HHH
Haas, Mary R.
1973 American Indian linguistic prehistory. In Current trends in linguistics, Vol. 10, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, pp. 677-712. The Hague and Paris, Mouton. [Mention is made of Kenneth Hale's work on the historical phonology of the Papago language.]
Haas, Theodore H.
1949 Indian uprising -- new style. The Survey, Vol. 85, no. 2 (February), pp. 81-87. New York, Survey Associates, Inc. [This is a discussion of the Papagos' taking steps in the direction of self-determination via their informing the federal government through publication of a long range plan what the government needs to do to help the tribe. The plan is described as is Tribal Chairman Thomas Segundo's role in its formulation. A brief history of the Papago and their land is included as is discussion of the tribal government.]
Habig, Marion A.
1937 The builders of San Xavier del Bac. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 41, no. 2 (October), pp. 154-166. Austin, The Texas State Historical Association. [Habig concludes, correctly, that the present church of Mission San Xavier del Bac was constructed by Franciscans. The article includes translated sections of reports and other documents written by Fr. Antonio Barbastro, O.F.M., in the late 18th century. Habig incorrectly concludes that Fathers Baltasar Carrillo and Narciso Gutiérrez were the friars in charge at San Xavier during the time of its construction (they were at Mission Tumacácori).]
Hackenberg., Beverly H.
1972 Social mobility in a tribal society: the case of Papago Indian veterans. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 201-210. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [This essay attempts to explain the patterns of upward social mobility among Papago veterans. A test population of 249 veterans and 247 non-veteran siblings as a control group were compared with respect to education, successful adjustment to the Anglo economy, and residential mobility.]
Hackenberg, Robert A.
1961 Papago population study: research methods and preliminary results. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Bureau of Ethnic Research. [This is an account of the objectives and of methods used in a project conducted by the Bureau of Ethnic Research of the University of Arizona whose purpose is to compile a Papago population register. A preliminary survey of results thus far achieved is offered.]
1962 Economic alternatives in arid lands: a case study of Pima and Papago Indians. Ethnology, Vol. 1, no. 2 (April), pp. 186-196. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh. [The circumstances surrounding the Papagos' emergence as a farming society are set forth. They are explained in terms of logical economic alternatives available to a people living in an arid environment high in agricultural potential.]
1963 AChanging diet of Arizona Indians.@ Paper presented at the Food and Nutrition Conference, University of Arizona, November 18-22, 1963. Dittoed. 8 pp. [While this talk is general for Arizona Indians, Hackenberg concludes by noting: AHere in Tucson we have 1100 Papago Indians living in South Tucson. This group, to my knowledge, is the first one that has voluntarily taken steps t organize itself as the American-Indian Association of Tucson. It does have officers, holds conferences and discussion meetings, invites speakers and is trying to attack many of the common community problems which Indians face.@]
1964 Changing patterns of Pima Indian land use. In Indian and Spanish adjustments to arid environments [Contributions of the Committee of Desert and Arid Zone Research, no. 7], edited by Clark S. Knowlton, pp. 6-15. Lubbock, Texas Technology College. [Although focused entirely on the Gila River Pima, this essay observes, AThough both irrigation and wheat cultivation appeared among their Sobaipuri neighbors between 1690-1710 in the San Pedro and Santa Cruz River Valleys, there is no mention of either among the Pima-Maricopa until the account of Sedelmayr in 1746 ... .@]
1966 An anthropological study of demographic transition: the Papago information system. The Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Vol. 44, no. 4, part 1 (October), pp. 470-493. New York, Millbank Memorial Fund. [Described here is the creation of a demographic information system, the so-called Operation SAM (Systems Analysis Module) situated within the Papago Service Unit of the U.S. Indian Health Service at the San Xavier Indian Health Center. The program is one designed to secure planning and evaluation data for the improvement of Indian health.]
1967 The parameters of an ethnic group: a method for studying the total tribe. American Anthropologist, Vol. 69, no. 5 (October), pp. 478-492. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Described here is a method -- one combining computer technology, aerial photography to locate households, and standard genealogical inquiry -- to delineate the entire Papago population universe within a kinship network seven generations in depth.]
1972 Restricted interdependence: the adaptive pattern of Papago Indian society. Human Organization, Vol. 32, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 113-116. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [This study emphasizes the systematic nature of Papagos' response to programs of developmental change, a response presented as an adaptive strategy well suited to the rigors of life in the Sonoran Desert. Papagos are described as employing a centrifugal strategy of reliance upon resources imported from friendly communities external to their homeland. Hackenberg designates such a strategy as one of "restricted interdependence."]
