data concerning, among others, the Baboquivari, Coyote, Cababi, Cimarron, Gunsight, and Quijotoa mining districts, all of these within the boundaries of the present Papago Indian Reservation.]

Lekson, Stephen H.

    1983             Southwestern archaeology. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 66-69. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [One paragraph is devoted to a bibliographic listing of work in prehistoric archaeology carried out on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Lenhart, Austin B.

    1998             President's message. Glyphs, Vol. 49, no. 2 (August), p. 2. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [The president of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society tells how a few members of the society "joined the Arizona Desert Museum's Saguaro Harvest, and, in turn, we have learned, through experience, an important part of the Tohono O'odham tradition. Stella (Tucker), our wonderful Tohono guide, showed us the whole process, from harvesting the fruit for jams, syrups, and wine. Along with being involved in the process, we learned a little about Tohono tradition; like the New Year for the Tohono O'odham is around the month of July."]

Lenon, Robert

    1991             The history of mining on the Pimería Alta. In Voices from the Pimería Alta, [compiled and edited by Doris Seibold], pp. 105-117. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Spanish-period accounts are drawn upon in this summary of mining in the aboriginal homeland of the Papago Indians (Tohono O'odham).]

    1996             History of mining on the Pimería Alta from pre-history to the Jesuit expulsion of 1767. PAHS, Vol. 18, nos. 10-12 (October/November/December), 2-page insert. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This is a slightly edited version of Lenon (1991).]

Leo & Raven

    1993             Your garden reports. Seedhead News, no. 43 (Winter), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [A report from Rancho Hohokam, Arizona, boasts of the phenomenal success these gardeners have had with plantings of Tohono O'odham Ha:l (Cucurbita argyrosperma), Tohono O'odham 60-Day corn, Tohono O'odham Yellow-Meated watermelons, and Tohono O'odham cowpeas. The ranch is in the Gila Valley just downstream from the confluence of the San Pedro and Gila rivers.]

León, José

    1994             Tucson=s first civilian mayor reports. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 4-5. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [This is León=s list of the first month=s events of his tenure as mayor of Tucson, a list highlighting events for each of the four weeks of January, 1825. In the fourth week, ATwo soldiers and two settlers had a squabble with the father missionary at San Xavier del Bac. With proper permission and accompanied by a mission cowboy, they had gone hunting on mission lands. They came upon a cow and her unbranded calf. One of the soldiers claimed they belonged to him.

                             AThe cowboy reported to the missionary that the hunters were trying to steal the mission cattle. The missionary called them a pack of thieves, denied all their arguments B and even gave one of them a glancing kick in the shins with the toe of his sandal.

                             AThe padre claimed that even if the cattle were stolen, the rightful owner would have to prove it. The padre refused to give up either cow or calf, and proceeded to butcher them both at the mission.@]

    1997             Tucson=s civilian mayor reports. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 1-2. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of León (1994).]

Leon, Malinda

    1982a           Hasañ; saguaro. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 24-25. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem about the saguaro.]

    1982b           Ñ-lu'lu; my grandmother. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 22-23. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago reflecting on her grandmother.]

León, Manuel de

    1976             [Report from Tubac to the Real Consulado.] In Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4], by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 83-86. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [The second ensign of the Tubac presidio completes a questionnaire on August 1, 1804 concerning the geography, public works, military, revenue, commerce, agriculture, stockraising, industry, and occupations of the Tubac area . In it he refers to the Gulf of California some 175 miles away and the intervening Aunconquered land of the Papago.@ He says the small population of Tubac includes Atwenty Indian families from tribes that have permission to live away from the missions,@ and he notes the nearby presence of Aone other village, San José de Tumacácori, a mission for the Pima Indians three miles south of here.@ He also observes that the Santa Cruz River provides water for Tumacácori and Tubac Aand collects in the marsh lands around San Xavier del Bac in great abundance.@]

León, Manuel de.; Manuel Ignacio de Arvizu, Alejo García, and Tomás Ortíz

    1976             Tucson=s first murder trial. In Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4], by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 93-110. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [On July 6, 1813, María Ignacia Castela Awas found murdered in the village of San Xavier del Bac.@ She was the legal wife of Francisco Xavier Díaz, Aa cowboy in the employ of San Xavier Mission.@ Díaz confessed to her murder, his having killed her because of her alleged infidelity. Gathered together here are records of the many legal proceedings against him that took place in 1813-1814. Editor McCarty concludes Díaz was finally garroted at Tucson toward the end of 1814.]

León, Nicholas

    1901             Familias lingüísticas de México. Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," Vol. 15, nos. 7-8, pp. 275-287. México, Imprenta del Gobierno en el Ex-Arzobispado. [Pápago is listed as a dialect of the Pima language, as are "Pima alto, Pima bajo, Sobaipuri ó Sabaqui, Cajuenche, Potlapigua de Sonora," and "Muutzitzi" (p. 280).]

León-Portilla, Miguel

    1959             Panorama de la población indígena de México. América Indígena, Vol. 19, no. 1 (January), pp. 43-73. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [Papagos are discussed on pages 51 and 52 in a section dealing with Indians of the North Pacific Zone.]

Leopardi, E.A.

    1967a           OPSAM=s beneficiary identification (BID) system. In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp.29-37. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [Leopardi explains the system used to identify individual Indian clients of the Indian Health Service through the systems analysis module. The methodology was worked out initially on the Papago Indian Reservation and among Papago Indians.]

    1967b           OPSAM=s source data collection system. A demonstration study at DIH facilities in the Sells Service Unit. In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp.29-37. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [Leopardi outlines the goal and description of a pending project, ATo design and implement an automated source data collection system, for facilitating the capture of sufficient and pertinent ongoing health statistics (from DIH facilities in the study area) as >input= for an integrated, comprehensive health information system.@ The project was to be carried out initially among Papagos in the Sells Service Unit of the Division of Indian Health.]

Leopold [Fr., O.F.M.]

    1905             Legend of the Papago Indians. About Montezuma, the creation of the world, the universal flood, the Tower of Babel and the Spanish conquest. Catholic Pioneer, Vol. 1, no. 5 (November), pp. 14-15. Gallup, New Mexico, Rev. George J. Juillard. [Father Leopold, presumably the article=s author, writes: AThis relation furnished to me by Jose El Cazador, head chief of the tribe, and Con Quien, chief of the Coyote village, both of whom are dead now.@ Copies of The Catholic Pioneer are in the library of the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California.]

Leopold, Claudia

    1997             Saving grace & missions in the Southwest. Extension, Vol. 92, no. 2 (May), front cover, pp. 6-11. Chicago, The Catholic Church Extension Society of the United States of America. [Included in this article is a discussion of the conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac and the involvement in it of Tohono O'odham apprentice conservators. There is also a photo of the south-southwest elevation of the exterior of the church.]