1974a Aboriginal land use and occupancy. In Papago Indians, I [American Indian ethnohistory: Indians of the Southwest], compiled and edited by David A. Horr, pp. 23-308. New York, Garland Publishing Inc. [The five chapters of this study are Introduction; Environmental and Cultural Features of the Papaguería; Tribal Identity of the Papago Indians; Biological and Cultural Ecology of the Papaguería; and Changing Papago Land Use and Occupancy, 1875-1900. It is the printed form of the report submitted in the Papago Claims Case: Docket 345, Def. Ex. 250.]
1974b Genealogical method in social anthropology: the foundations of structural demography. In Handbook of social and cultural anthropology, edited by John J Honigmann, pp. 289-325. Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Company. [Hackenberg discusses using Papago houses and house builder or founders as reference points of genealogical reconstruction of Papago families within a broader examination of "technical aids in genealogy construction" (p. 297).]
1976 Colorado River Basin development and its potential impact on tribal life. Human Organization, Vol. 35, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 303-311. Washington, D.C., Society for Applied Anthropology. [This is a review of economic development on the Papago, Gila River, and Navajo Indian reservations, one that concludes: "Since no mechanism presently exists for the effective distribution of tribal income to tribal members, there will be no substantial alteration in the quality of Indian life."]
1983 Pima and Papago ecological adaptations. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 161-177. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A study of the adaptation of Pima and Papago Indians to their southern Arizona environment. Consideration of pre- and post-European contact subsistence strategies is included.]
Hackenberg, Robert A., and Mary M. Gallagher
1972 The costs of cultural change: accidental injury and modernization among the Papago Indians. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 211-226. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [This is a study of the high rate of accidental injuries sustained by Papago Indians. It examines several theories and suggests that stresses associated with modernization are responsible factors. Accidental injury is more than twice as great among modern villages on the Papago Reservation as in more rural villages, with correlations found between high accident rates and persons involved in wage labor, with higher educational levels, and affiliated with Protestant religions.]
Hackenberg, Robert A., and C. Roderick Wilson
1972 Reluctant emigrants: the role of migration in Papago Indian adaptation. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 171-186. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [Results of a sample survey of migration conducted in the Baboquivari, Sells, and Pisinemo districts of the Papago Reservation are reported. It was determined that migration is permanent and linear and that functional impairment of reservation communities will eventually occur.]
Hadingham, Eva
1982 The mysterious Hohokam, masters of the Arizona environment. Early Man, Vol. 4, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 20-28. Evanston, Illinois, Center for American Archaeology. [Mention is made of Hohokam sites on the Papago Indian Reservation, and a side bar note talks about Pima Indians and their use of saguaro fruit. The photos, however, are probably of Papagos at a saguaro camp rather than Pimas.]
Hadley, Diana
2003 The changing Santa Cruz, 1680-1912. sonorensis, Vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 10-16. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [Hadley notes that the Santa Cruz River Awas part of the Spanish Empire from the 1680s until 1821, when Mexico gained its independence.@ She draws on Spanish-period accounts for descriptions of this portion of the Pimería Alta and its native Piman (Sobaipuri) inhabitants and natural environment. AEarly descriptions of Sobaipuri villages on the Santa Cruz depict a people living in a balanced relationship with their environment, employing a production system informed by subtle ecological understandings developed over many centuries.@ She also writes about the transformation of native societies brought about by the Spaniards= introduction of livestock; the impact of European diseases on native populations; how horses increased the militarization of Northern Piman society; and about the cienega at San Xavier causing mal aire, the origin of the word, malaria.]
Hadley, Elwood
1903 Report of agent for Pima Agency. In House Executive Documents, no. 5, 58th Congress, 2nd session, Annual reports of the Department of the Interior for 1902. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, part 1, pp. 158-160. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 15, 1902 and written at the Pima Agency, Sacaton, Arizona, this report is addressed to W.A. Jones, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Hadley reports there are from two thousand to twenty-five hundred nomadic Papagos and five hundred Papagos living on the San Xavier Reservation (p. 158). He observes that on April 19, 1902 the San Xavier Reservation and all Papagos were jurisdictionally separated from the Pima Agency and placed in charge of J.M. Berger (p. 158). He also writes that 435 Papago children, including 230 males and 205 females, attend school (p. 160).]
Haeckel, Josef
1936 Das Mutterecht bei den Indiansertämmen im südwestlichen Nordamerika und seine kulturhistoriche Stellung. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Vol. 68, pp. 227-249. Berlin, Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnoilogie, und Urgeschichte. [On page 229 there is a very short reference to Papagos.]
Haefer, J. Richard [a.k.a. John R. Haefer, q.v.]
1972 [Untitled liner notes.] In An anthology of Papago traditional music, Vol. 1, no. C 6084. Phoenix, Canyon Records. [These are liner notes to accompany an audio album of traditional Papago music. The music on the record was collected and recorded by Haefer.]