Levin, Peter J.

    1967a           A management information needs model. In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp. 38-41. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [This is a Aproject outline report,@ one that suggests, AThe Division of Indian Health could attempt to use a model of comprehensive health care services to simulate program development@ in the (Papago) Sells Service Unit of the Division of Indian Health.]

    1967b           Utilization of medical records B PHS Indian Hospital, Sells, Arizona. Tucson, Public Health Service, Health Program Systems Center. [AThe review of retrospective medical records by Sells Indian Hospital physicians indicated specific patterns relating to patient diagnosis or condition were followed. Record reviews were most common at admission time. The study highlighted the extent to which medical records were reviewed by hospital physicians and the areas of potential improvements in the records and in the utilization thereof.@]

LeViness, W. Thetford

    1970             On Father Kino=s trail. Américas, Vol. 22, nos. 11-12 (November/December), pp. 30-35, inside back cover. Washington, D.C., Division of Cultural Relations of the Secretariat of the Organization of American States. [LeViness offers a summary history of Jesuit and Franciscan missionary activity among the Northern Piman Indians while emphasizing the mission sites that can still be seen by visitors. The article is accompanied by three black-and-white photos os Mission Tumacacori, one of Mission Caborca, two of the ruins of Mission Cocóspera, one of Mission Magdalena, one of Mission Pitiquito, and two f Mission San Xavier del Bac. There is a color photo of the west elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier inside the back cover.]

Levstik, Jennifer, and Mary C. Thurtle

    2004             The American homesteading experience. Two examples from the Avra Valley. Old Pueblo Archaeology, no. 36, (March), pp. 1, 7-10. Tucson, Old Pueblo Archaeology Center. [Archaeological excavations in these two 1930s homestead sites in the Avra Valley west of Tucson, Arizona, yielded, among a great many other objects, a large number of sherds of Papago pottery. The homesteaders, however, were not O=odham, but Mexican and Anglo.]

Levy, Seymour H.

    1963             Bighorns and Papagos. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions, Vol. 7, pp. 114-119. Las Vegas, Nevada, Bighorn Sheep Council and Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. [This plea for a desert bighorn sheep management program on the Papago Reservation includes quotes from Bernard Fontana concerning Papago history.]

Lewis, David R.

    1988             APlowing a civilized furrow: subsistence, environment, and social change among the Northern Ute, Hupa, and Papago peoples.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 597 pp. [This is an examination of federal Indian assimilation policy directed at American Indians in the late 19^th and much of the 20^th centuries. Two chapters are devoted to each group, and for each, Papago included, explored are Aways in which these peoples responded to social, subsistence, and environmental changes entailed by settled reservation and allotted agriculture, and in general how American Indians responded to directed culture change.@]

    1994             Neither wolf nor dog: American Indians, environment, and agrarian change. New York, Oxford University Press. Maps, illus. x + 240 pp. [This is the published version of D.R. Lewis (1988). The two Tohono O=odham chapters are on pages 118-167. The first chapter concerns the Aethnographic present,@ while the second, dealing with change, covers the period from 1687 to ca. 1988.]

Lewis, Frank

    1992             Whither T-himdag. Transcribed and translated, with a translator's note, by Donald Bahr. Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 70-90. Rapid City, South Dakota, Indian Studies, Eastern Washington University, and Native American Indian Studies, University of California, Davis. [Published in O'odham with English translation, this is the transcription of a tape-recorded discourse by Lewis, a native of a village on the Papago Indian Reservation, concerning "The Old Indian Religion," clearly a fusion of Catholic and aboriginal beliefs and customs, with emphasis on the former. It includes Lewis=s reflections on the saguaro fruit harvest.]

Lewis-Jose, Patrick

    1999             In the rain. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, pp. 45-49. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [Lewis-Jose is a 16-year-old Baboquivari High School Tohono O'odham. This poem is about his longing for his cultural roots and how desert rain has in it strong reminders of those roots.]

Leydet, François

    1977             The coyote; defiant songdog of the West. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. Illus. 222 pp. [Included here is some mention of the relationship between Papago Indians and the coyote.]

Liberty, Margot, and William C. Sturtevant

    1978             Appendix: prospectus for a collection of studies on anthropology by North American Indians. In American Indian intellectuals [1976 Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society], edited by Margot Liberty, pp. 241-248. St. Paul, New York [etc. etc.], West Publishing Company. [The names of Juan Dolores (Papago) and Josie (sic) Lewis Brennan, incorrectly identified as a "Pima" (he was a Papago), appear in an expanded list of "candidates for intellectual biographies."]

Lichtenstein, Grace

    2002             Downtown digs. Smithsonian, Vol. 33, no. 2 (May), pp. 24, 26. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [An article largely about archaeology being carried out in the downtown area of Tucson, Arizona, mentions that ASonny Antone is employed as an archaeologist by Desert Archaeology. With long, graying hair, the 45-year-old Antone in a member of the Tohono O=odham tribe, which has links with the ancients who used to live in this area. >I=ve always had dreams about this place,= he tells me. >It opens up the past -- not just Tucson but the story of my grandmothers, from modern times back through the centuries.=@]

Liebow, Edward

    1987             Social impact assessment. CRM Bulletin, Vol. 10, no. 1 (February), pp. 16-19. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. [The author favorably critiques a government report written by Donald Bahr and Billy Garrett, "Social and Economic Impact of Solar Electricity at Schuchulik Village" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 1979 {DOE/NASA/20485/79-3}). He says the federal agency which ordered the report ignored its conclusions.]

Lindig, Wolfgang

    1963             Der Riesenkaktus in Wirtschaft und Mythologie der Sonorischen Wüstenstämme. Paideuma, Vol. 9, no. 1 (May), pp. 27-62. Frankfurt-am-Main, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universistät. [A review of the role of columnar cacti in the cultures of the tribes of the Sonoran Desert and adjacent regions includes considerable mention of the role of saguaro among Papagos. Papago data are derived from published sources.]

    1974             Indianer des nordamerikanischen Sudwestens. München, Institut für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht. 15 pp. [This is the text to accompany an educational film strip distributed in Germany by the publisher. Four Papago pictures are included: making adobes at San Xavier (p. 6); an unidentified village on the Papago Reservation (p. 6); Papago women husking corn (p. 6); and a Papago woman harvesting saguaro fruit (p. 7). Photos in the booklet appear in black-and-white.]

Lindquist, Gustavus E.

    1923             The Red Man in the United States, an intimate study of the social, economic and religious life of the American Indian. New York, George H. Doran Company. Maps, illus., bibl. xxviii + 461 pp. [Papagos are discussed on pages 296-300. The Papago population in 1916 is given as 4,573 (p. 296); the tribe is said to own 30,000 head of cattle and 16,000 acres are said to be cultivated by dry farming (p. 297); and both Catholic and Protestant denominations are active on the reservation (pp. 298-300). It's noted that the original, 1874 reservation was at San Xavier, where agricultural Papagos live "who inherited from distant ages a knowledge of elementary engineering and irrigation" and where 41,606 acres are allotted lands. The Catholic school at San Xavier is now a contract day school with 103 pupils. And the "beautiful old mission church known as San Xavier" was founded by Father Kino.]

    1944             The Indian in American life. New York, Friendship Press. Map, index. 180 pp. [Under a section on pages 102-103 called "Consolidation and the Day School," there is a discussion of Papago Indians and their reservation in connection with Papagos' formal schooling. "A Number of Roman Catholic mission schools also serve this region, notably St. John's Boarding School at Gila Crossing, San Xavier, originally established in 1864, and eight to ten days schools, a majority being on the Papago Reservation."]

    1973             The Red Man in the United States, an intimate study of the social, economic and religious life of the American Indian. Clifton, New Jersey, A.M. Kelley. [A reprint of Lindquist (1923).]

Lipe, William D.

    1973             The land and its resources in pre-colonial Arizona. In Progress in Arizona: the state=s crucial issues. Project Progress II -- the land and its resources, compiled by William R. Noyes, project director. Tucson, The University of Arizona. Unpaged. [This 6-page article mentions the Hohokam as probable ancestors of modern Papagos and Pimas. The article here is one of four in this six-page booklet. All articles in the series were first published in newspapers scattered throughout Arizona.]

Lister, Florence C., and Robert H. Lister

    1983             Those who came before. Southwestern archaeology in the National Park System. Globe (sic), Arizona, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association; Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., additional readings, index. 184 pp. [Mention is made that Papagos had saguaro-gathering camps inside the boundaries of what in 1933 became Saguaro National Monument (p. 162).]

    1989             The Chinese of early Tucson: historic archaeology from the Tucson Urban Renewal Project [Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 52]. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., refs., index. 131 pp. [Mention is made of Tohono O'odham pottery, and there is a studio portrait of two Tohono O'odham women holding ollas in burden baskets (p. 2). Passing mention is also made elsewhere of Tohono O'odham pottery (pages 44 and 99) and of Papago basketry (page 99). A Tohono O'odham basket is illustrated on page 48).]

    1993             Those who came before. Southwestern archaeology in the National Park System. Revised and expanded edition. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association and The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., additional readings, index. 232 pp. [Here the reference to Papago saguaro-harvesting camps within the boundaries of Saguaro National Monument is on page 200.]

Listo, Alice, recorder and translator

    1980             A Papago song. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, p. 127. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Department of English. [A song about Quijotoa Mountain dreamed by the recorder's grandfather, given here in the Papago and English version of the lyrics.]

Listo, Venita, and Delores Havier

    n.d.               Let's visit the Papago Reservation. [Sells, Arizona], Indian Oasis School District #40, Papago Bilingual Program. Illus. 8 pp. [Written in Papago and in English, this booklet briefly describes each of the Papago Reservation's eleven political districts. It was probably published in 1978 or 1979.]

Little, Arthur D.

    1976             EMCRO -- an evaluation of experimental medical care review organizations: evaluation of the Sells EMCRO; Office of Research and Development, Indian Health Service, Tucson, Arizona. Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Information Service. 181 pp. [This is an evaluation and discussion of the Sells Experimental Medical Care Review Organization (EMCRO), an organization on the Papago Indian Reservation funded by the U.S. Indian Health Service.]

Little, Elbert L., Jr.

    1943             Arizona's native century plants. Arizona Highways, Vol. 14, no. 4 (April), pp. 8-11, 38-41. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Page 40: Author tells about botanist J.W. Toumey's finding and describing the activities of a group of Papagos in May, 1894 "encamped in the Santa Catalina Mountains 14 miles north of Tucson making food and ropes from agaves." Both activities are described in two paragraphs.]

Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr., and James W. Parins

    1981             A bibliography of Native American writers, 1772-1924. Metuchen, New Jersey, Scarecrow Press. 243 pp. [Papago writings and authors are included.]

    1984             American Indian and Alaska native newspapers and periodicals, 1826-1924. Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press. [Reference is made to an article on "The Papago Reservation" which appeared in The Weekly Review, published between 1902 and 1906 at the Riggs Institute, Flandrau, South Dakota, a government-operated Indian school.]

Littmann, Mark

    1976             The people: sky lore of the American Indian. Salt Lake City, Hansen Planetarium. 24 pp. [Included here on pages 13-14 is a section called "The Four Seasons," which is adapted from a Papago myth recounted in Harold Bell Wright's Long ago told (1929).]

Livingston, R.C.; K. Bachman-Carter, C. Frank, and W.B. Mason

    1993             Diabetes mellitus in Tohono O=odham pregnancies. Diabetes Care, Vol. 16, no. 1 (January), p. 318. Alexandria, Virginia [etc. etc.], American Diabetes Association. [A study conducted in the Sells Indian Health Service Unit found diabetes confirmed in 5.2% of Tohono O=odham pregnancies. The study indicates Athat first trimester diabetes screening is justified in this population and may be appropriate in other populations with high rates of diabetes.@]

Lizarraga, Darlene

    2003             The cornerstone. Glyphs, Vol. 54, no. 1 (July), p. 3. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Mention is made of the fact that Tracy Duvall of the Arizona State Museum=s Office of Ethnohistorical Research is about to embark on a study of present-day groups= historical ties to Tumacácori, Guevavi, Calabazas, and Sonoita. Listed among such groups listed are the O=odham.]

Lizárraga García, Benjamín

    1996             Templo del San Diego del Pitiquí: documentos para la historia. Hermosillo, Secretaría de Educación y Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Sonora Maps, illus., bibl. 257 pp. [This is a history of the Pimería Alta mission of San Diego del Pitiquí (Pitiquito) founded in the late seventeenth century by Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. It includes the mission=s Jesuit period, which ended in 1767, and its Franciscan period which began in 1768 and ended in 1841 with the death of Father Faustino González Also included are facsimiles and transcripts of such documents as mission registers as well as a detailed description of the church and its interior decorations B decorations unique among the missions of the Pimería Alta. Pimas and Papagos are frequently mentioned in the documents.]