1973 Papago dance music. In An anthology of Papago traditional music, Vol. 2. Phoenix, Canyon Records. [These are liner notes to accompany an audio recording of traditional Papago music.]
1977 Papago music and dance. Occasional Papers, Vol. 3 [Music and Dance Series, no. 4.] Tsaile, Arizona, Navajo Community College Press. Illus., bibl. 37 pp. [Fifteen illustrations, a bibliography, footnotes, and a discography accompany this splendid 37-page report on the subject. This is an excellent summary which includes the results of Haefer's own fieldwork.]
1978 O'odham celkona (the Papago skipping dance). [Tempe], Arizona State University, Music Department. Bibl. 59 pp. [This is an ethnomusicologically sophisticated study of the Papago skipping dance, one including diagrams, song texts, and music.]
1980 O'odham celkona: the Papago skipping dance. In Southwestern Indian ritual drama, edited by Charlotte J. Frisbie, pp. 239-273. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [A scholarly and detailed discussion of this important traditional Papago social dance, one which overs its known history, purpose, performers, music, paraphernalia, musical instruments, dance movements, and costumes.]
Haefer, John R. [a.k.a. J. Richard Haefer, q.v.]
1981 "Musical thought in Papago culture." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 401 pp. [This is among the most complete studies of Papago music ever undertaken, one with emphasis on the lyrics and on the contexts in which music traditionally occurred rather than on the music itself. Much of the information is based on the author's original fieldwork.]
Hagan, Maxine W.
1959 "An educational history of the Pima and Papago peoples from the mid-seventeenth century to the mid-twentieth century." Ed.D. dissertation. The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 326 pp. [A chronological-topical history of the formal (non-Indian) education of Pimas and Papagos on their reservations in southern Arizona from the period of Spanish penetration to the mid-twentieth century.]
Hagan, William T.
1961 American Indians. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Illus., index. ix + 190 pp. [Hagan says that Papagos regarded war as a form of insanity (p. 3), and he notes that Papagos were among the Indians who had to adjust to new conditions under American occupation (p. 95).]
1988 United States Indian policies, 1860-1900. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4, History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn, pp. 51-65. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of the fact that for several years in the 1870s and '80s Indian Territory was considered as a potential home for Indians as widely separated as the Papagos and Sioux.]
Hagberg, Elizabeth B.
1939 ASouthwestern Indian burial practices.@ Master of Arts thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [Papago burial practices are included in this study.]
Hagerty, Donald J.
1987 Maynard Dixon country. Arizona Highways, Vol. 63, no. 3 (March), pp. 32-37. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made of visits paid by artist Dixon and his artist wife, Edith Hamlin, to the Papago (Tohono O'odham) Indian reservation between 1939 and the time of Dixon's death in 1946. Hamlin mentions that they liked to visit Sells and its annual Indian fair.]
Haggerty, Joan H., editor and compiler
1975 A basketfull of resources for the Papago Reservation. Tucson, Lundquist Press. 91 pp. [This practical booklet contains a list of programs and types of services available on the Papago Reservation. It is designed to aid Papago Head Start staff and parents in finding educational, health, and social service resources to help themselves and their children.]
Hague, Harlan
1985 "Here is the road": Indian as guide. The Californians, Vol. 3, no. 2 (March-April), pp. 28-33. San Francisco, Grizzly Bear Publishing Company. [A considerable part of this article is about the Indians who guided Father Francisco Garcés, first Franciscan missionary to the O'odham at San Xavier del Bac, during his 1776 trip to Alta California and to what today is northern Arizona.]
Haist, Grant
1994 Sundown at San Xavier del Bac, Arizona. In Missions. 1995 calendar, August. San Francisco, Browntrout Publishers. [This is a color photo by Haist of the north-northeast elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac as seen from the north side of Granjon=s Arch.]
Hait, Pam
1980 Solar energy. Where it is and where it's going. Arizona Highways, Vol. 56, no. 5 (May), pp. 6-11, 35, 43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Included here are a discussion of the photovoltaic cells system of producing electricity installed at the Papago village of Schuchuli (Gunsight); a photo of David Santos of Schuchuli; and a color reproduction of a painting by Papago artist Michael Chiago of a Papago chultkona (i.e., celkona) dance.]
2002 Seeking out native culture in south-central Arizona. Native Peoples, Vol. 15, no. 2 (January/February), pp. 56, 58, 60. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [Hait observes that south-central Arizona has been homeland for many Native American groups, including the Hia Ced O=odham and Tohono O=odham. She writes three sentences about Mission San Xavier del Bac on the Tohono O=odham Nation as well as about Baboquivari Peak, Kitt Peak National Observatory, and the Papago Basketweavers Organization in Sells.]