    2000             Altar y los altareños. Altar, Sonora, Ayuntamiento de Altar. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 385 pp. [This is a history of Altar, Sonora, which began in the mid-18^th century in the wake of the 1751 Pima Rebellion. The book covers the history of the town of Altar as well as that of the entire Altar District. An entire chapter is devoted to the Pápagos and their history in the region. The text is accompanied by photos of Papagos, their cemetery at El Plomo, and of Papago chapels.]

Lizasoáin, Ignacio

    1997             Informe of Father Provincial Ignacio Lizasoáin (1763). In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 442-479. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This report was written after Father Lizasoáin, a Jesuit missionary, had completed his official inspection of the missions, mining camps, and other settlements of Sonora, the Tarahumara region, Nueva Vizcaya, the Pimería Alta, Baja California, and Sinaloa between April, 1761 and January, 1763. His report reviews the history of the region, including allusion to the 1751 Pima Revolt. He notes military alliances among Seri, Papago, and Pima Indians and Apache attacks on places such as San Xavier del Bac. He quotes Father Alonso Espinosa at San Xavier as writing, "Most of the Indians of San Xavier have gone away, and I find myself very much alone. Almost no one but the old and sick remain; the Indians from Tucson withdrew into a thick forest." Father Ignaz Pfefferkorn reported that after the Pima Revolt the Papagos fled Tumacacori and Calabasas, with only Pimas remaining.]

Llorens, Juan Bautista. See Fontana 1987a

Lloyd, Elwood, IV

    1940             Papago feast of St. Francis, 1939. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, Supplement, June, pp. 389-392. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Lloyd describes in considerable detail the December 2-3, 1939 observance by Papago Indians and Catholic Church authorities of the feast day celebration of San Francisco Xavier held at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Yaquis joined with Papagos to swell the crowd of those in attendance to some 5,000 people.]

Lloyd, John W.

    1911             Aw-aw-tam Indian nights. Westfield, New Jersey, The Lloyd Group. 241 pp. [These are Pima Indian myths and legends narrated by a Pima man named Thin Buckskin sometime between 1901 and 1904, as translated by Edward Hubert Wood. There are scattered references to Papagos throughout, especially in Lloyd's explanatory notes at the end of each individual narration.]

Lockard, Peggy H.

    1983             This is Tucson: guidebook to the Old Pueblo. Tucson, Pepper Publishing. Maps, illus., index. xiii + 271 pp. [This guidebook to Tucson and vicinity includes scattered mention of Mission San Xavier del Bac as well as a six-page account of the mission and its history (pp. 94-99) accompanied by two black-and-white photos of the façade of the church. Also listed are times of Masses and of the fiesta held In October and December and on the first Friday after Easter. One page is devoted to Sells on the Papago Reservation. See AMission San Xavier del Bac@ and APapago Indians@ in the index.]

    1988             This is Tucson: guidebook to the Old Pueblo. Third edition, revised. Tucson, Pepper Publishing. Maps, illus., index. xiii + 306 pp. [This is a revised and updated version of Lockard (1983). A ground plan for the entire Mission San Xavier complex is included in this revision.]

Lockwood, Frank C.

    1932             Pioneer days in Arizona, from the Spanish occupation to statehood. New York, The Macmillan Company. Maps, illus., index. 387 pp. [References to Papagos in this history of Arizona are found on pages 105-106, where they are compared with the Pima. References to Mission San Xavier are on pages 35-36 (Father Kino), 45 (Fr. Garcés), 153 (school), 166 (Camp Grant massacre), and 241 (school), with a photo of the west-southwest elevation of the mission -- one that shows Papago women husking corn in the foreground -- on page 41.]

    1934a           Story of the Spanish missions of the middle Southwest. Santa Ana, California, The Fine Arts Press. Map, illus., index. 78 pp. [This is a book about the missions of the Pimería Alta, including, among others, Dolores, Remedios, Cocóspera, San Lazaro, Quiburi, Bugota, Gaybanipitea, San Xavier del Bac, Tumacácori, Imuris, and Caborca. Mission San Xavier is mentioned on pages vi, 11, 16, and 22-33. An engraving of Mission San Xavier titled, "Deserted Mission of San Xavier del Bac," is taken from Froebel (1859). Site descriptions are based in large part on visits made by Lockwood to these mission in 1928 and again in 1932. The introductory portion of this book, which could be regarded as the first guide to the missions of the Pimería Alta, includes biographical information concerning Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, the missions= founder.]

    1934b           With Padre Kino on the trail [University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 5, no. 2 (February), Social Science Bulletin, no. 5]. Tucson, University of Arizona. Maps, illus. 142 pp. [This is a biography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, the first European to establish permanent contact with Northern Piman Indians and the founder of missions, San Xavier del Bac included. References to San Xavier are on pages 70, 72-73, 109, 135, and 137.]

    1943             Life in old Tucson, 1854-1864. Los Angeles, The Ward Ritchie Press for the Tucson Civic Committee. Illus. xx + 255 pp. [There are accounts of the marriage of Atanacia Santa Cruz and Samuel Hughes at Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 14); Fritz Contzen, his Punta de Agua Ranch three miles south of Mission San Xavier, and his dealings with Papago Indians (pp. 87-89); F. Biertu's 1860 description of Mission San Xavier (pp. 110-111); Father Machebeuf's role in effecting repairs at Mission San Xavier (p. 195); Papagos employed at the Vekol Mine (p. 83); and Colonel John Walker, first U.S. Indian agent for the Papago Indians (pp. 221-233).]

Lockwood, Frank C., and Donald W. Page

    n.d.    Tucson --- The Old Pueblo. Phoenix, Frank C. Lockwood. Map, illus. 94 pp. [A photo of the west-southwest elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one with Papago women in the foreground husking corn, faces page 14. The Spanish-period history of the mission is outlined on pages 13-17. Mission San Xavier is also mentioned on page 38 (Father Machebeuf's first visit there), and on page 48 mention is made of Colonel Henry Hooker's having fattened his cattle in the Papago country ca. 1870.]

Locust, Carol

    1976             The Papago Indians' legends of the rainbow. With a word by [Ted] De Grazia. Tucson, Project Indian Legends. Illus. 44 pp. [Illustrated with color and pencil drawings by the author, this booklet purports to give a version of a Papago legend about the rainbow.]

Logan, Michael F.

    2002             The lessening stream. An environmental history of the Santa Cruz River. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., notes, bibl., index. xiii + 311 pp. [The book=s third chapter, titled ACattle, Wheat, and Peace, 1500-1820,@ outlines the relationship between the Northern Pimans, the people who were resident along the Santa Cruz River when Spaniards first arrived in the late seventeenth century, and the Spaniards as represented by religious, civil, and military authorities and ways in which that relationship was colored by the use of water and other elements, both native and introduced, in the environment. Father Eusebio Kino, the pioneer Jesuit missionary, is mentioned often in this chapter as is San Xavier del Bac.

                             The book also details events as these affected the water supply on the San Xavier Reservation in the nineteenth century. Consult the volume=s index under A Bac,@ ASan Xavier Indian Reservation@ and ATohono O=odham.@ Tohono O=odham Daniel Preston is here misidentified as the Avice-president of the Tohono O=odham Nation,@ when, in fact, he was vice chairman of the San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham Nation.]

Lohrmann, Charles

    1994             Native Seeds Search. Photographs by John Running. Native Peoples, Vol. 7, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 24-31. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [Among the Indian groups mentioned here in terms of their native agriculture are the Papago Indians with reference to their floodwater runoff farming. Tohono O'odham Angelo Joaquin is also mentioned by name.]

    1995             Sharing the music. Native Peoples, Vol. 8, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 44-50. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [This color-illustrated article about Canyon Records and its decades' long program of recording American Indian music (since 1951) makes mention of its recordings of Tohono O'odham waila, or "chicken scratch," music.]

Lombardi, Thomas P.

    1969             "Psycholinguistic abilities of Papago Indian children." Ed.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [First and third grade Papago Indian children attending both integrated and segregated schools were tested and compared on their psycholinguistic abilities through application of the 1968 edition of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA).]

    1970             Psycholinguistic abilities of Papago Indian school children. Exceptional Children, Vol. 36, no. 7 (March), pp. 485-493. Arlington, Virginia, The Council for Exceptional Children. [This is a highly condensed version of Lombardi (1969).]

Lomax, Alan, and Conrad M. Arensberg

    1977             A worldwide evolutionary classification of cultures by subsistence systems. Current Anthropology, Vol. 18, no. 4 (December), pp. 659-702. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. [Papagos are listed here in a table showing them as "incipient food producers" (p. 686).]

Long, Esmond R., and H.W. Hetherington

    1936             A tuberculosis survey in the Papago area of southern Arizona. Supplement to the American Review of Tuberculosis, Vol. 33, no. 3 (March), pp. 407-433. Baltimore, Maryland, National Tuberculosis Association. [Accompanied by a map, illustrations, and bibliography, this article reports results of a survey in which 530 Papagos from the San Xavier and Papago (Sells) reservations were tested for tuberculosis. Individuals, homes, and villages are seen in five black-and-white photos.]

Long, Kathleen; Patsy Ramon, Gus Antone, and Rosilda Manuel

    1976             S-tahadam ma:s pa:do. Kerwo, Arizona, Kerwo Bilingual Project. 23 pp. [Accompanied by drawings, this is the text in Papago of the story of the Ugly Duckling.]

Lopez, Alexandria

    2000a           Austin Nunez, tribal chairman. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 29-30. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [A black-and-white photo of San Xavier District Chairman Nunez accompanies the text of this interview with him by Lopez. Nunez recalls his days as a youth growing up on the San Xavier Reservation; notes he was elected district chairman in 1987; lists woodworking and spending time with his family as his hobbies; says he has three children; emphasizes the importance of O'odham language and culture; supports the establishment of a recreation center for San Xavier's youth; says the water situation at San Xavier needs resolution; and observes that improved roads are needed on the reservation.]

    2000b           Pegi 'oig, nt o a 'ep m-nei. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 32. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [A black-and-white picture of Lopez accompanies this brief biographical note concerning her. She attends Baboquivari High School at Sells; her parents are Diane Antone and Philip Lopez; and she was originally from San Xavier. She also writes of the positive impact elderly Tohono O'odham have had on her life.]

Lopez, Alonzo

    1965a           Direction. In Anthology of poetry and verse, by the Institute of American Indian Arts Students, p. 7. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Education. [A poem about the meaning of the six directions written by a Papago student.]

    1965b           Moccasined feet [and three untitled poems]. In Anthology of poetry and verse, by the Institute of American Indian Arts Students, pp. 4, 12-13. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Education. [Poems about hunting, attributes of animals, bringing rain, and making a basket -- all by a Papago student.]

    1965c           Separation. In Anthology of poetry and verse, by the Institute of American Indian Arts Students, p. 27. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Education. [A poem by a Papago student about separation from someone he has loved.]

    1965d           [Untitled.] In Anthology of poetry and verse, by the Institute of American Indian Arts Students, p. 13. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Education. [There are two untitled poems here, one about the poet=s watching his mother use devil=s claw to weave a black star into a basket and the other about singing and dancing for rain.]

    1973a           Director. In Literature of the American Indian, compiled by Thomas E. Sanders and Walter W. Peek, p. 460. New York and Beverly Hills, Glencoe Press. [A poem written by Papago poet Alonzo Lopez when he was a student at Yale University.]

    1973b           I am crying from thirst. In Literature of the American Indian, compiled by Thomas E. Sanders and Walter W. Peek, p. 460. New York and Beverly Hills, Glencoe Press. [A poem written by Papago poet Alonzo Lopez when he was a student at Yale University.]

    1973c           Youth. In Institute of American Indian Arts alumni exhibition, compiled by Lloyd Kiva New and Peter H. Hassrick, p. 66. Ft. Worth, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art. [A photo and biographical sketch of this 1947-born Papago Indian poet accompanies this poem about an Indian youth returning to his native roots.]

    1975a           Celebration. In Indians of the American Southwest, by Bertha Dutton, p. 221. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. [A poem by a Papago student about a native feast.]

    1975b           Yonder stands a youth. In Indians of the American Southwest, by Bertha Dutton, p. 232. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. [A poem written by Papago poet Alonzo Lopez about a forlorn Indian youth.]

Lopez, Andrew

    1946             How the quails ate the coyote=s meat. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, p. 24. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. [This is an O=odham story about how quails managed to eat pieces of fat they had cut from coyote.]

Lopez, Daniel

    1980             O'odham Ha-ñeñei. Songs of the Papago people. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 123-127. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Department of English. [The texts of four songs are presented here in Papago and English. They relate to I'itoi, rain, curing, and corn.]

    1981             O'odham Ha-ñeñei. Songs of the Papago people. In The south corner of time, edited by Larry Evers, pp. 123-127. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a hardcover version of what was originally published as volume 6 of Sun Tracks (see Lopez 1980).]

    1982a           'Oks daha; lady sitting mountain. In Mat hekid o je; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 28-29. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago about a mountain in the Papago country.]

    1982b           Wi'ikam doag; lonely mountain. In Mat hekid o je; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 28-29. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem about a mountain in the Papago country.]