Hait, Pam; San Schilling, and Laura Stone, editors
1999 Arizona history traveler. Phoenix, Arizona Humanities Council. Map, illus. 21 pp. [This color-illustrated booklet includes a photo of the church of Mission Tumacacori on the cover as well as a page devoted to Tumacacori National Historical Park B which Apreserves three 18th-century Spanish mission ruins.@ The churches were founded for and among the Northern O=odham.]
Hale, Duane K.
1981 Mineral exploration in the Spanish borderlands, 1513-1846. Journal of the West, Vol. 20, no. 2 (April), pp. 5-20. Manhattan, Kansas, Journal of the West, Inc. [Includes a modern drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac. No mention of Papagos.]
Hale, Kenneth L.
n.d. Papago phonology and Uto-Aztecan sounds laws. s.l., s.n. 6 + 8 pp. [This is a two-part study in mimeographed form. The first part contrasts taxonomic phonemic and systematic phonemic analyses of Papago phonology, while the second part consists of tables including such items as "Inventory of taxonomic phonemes"; "Overlapping distribution ('contrast')"; "Combination of stems and suffixes"; etc. etc. A copy is on file in the Arizona State Museum Library, Tucson. Also see Hale (1965).]
1958 Internal diversity in Uto-Aztecan: I. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 24, no. 2 (April), pp. 101-107. Baltimore, Indiana University. [Papago was one of seventeen languages of Uto-Aztecan stock examined in this study. These seventeen Uto-Aztecan languages are grouped on the basis of lexicostatistics. A method is presented for determining whether or not the items in a given comparison are cognate.]
1959a Internal diversity in Uto-Aztecan: II. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 25, no. 2 (April), pp. 114-121. Baltimore, Indiana University. [This is the second part of Hale (1958).]
1959b "A Papago grammar." Ph.D. dissertation. Indiana University, Bloomington. 188 pp. [A Pima-Papago grammar based on fieldwork in Sells, Arizona, and in Sonora, Mexico. The analysis ranges from phonemics to morphology-syntax.]
1964 The sub-grouping of Uto-Aztecan languages: lexical evidence for Sonora. Actas y Memorias, XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, 1962, pp. 511-518. México. [The Papago language is discussed extensively in this paper, one which looks at classifications of Uto-Aztecan languages which have traditionally been placed in the Sonoran language branch.]
1964-65 On the use of informants in field-work. Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique, Vol. 10, pp. 108-119. Ottawa, Canadian Lingusitic Association.
1965 Some preliminary observations of Papago morphophonemics. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 31, no. 4 (October), pp. 295-305. Baltimore, Indiana University. [This paper examines two very different analyses of Papago phonological representations: taxonomic phonemic and systematic phonemic. Hale makes it clear that a taxonomic phonetic representation plays little if any role in Papago phonology.]
1969 Papago /cim/. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 35, no. 2 (April), pp. 203-212. Baltimore, Indiana University. [A detailed explanation of the Papago particle, /cim/. Meanings and numerous examples of its usage in Papago speech are given.]
1970 On Papago laryngeals. In Languages and cultures of western North America, edited by Earl H. Swanson, Jr., pp. 54-60. Pocatello, Idaho State University Press. [The title is the abstract.]
1972 A new perspective on American Indian linguistics. In New perspectives on the pueblos, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 87-110. Albuquerque, School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press. [The author discusses an eight-month partnership (February-September, 1969) with Albert Alvarez, a Papago Indian who taught the author about Papago and whom the author taught linguistics (pp. 96-104).]
1982 'O'odham mu:sigo; Papago music. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains [Sun Tracks, Vol. 7], edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 18-19. Tucson, Sun Tracks and the University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem written by this non-Indian linguist about Papago music.]
1983 Papago (k)c. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 299-327. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [A linguistic study of conjunctions as they occur in Papago to conjoin verbal, nominal, or adpositional phrases.]
1989 Remarks on lexicography in relation to Uto-Aztecan ethnolinguistic research. Tlalocan, Vol. 11, pp. 15-24. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Using and example from Papago, Hale demonstrates how native-language dictionaries could be improved upon by the addition of data on the semantics of the words being defined. The word he analyzes is cioj ( "young male," etc.).]
Hale, Kenneth L., and David Harris
1979 Historical linguistics and archaeology. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 9, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 170-177. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [The correlation between linguistic and archaeological data are considered with respect to Indians of the Southwest. The matter of Piman (including Papago) and Hohokam relationships is outlined on page 176 and various possibilities are considered.]
Haley, James L.
1981 Apaches. A history and culture portrait. Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, Inc. xxi + 453 pp. [Brief allusions to Papagos are made here, especially to their role in the 1871 massacre of Apaches at Camp Grant in southern Arizona.]