    1987             Looking back at Tohono O'odham education. Kui Tatk, Vol. 2, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 1-3. Washington, D.C., Native American Science Education Association. [Tohono O'odham Lopez takes to task the notion that his people were ever non-competitive, and he decries how various federal and other programs have robbed the O'odham of their independence and self-sufficiency. He finally asserts that O'odham culture "can help our children win in today's world if we help them learn it by living its values ourselves."]

    1998             "Tohono O'odham language maintenance." Master of Arts thesis, Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona. 58 pp. [With the text written in O'odham, this thesis outlines what the author believes to be pre-European O'odham lifestyle, including territory, language, culture, religion, and diet. He outlines changes wrought as a result of O'odham interaction with Spaniards, Mexicans, and Americans, and ways are suggested that the O'odham language might be preserved.]

Lopez, Daniel, and Ofelia Zepeda

    1998             Part 1. Indigenous languages in the USA -- the parents have to do their part: a Tohono O'odham language autobiography. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, no. 132, pp. 43-45. The Hague and New York, Mouton. [Lopez, a certified O=odham bilingual teacher, describes the process of self-acknowledgment as an educator and cultural leader; Zepeda discusses children=s attitudes toward language and culture; both offer thoughts about the need for parental involvement in education.]

Lopez, Daniel, and Ofelia Zepeda, editorial consultants

    1980             Papago literature. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 107-186. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Department of English. [This section of a special edition of Sun Tracks, an American Indian literary magazine, contains photographs, a map, and eleven distinct segments, including a bibliography relating to Papago literature.]

    1981             Papago literature. In The south corner of time, edited by Larry Evers, pp. 123-127. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a hardcover version of what was originally published as volume 6 of Sun Tracks (see Lopez and Zepeda, editorial consultants 1980).]

Lopez, Danny

    1987             Looking back at Tohono O=odham education. Kui Tatk, Vol. 2, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 1, 3. Washington, D.C., Native American Science Education Association. [Lopez reflects on the fact that Ascience is a subject that most O=odham find difficult, just as we do mathematics and medicine.@ But he points out that contrary to a common stereotype. O=odham are, in fact, competitive, as seen by the foot races and other traditional contests. AWe survived as a people because our ancestors fought to live; they would not quit.@]

    1993             O'odham bighorn sheep songs. In Counting sheep: 20 ways of seeing desert bighorn, edited by Gary P. Nabhan, pp. 3-6. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Tohono O'odham Danny Lopez gives the words in O'odham and English of a sheep song by him as well as of a person from San Pedro Village as remembered by Frances Manuel, his mother-in-law.]

    1995             Wi'ikam Do'ag / Lonely Mountain. In Home places: contemporary Native American writing from Sun Tracks, edited by Larry Evers and Ofelia Zepeda, p. 13. Tucson and London, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a poem, in O'odham and in English translation, about a mountain where the "disappeared people" once lived. See Lopez (1982b).]

Lopez, Danny, project director

    1984             Tohono O'odham: lives of the desert people. [Sells, Arizona], Papago Tribe. 44 pp. [An ethnographic sketch of traditional Papago life, including sections on the story of the man in the maze; origin story; songs; farming; gathering (including the saguaro fruit harvest); hunting; housing; dress; utensils and basketry; games; family; government; village ceremonies; sacred objects; and the salt pilgrimage.]

    1985             Tohono O'odham: history of the desert people. [Sells, Arizona], Papago Tribe. Maps, illus. 64 pp. [An excellent summary of Papago history, one well-illustrated with maps and black-and-white photographs.]

Lopez, Dawn

    2000a           Bonnie Corella: director of the San Xavier Education Center. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 16. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This interview with Tohono O'odham Corella, who was born at San Xavier on April 5, 1956 to Sarah (Mamake) Corella and Pedro Alex Corella, is accompanied by a black-and-white photograph of her. Corella talks about her grandparents, Antonio and Philomena Mamake; about playing at Wa:k as a child; about the San Xavier Youth Club and the Women's Club; and the many jobs she's had, including that as director of San Xavier's Education Center.]

    2000b           Carmen Mattias: adding to the foundation of San Xavier's future. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 17. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [A black-and-white photo of Mattias standing next to the San Xavier Education Center accompanies this interview with her by Lopez. In 1979, Mattias became the San Xavier District's first female chairperson, and in 1979 she opened the San Xavier Day Care Center on South Mission Road. The San Xavier Plaza was constructed under her administration and various regulations, such as those governing the time social dances could her held, were also formulated then. Fifty units of HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development) homes were also built for the people of San Xavier.]

    2000c           Interview with Flora Juan. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 8-9. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [Lopez's interview with Flora Juan, a San Xavier Tohono O'odham who is the daughter of the late Domingo and Chepa Franko, is accompanied by four black-and-white photos, including one of her harvesting saguaro fruit. In the interview she reminisces about her father, known for the wood-carved figures he made for sale; about her childhood on the reservation; and about her work with the mission school and the reservation headstart program.]

    2000d           Pegi 'oig, nt o a 'ep m-nei. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 33. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [Dawn Lopez, one of the interviewers published in San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, writes about herself, noting that she's a resident of the San Xavier District. Her parents are Dean Lopez, Sr., and Eileen Estrada Lopez. She notes that working on the book was a great learning experience for her.]

    2000e           The San Xavier Co-op: traditions lost and found. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 13-15. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This article about the history of the San Xavier farming cooperative and San Xavier water rights is accompanied by two contemporary black-and-white photos and by eight historic photos including one taken in 1894 by William Dinwiddie showing Tohono O'odham Hugh Norris standing next to a traditional O'odham grass house.]

    2000f            Through the eyes of Melvin Moreno. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 12-13. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [A photo of Melvin Moreno accompanies the text of this interview by Lopez with him. Moreno talks about his late grandmother, Rafila Domingo, and her pottery making. But most of all, he discusses his life as a cowboy on the San Xavier Reservation. Also mentioned are Tohono O'odham basketmakers Louise Havier and Anita Antone. His parents are Jose Antonio "Tony" Moreno and the late Marcianna Moreno.]

Lopez, Frank, narrator

    1980             The boy who gets revenge. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 130-149. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Department of English. [This is an account of the origins of Papago warfare and the ritual beliefs and practices connected with it. The transcription in Papago is by Albert Alvarez; the English translation is by Ofelia Zepeda.]

    1981             The boy who gets revenge. In The south corner of time, edited by Larry Evers, pp. 130-149. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a hardcover version of what was originally published as volume 6 of Sun Tracks. See Lopez, narrator (1980).]

López, Kevin L.

    1992             Native American seedbank workshop. Seedhead News, no. 36 (Spring), p. 11. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Among those who attended this workshop held in February, 1992 were Floyd Flores, an administrator for the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation, and Clifford Pablo, "a Tohono O'odham farmer who works for the San Xavier traditional farming project."]

Lopez, Lucy

    1980             Lupe=s story / Lupe ha=icu a:ga. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House for the San Simon School, Sells, Arizona. Illus. 14 pp. [This is an autobiography of a Tohono O=odham woman published for young O=odham readers in the San Simon elementary school.]

Lopez, Manuel

     1969            Statement of Manuel Lopez, member of the Gu Achi District Council, Santa Rosa Village, Ariz. In Indian education: hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Indian Education of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Congress, 90th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, Part 3, pp. 1016-1018. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. [Lopez's remarks, made in Papago, appear in English as translated by Thomas Segundo. His is a plea for education for Papago children that will enable them "to meet these modern needs for our Papago people."]

Lopez, Sylvester

    1954             [Letter to the editor.] Indian Sentinel, Vol. 34, no. 5 (May), p. 78. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian missions. [This letter from a Papago Indian living in Arizona says he is sending his dollar to subscribe to the Indian Sentinel.]

Lopez-Manuel, Rosilda, editor

    1987             Tohono O=odham education standards, October 1987. Sells, Arizona, Tohono O=odham Education Department. Bibl. xii + 59 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

Lombard, James

    1987a           Ceramic petrography. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 335-368. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["This report summarizes the results of a study of the composition of temper in 130 Hohokam pottery sherds from the San Xavier Bridge Site on the San Xavier Reservation) ... ." Thirteen temper groups with different compositions were identified in the sherds. All tempers are available in the Tucson Basin.]

    1987b           Supplementary report on temper sand characterization and supporting data for the ceramic petrography study. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix F, pp. 409-416. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [The results of a supplementary study of temper and sands and supporting data for the petrographic analysis set forth in Lombard (1987a) are presented.]

Loram, C.T., and T.F. McIlwraith

    1943             The North American Indian today. Toronto, The University of Toronto Press. Index. 361 pp. [This book is based on a University of Toronto and Yale University seminar conference held in September, 1939. References to Papagos in connection with water and land resources, agriculture, economy, and resource conservation are on pages 175-177. Mention of a tuberculosis survey conducted on the Papago Reservation is on pages 227-228.]

Lorch, Donatella

    2000             How the U.S. Customs Service's Native American trackers go after drug smugglers. Newsweek.com, <http://www.newsweek.com/nw-srv/printed/us/in/a16797-2000feb27.htm>, March 6. [This cyberspace version of an article from the International section of the U.S. edition of Newsweek magazine observes there are nineteen Native American trackers working to intercept drug smugglers on the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, and it outlines their methods of operation as well as those of the smugglers.]

Lord, Charles H.

    1866             Letter from deputy agent in charge of Papagos, Pimos, Maricopas, and Tame Apaches. In Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1866, pp. 111-113. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated June 4, 1866 and written in Tucson, Arizona Territory, the letter is addressed to D.N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In it, Lord describes a meeting held May 10 at the Enriquetta Mine (near Arivaca in southern Arizona) with Chief Josi and 102 Papago delegates representing ten villages, a meeting at which goods and foodstuffs were distributed by Lord (pp. 111-112). Lord questions the advisability of removing Papagos to a reservation, and he offers information about the school at San Xavier, including the fact that Mrs. William Tonge, an American, has taken charge of the school (p. 113).]

Lornell, Kip

    1993             Introducing American folk music. Madison, Wisconsin, Brown and Benchmark. Maps, illus., bibl, indices. xii + 251 pp. [AOne interesting style of acculturated Native American music,@ writes Lornell, Achicken scratch, demands a brief discussion ... . This genre developed among the Pima and Papago tribes of south-central Arizona and blends Hispanic, Anglo-American, and Native American styles. Also known as >waila,= this music was first heard in the 1860s. Played by small string ensembles, its repertoire was heavily Hispanic-influenced and featured polkas and waltzes. Accordions were heard in chicken scratch bands as early as the 1890s, and by the 1920s new instruments, especially reeds like saxophones and clarinets, were introduced. Contemporary waila bands feature vocals in Spanish and Papago, electric basses, and a repertoire that mixes traditional polkas with contemporary popular songs@ (p. 162).]

    2002             Introducing American folk music: ethnic and grassroot traditions in the United States. 2^nd edition, revised. Boston, McGraw-Hill. Illus., bibl., index, discography. xviii + 302 pp. [O=odham waila music is discussed in a chapter entitled, AEthnic and Native American Traditions@ (pp. 226-230). This is an enlarged and revised version of Lornell (1993).]

Lowe, Charles H., and Warren F. Steenbergh

    1981             On the Cenozoic ecology and evolution of the sahuaro (Carnegiea gigantea). Desert Plants, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 82-86. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwest Arboretum. [Heavy freezing and snows in the Sonoran Desert are documented for 1848 and 1870 by reference to data from a Papago calendar stick. Although the citation is to Tatom (1975), the narrative from the stick was initially published by Kilcrease (1939).]

Lowe, Sam

    1978             The big land. Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 9 (September), pp. 18-19, 32-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The derivation of the word "Arizona" is given here as coming from the Papago words "ali" and "shonak," "place of a small spring."]

    1979             Discover Arizona deserts. Phoenix, Arizona Highways. Map, illus., bibl. 64 pp. [Page 57: "The Papago Indians, relying more on the animal and plant life of the desert than on cultivation, came to the Sonoran Desert from uncertain origins and were there when the Spanish came looking for cities of gold in the late 1500s.@]

    1983             Arizona. Republic Scene, Vol. 4, no. 4 (April), pp. 59-62, 64. Los Angeles, East/West Network, Inc. [Includes mention of Mission San Xavier del Bac and "the nearby Papago Indians," as well as of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino.]

    1996             Hidden art treasures of the Indian missions. Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 12 (December), pp. 12-17. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mentioned here -- but not illustrated -- is some of the art inside St. Catherine's church in Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Lowe-Bailey, Charlotte

    1999             Meet Ofelia Zepeda. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 17, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 84-87. Tucson, Madden Publishing Co. [About Tohono O'odham Ofelia Zepeda, recipient of a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" for her work in attempting to save the O'odham language from extinction, is profiled in this article. Included are excerpts from Zepeda's poetic writings and a black-and-white photo of Zepeda by Carter Allen.]

Lowenkopf, Anne N., and Michael W. Katz

    1974             Camping with the Indians. Los Angeles, Sherbourne Press, Inc. Maps, illus., index. 320 pp. [Chapter 23, pages 294-304, is titled, "The Papago." There is a general discussion of Papago Indians with information about various places to camp on their reservation.]