Hall, Alice
1995 New face for a desert mission. National Geographic, Vol. 188, no. 6 (December), pp. 52-59. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [With color photos by Ira Block, this is an exceptionally fine article about conservation work underway inside the church of San Xavier del Bac by a team of international conservators and local O=odham apprentice conservators to clean, repair, and consolidate the art of the church.]
Hall, Douglas K.
1990 Frontier spirit. Early churches of the Southwest. New York, Abbeville Press. Illus., bibl., index. 216 pp. [This is principally a book of color photos of churches by the author/photographer. New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California missions are included as well as one church, that at Cocóspera, in Sonora. The historical text for Arizona relates to missions of the Pimería Ata founded by Father Eusebio Kino and has illustrations in eight photos, some in color and others in black-and-white, of Mission San Xavier del Bac. His text mistakenly implies that most of the Pimería Alta churches still standing wre built by Father Kino rather than by later Franciscans.]
Hall, Theodore B.
1935 Two staff meetings, Papago Reservation. Indians at Work, Vol. 2, no. 15 (March 15), pp. 35-36. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [These quotes from letters of written by Hall, Superintendent of the Sells (Papago) Indian Agency, concern reservation cattle marketing, telephone procurement, infected water supplies, and preparation of a reservation newspaper.]
1936a Narrative section -- annual statistical report. s.l., s.n. [This report of Superintendent Hall is dated March 31, 1936. Statistical data are presented concerning the Papago Indian Reservation's industrial development; welfare and social conditions; federal emergency relief administration; law and order; agricultural development; forestry and emergency conservation work; irrigation; allotments and land leases; roads; health; education; Papago re-organization; personnel; and the 1936 program.]
1936b Editorials to the Papagos. Indians at Work, Vol. 3, no. 18 (May 1), pp. 20-23. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [Here are two editorials directed toward the Papago dealing with various aspects of tribal government. The Indian Reorganization Act, tribal council, tribal constitution, district representatives, and district programs are discussed.]
1936c Superintendent's annual report. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Field Service. 87 pp. [This report for the Sells (Papago) Agency is dated November 21, 1936 includes the following headings: Introduction; Agriculture and Stock Raising; Allotments and Land Leases; Arts and Crafts; Clerical, Administrative, and Fiscal; Economic and Social Conditions; Education; Emergency Conservation; Work; Health; Personnel; The Reservation; Customs and Habits of the People; Various Diseases; Water Supply and Sanitation on the Reservation; Indian Relief and Rehabilitation; Irrigation; Law and Order; Tribal Organization; and the 1937 Program.]
1937 Papagos keep up farm tasks. Indians at Work, Vol. 5, no. 1 (October 1), p. 37. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [Reprint of an editorial in Aw-O-Tham Ah-Pa-Tac (Papago Progress) applauding the fact that many Papagos are leaving their Emergency Conservation Work jobs to look after their cattle and to tend to other farming tasks.]
1967 [Letter to Terence Cronin, Provincial, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor, dated February 23, 1967.] Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 10-11. Santa Barbara, California, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor. [This letter from a former Superintendent of the Papago Indian Agency concerns Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., missionary to the Papagos. Hall recounts many of Bonaventure's interests and activities with regard to the latter's work among Papagos. He describes in detail Bonaventure's involvement in setting up the boundaries for the reservation's grazing districts, units which a short time later became the reservation's political districts.]
Hallenbeck, Cleve
1925 Old Spanish missions. New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California. The Mentor, Vol. 13, no. 7 (August), pp. 27-40. Springfield, Ohio, Crowell Publishing Co. [Hallenbeck writes, quite erroneously (p. 30), "The boulders used for the seven foot (sic) foundations of the San Xavier (mission) were brought by Indian women from the mountains twenty miles away (sic), and it is said that if they dropped one they refused to pick it up, but went back for another." A photo of the southwest elevation of the mortuary chapel, church, and south convento wing of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken by Putnam Studios, probably between 1910 and 1920, is on p. 38.]
Hallett, Bill
2002 President's New Year's message. Glyphs, Vol. 52, no. 78 (February), pp. 2-3. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Hallett's message offers, "Our thanks to the Tohono O'odham Indian People who allowed our AAHS members to visit there."]
Hallowell, A. Irving
1953 Culture, personality, and society. In Anthropology today, by Alfred L. Kroeber, pp. 597-620. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Mention is made of unpublished results of Rorschach tests administered to Papago Indians (p. 607).]
Halpern, A.M.
1946 Book review of A brief introduction to Papago, a native language of Arizona. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 12, no. 1 (January), pp. 44-45. Baltimore, Indiana University. [This is an extremely critical review of Kurath (1945).]