Lucian

    1952             Like the shepherds of old. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 32, no. 10 (December), p. 157. Washington, D.C.., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Written by a Roman Catholic nun, this is about the celebration of Christmas night Mass at Our Lady of Lourdes mission at Little Tucson on the Papago Indian Reservation. A photo of a Papago mother and children accompanies the article.]

Lumholtz, Carl

    1912a           New trails in Mexico. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. Maps, illus., index. xxv + 411 pp. [This basic source on Papago Indians is an "account of one year's exploration in Northwestern Sonora, Mexico and Southwestern Arizona, 1909-1910." It contains a wealth of ethnographic information on Papago Indians and is among the most often quoted sources relating to Papagos. Two excellent maps show the location of all known Papago villages of the time. Consult the index for details. Mission San Xavier del Bac and the San Xavier Reservation are mentioned on pages 4, 5-15, 74-75, 96, and 384. Three photographs taken at San Xavier, including one of the mission face page 12.]

    1921             My life of exploration. Natural History, Vol. 21, no. 3 (May-June), pp. 225-243. New York, The American Museum of Natural History. [Lumholtz briefly mentions his work among the Papago Indians (pp. 236-237).]

    1971             New trails in Mexico. Introduction to the new edition by Bernard L. Fontana. Glorieta, New Mexico, The Rio Grande Press, Inc. Maps, illus., refs., bibl., index. 26 + xxv + 411 pp. [A reprint of Lumholtz 1912, but one that includes a publisher's preface, new introduction, a bibliography of Lumholtz's writings and a bibliography relating to Papago topics discussed by Lumholtz in his book.]

    1990             New trails in Mexico. Foreword by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., index. xxviii + 411 pp. [A reprint of Lumholtz (1912), with a new foreword by Fontana and published without the maps.]

Lumholtz, Carl S., and I.N. Dracopoli

    1912             The Sonora desert, Mexico. Geographical Journal, Vol. 40, no. 5 (November), pp. 503-518. London, Royal Geographical Society. [The text of a lectures on the Papaguería portion of the Sonoran Desert, including topography, climate, rainfall, vegetation, fauna, water sources, and ethnology. A good description of the Papagos by Lumholtz is on pages 507-510, with scattered reference to Papagos on pages 504, 511, and 518. Included is mention of Dracopoli's visit to the Papago cave shrine in Pinacate Peak in northwestern Sonora. In the course of his talk, Lumholtz provides considerable comment concerning the region=s Papago Indians, who Aare the great desert people of America, and are remarkably stable in their racial characteristics, still preserving traditions and habits of the past which will soon disappear.@ He says the most important of their surviving Adancing festivals@ is that connected with the harvest of saguaro fruit and subsequent consumption of saguaro wine.]

Luna, John

    1977             First farmer. Sun Tracks, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Spring), p. 16. Tucson, The University of Arizona, American Indian Student Club and the Department of English. [A four-paragraph version of the story of the origin of farming written by a Papago student at the Santa Rosa School, Papago Indian Reservation.]

Lundy, George

    1976             River of life. Extension, Vol. 70, no. 9 (April-May), pp. 5-11. Chicago, Catholic Church Extension Society of the United States of America. [This article is primarily about Father Cyril Baur, O.F.M. (who once served as a missionary on the Papago Reservation) and St. Peters Mission at Bapchule on the Gila River Indian Reservation. Papagos, however, are mentioned throughout, as is St. Elizabeth's church at Cocklebur (Vaiva Vo) on the Papago Reservation -- although the article incorrectly places it on the Gila River Reservation. Many photographs accompany the essay.]

Lurie, Nancy O.

    1980             A Papago woman and a woman anthropologist. Reviews in Anthropology, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 119-129. Pleasantville, New York, Redgrave Publishing Company. [The woman anthropologist discussed here is Ruth Underhill; the book by Underhill discussed is Papago woman, the autobiography of Chona. The essay compares Papago woman with other autobiographies of North American Indians.]

Luttrell, Estelle

    1922             The mission of San Xavier del Bac: an historical guide. Tucson, s.l. Map, illus. Unpaged. [This book went through multiple printings at least until 1949, the later editions lacking the map with the plan of the church and adjacent structures. Twenty black-and-white photos illustrate the church inside and out. The booklet provides a detailed description of the church, area by area, and includes a chronological list of Aimportant dates in the history of San Xavier.@ This booklet is probably the first to observe the hem of the outer garment of the ephod sculptured beneath the cornice around the body on the inside of the church, one hemmed with bell and pomegranate and based on a passage from the Book of Exodus.]

    1949             Newspapers and periodicals of Arizona, 1859-1911 [University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 20, no. 3 (July), General Bulletin, no. 15]. Tucson, University of Arizona. Index. 123 pp. [Accounts of the Quijotoa Prospector newspaper established in 1884 by Harry Brook at Quijotoa in the Papago Indian country are found on pages 11 and 46. A friend of Brook purchased the Quijotoa property for $3,000 after the mine closed. The newspaper apparently lasted less than a year.]

Lyon, Jerry D.

    1999             Exploring the fragile-pattern landscape: recent research in the western Papagueria. Glyphs, Vol. 49, no. 12 (June), pp. 8-11. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a very brief, illustrated summary of archaeological site survey work carried out by the author and others within the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range in southwestern Arizona. It is an area which, according to the author, marks the "boundary between the Eastern and Western Papagueria, the traditional territories of the Tohono O'odham and HiaCed O'odham, respectively."]

Lyon, Luke

    1988             History of prohibition of photography of Southwestern Indian ceremonies. In Reflections: papers on Southwestern culture history in honor of Charles H. Lange [Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Vol. 14], edited by Anne V. Poore, pp. 238-272. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press. [Papagos are briefly noted in a table which indicates that fees charged by Papagos to make photo images of their ceremonies are from "variable" to "none."]

Lyons, Patrick D.

    2004             Archaeology of the San Pedro River Valley. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 18, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 3-4. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [This summary of the prehistory and recent history of the San Pedro River Valley in southeastern Arizona, from 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 2000, notes, ASometime after 1450, but before the 1690s, Sobaipuri and Apache occupation is indicated by evidence found in both the archaeological record and in Spanish documents. The Sobaipuri spoke a Piman dialect related to those spoken by the Tohono O=odham and the Akimel O=odham. As conflict among the Sobaipuri, the Apache, and the Spaniards increased during the 1700s, the Sobaipuri relocated, joining the O=odham of the Tucson Basin and the Gila River Valley.@]