Hamblin, Nancy
1981 The fauna of Tumacacori. In Tumacacori plaza excavation, 1979 [Publications in Anthropology, no. 16], by Lee Fratt, pp.233-257. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. [This report on bones recovered in archaeological excavations at the site of an eighteenth and nineteenth-century Northern Piman mission in southern Arizona notes the preponderance of such European-introduced domestic animals as cattle, sheep, and chickens.]
Hamilton, James G.
1950 My dear Cornelia. Letters by James G. Hamilton during an overland trip from Westport, Missouri to California; and return by steamer via New York; August 26, 1857 - April 15, 1858. Compiled by Katherine Jones Moore. Fresno, California, Katherine Jones Moore. 18 pp. [This mimeographed compilation includes a letter written within a mile of Mission San Xavier del Bac on October 29, 1859. He describes the church in some detail in this document, a copy of which is in the library of the Arizona Historical Society in Tucson.]
Hamilton, John M.
1948 "A history of the Presbyterian work among the Pima and Papago Indians of Arizona." Master of Art's thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 260 pp. [Pages 103-150 trace the history of Presbyterian work among the Papagos from 1900 to 1948. Other references to Papagos are scattered throughout.]
Hamilton, Patrick, compiler
1881 The resources of Arizona. Prescott, by authority of the Legislature. 120 pp. [Hamilton, who speaks highly of the Papagos, provides a one-paragraph overview of their history and present status as an industrious people. He emphasizes their skills as farmers and stock raisers.]
1884 The resources of Arizona. Third edition. San Francisco, A.L. Bancroft and Company. Illus. 414 pp. [In this much expanded and revised version of Hamilton (1881), there is a brief discussion of the Papagos and Papaguería (pp. 297-298), and there is another mention of Papagos on page 226 and probably elsewhere throughout the book. A line drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac faces page 24 and references to the mission are on pages 144 and 297.]
1966 The resources of Arizona. Introduction by Odie B. Faulk. Tucson, Piñon Press. Index. vii + 120 pp. [A reprint of Hamilton (1881) with the addition of an index and introduction by Faulk.]
Hamlin, Edith
1981 The later years: a tribute to Maynard Dixon. In Maynard Dixon. Images of the Native American, pp. 88-89, 92-93. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. [In 1939 artist Maynard Dixon and his wife, Edith Hamlin, moved to Tucson where they became acquainted with Papago Indians, including Juan Xavier, whom Dixon painted and drew. Some of that story is related here.]
Hammer, Donald F.
1961 "Geology and ore deposits of the Jackrabbit area, Pinal County, Arizona." Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The Jackrabbit area is on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hammer, Patricia C., compiler
1996 Native North American language instruction offered at institutions of higher education. Charleston, West Virginia, ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools. [This directory provides a listing of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada that offer a combined total of instruction in fifty-one Native American languages. Tohono O=odham is among the languages offered.]
Hammett, Paula
1986 Long term leasing. Native Self-Sufficiency, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 4-5. Forestville, California, Native Self-Sufficiency. [A fairly detailed sketch of the legislative history of Public Law 84-255 (1955) which allows for the long-term leasing of Indian trust lands. Specific mention is made of the application of the terms of this law to the San Xavier Reservation.]
Hammond, George P.
1929a The Camp Grant Massacre: a chapter in Apache history [Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Branchy of the American Historical Association]. Berkeley. [A study of the 1871 killing of Western Apaches who were living near Camp Grant, Arizona, by a large band of Papagos, Mexicans, and Anglos from Tucson and San Xavier del Bac.]
1929b Primería (sic) Alta after Kino's time. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 4, no. 3 (July), pp. 220-238. Santa Fe, The Historical Society of New Mexico and the University of New Mexico. [The discussion focuses on Jesuit missionary activities among the Northern O'odham after 1711. Scattered references to Mission San Xavier del Bac are found on pages 22, 224, 229, 230, and 231.]
Hamn, S.E.
1985a Ancient cities and farms in the desert. In Where waters meet, by Faith Cummins and others, pp. 7-10. Winkelman, Arizona, Central Arizona College, Aravaipa Campus. [The author subscribes to the notion that the prehistoric Hohokam peoples of the San Pedro River Valley "came to exist as the Pima and Papago" (p. 10).]
1985b The Apache -- the first invader. In Where waters meet, by Faith Cummins and others, pp. 11-13. Winkelman, Arizona, Central Arizona College, Aravaipa Campus. [About the coming of Apaches to the San Pedro River Valley in southeastern Arizona and their initial conflicts with Papagos. Noted, too, is the opinion of archaeologist Dudley Meade that Pimans were already hostile to Apaches before Europeans arrived. Hence, "the Whites did not prompt the conflict."]
Hancock, Virgil, III
1990 West with the stage. Arizona Highways, Vol. 67, no. 9 (September), pp. 18-27. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Largely a portfolio of color photos showing the country in southern Arizona through which stage routes formerly ran. Mention is made of the fact that the route also went through Tohono O'odham lands.]
Hand, George. See Carmony 1994, 1995
Haney, Richard A., Jr.
1977 Prototype technology/information transfer program developed at the University of Arizona. Indian Programs, Vol. 2, no. 9 (Summer), pp. 1-6. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Discussion of Papago involvement in the University of Arizona's NADSAT (Native Development, Systems Analysis and Applied Technology) program is on page 6. The Papago Tribal Utility Authority and the Papago Planning Department are using remote sensing techniques to develop a natural resources inventory. The principal goal involves water-quality management.]
Hanley, Boniface, and Salvador Fink
1962 The Franciscans: love at work. Paterson, New Jersey, St. Anthony Guild Press. Illus. 247 pp. [This eight-chapter book about the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) includes black-and-white photographs of Father Maurus Kelly watching as a Papago boy drinks water from an olla (p. 56); of Father Theodore Williges talking to Papago and Mexican children (p. 130); and of Father Cyril Baur reading to two Papago children (p. 160).]
Hanlon, Capistran J.
1970 A Papago barbecue. Kiva, Vol. 36, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 11-13. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. ["At the San Xavier Festival on April 19, 1968 Manuel Enis, a Papago Indian and his son revived an old practice of barbecuing a steer." This illustrated article describes the event.]
1971 "Acculturation at San Xavier: changing boundaries of a Southwest Indian community." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. Maps, bibl. 324 pp. ["The concept of boundary exchange is employed to describe the relationship of the Papago Indians of San Xavier del Bac with the dominant Euro-American cultures that have pressed in upon their domain since 1692. The exchange of boundaries is traced from classical Papago times up until the present."]
1972 Papago funeral customs. Kiva, Vol. 37, no. 2 (inter), pp. 104-113. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of Papago funeral customs based on historical and ethnographic literature, comparing these with what Father Capistran himself witnessed as a Franciscan missionary working in the Papago village of Bac on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]
1981 Social and cultural change and the Papago Indians. Voices, Vol. 4, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 7-23. Loudonville, New York, Siena College, Faculty Committee on Teaching. [Relying on Ruth Underhill's studies of traditional Papago culture, Hanlon outlines the former structures of Papago family, marriage, residence, divorce, child rearing, and village. These are contrasted with the 1981 situation among Papagos on the San Xavier Reservation where Hanlon has done field work and participated as a Franciscan missionary. He discusses modern residence patterns, government, social problems, and causes of transition of the Papago family.]
1991 The saint of San Xavier del Bac. Dove of the Desert, no. 9 Winter), p. 2. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [Fr. Capistran writes about the confusion among parishioners and pilgrims at Mission San Xavier del Bac concerning the identities of St. Francis of Assisi, San Francisco Xavier and Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. He notes that Tohono O'odham and others venture to Magdalena, Sonora each October at the time of the feast of San Francisco de Asís to honor San Francisco Xavier. And "the recent discovery of the remains of Father Kino ... at Magdalena have only added to the confusion." He concludes that the faith of the people has not been diminished by the seeming confusion.]
1994a The Spanish frontier missions, Indians, and historiography. Friar Lines, Vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 6-16. New York, Franciscan Friars of the Most Holy Name of Jesus. [As below, but without the bibliographic references and with the addition of a photo of the church of Mission San Xavier, of a statue of the Immaculate Conception inside the church, and of Papago women in the Wa:k feast house cooking for a fiesta.]
1994b The Spanish frontier missions, Indians, and historiography. Voices, Vol. 16, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 33-46. Loudonville, New York, Faculty Committee on Teaching, Siena College. [Citing Edward Spicer=s Cycles of Conquest, Hanlon observes that one of the Papagos= adaptations to the introduction of Christianity was their development of a Christian sect of their own.]
Hanna, Bertram L.
1962 The biological relationships among Indian groups of the Southwest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 20, new series, no. 4 (December), pp. 499-508. Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [The Papago are examined with other Southwestern groups in terms of inter-tribal distribution of anthropometric measurements. These patterns of relationships are compared with those obtained through a study of blood group allelic frequencies.]
Hanna, Bertram L.; Albert A. Dahlberg, and Herluf H. Strandskov
1953 A preliminary study of the population history of the Pima Indians. American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 5, no. 4 (December), pp. 377-388. Baltimore, American Society of Human Genetics. [Although the study is concerned primarily with the Gila River Pima Indians and is based on blood samples taken from 97 of them, Papagos are alluded to in a section called, "History of the Pima Indians," and comparisons are made with Papago blood group data as reported by Edward L. Breazeale and others (1941).]
Hanna, David C.
1987a Field survey results. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 3], by David C. Hanna, Mary L. Heuett, and Peter L. Steere, section 5. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Complete with maps, this 67-page report describes and shows the locations of all material cultural remains found within the 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation that underwent archaeological survey. Artifacts are listed but not illustrated.]
1987b Prehistory. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 2], by David C. Hanna and Douglas E. Kupel, section 3A. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Hanna Apresents an overview of archaeological and historical research pertaining to the Tucson Basin, southern Arizona, northern Sonora and the Southwest culture area at large. It was developed specifically as a resource to be used in describing, analyzing and evaluating the scientific, ethnic, historic and public significance of the cultural resources within the San Xavier Archaeological Project@ within an 18,729-acre segment of the San Xavier Reservation proposed for lease and development as a planned community. In addition to prehistory, Hanna considers Apost-Hohokam@ research and the question of the archaeological identification of early Piman sites.]
1987c Research design and methodology. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 2], by David C. Hanna and Douglas E. Kupel, section 3A. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This is an explication of the research design and methodology for an archaeological and historical study of the region of the San Xavier Indian Reservation being considered for a long-term lease and development of a major planned (non-Indian) community. It includes a Adiscussion of methods used in field operations, laboratory processing and cataloging, special analyses and data integration work.@]
Hanna, David C., and Douglas E. Kupel
1987 Research results. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 3], by David C. Hanna, Mary L. Heuett, and Peter L. Steere, section 6. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Results of an intensive archaeological assessment of 18,729 acres within the boundaries of the San Xavier Reservation are reported on here in terms of (1) cultural and temporal parameters, (2) subsistence technology and economy, (3) subsistence-settlement systems, and (4) historic research.]
Hanna, Joel M.
1970 Response of native and migrant desert residents to arid heat. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 32, no. 2 (March), pp. 187-195. Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [Five Papago Indian students were tested along with five White students from Tucson, Arizona in studies involving tolerance to arid heat. The Papago students showed significantly lower sweat rates and significantly lower rectal temperatures. Reasons for this are given.]
Hannar, Rupert
1942a From the San Solano missions, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 4, no. 3 (July), pp. 40-41. Santa Barbara, California, [Franciscan] Province of Santa Barbara. [News of Franciscan missionary activity on the Papago Reservation and elsewhere among Papagos includes the note that plans are underway to build a church for Papagos in Ajo.]
1942b Items from Papaguería. Provincial Annals, Vol. 4, no. 2 (April), pp. 35-37. Santa Barbara, California, [Franciscan] Province of Santa Barbara. [Father Rupert recounts events among Franciscan missionaries, noting the effect of the World War II rubber shortage on the ability to get automobile tires. He also writes about Papagos' going to the cotton fields, a stone meteorite near a Papago village, and lightning striking the church at Havana Nakya.]
1942c Padres and Papagos along the border -- San Solano missions. Provincial Annals, Vol. 4, no. 4 (October), pp. 43-45. Santa Barbara, California, [Franciscan] Province of Santa Barbara. [Notice is given of the death of Sister Mary Aquinas, a St. Joseph Sister of Carondelet, who had spent from 1904 to 1932 at Mission San Xavier del Bac. She died June 25, 1942. Father Rupert also notes the tradition among Papagos of taking in orphaned children whether they are related or not, and he describes Papago burial customs in some detail. He also tells about a leader in Topawa named "Dirty Spoon"; he writes that work is progressing on the chapel for Papagos at Ajo; and he talks about the storage of the remaining pillars (estípites) from the façade of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
1948 I discover Florence Village. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 28, no. 4 (April), pp. 56-57. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Father Rupert at this time was a Franciscan missionary stationed at Blackwater on the Gila River Indian Reservation, from where he made a visit to the Papago settlement at Florence, Arizona in February, 1948. He gives a brief history of the Florence settlement, which he says was begun "years ago" by Papagos from the village of Santa Rosa who found work on nearby ranches. Illustrated with two photos showing Papago residents of the Florence village.]
Hanson, Roseann
1995 Dining among the saguaros, the art of Yosemite, Seattle underground. Arizona. Sunset, Vol. 194, no. 3 (March), pp. 16-17. Menlo Park, California, Sunset Publishing Corporation. [A color photo accompanies an article about a restaurant owned and operated by Bernard and Regina Siquieros at Covered Wells on the Papago Indian Reservation. Also mentioned is the O'odham-owned co-operative Gu Achi Trading Post at Covered Wells.]
Harbottle, Garman, and Phil Weigand
1987 Report on neutron activation analysis of turquoise artifacts and numerical taxonomy based on the chemical analytical profiles. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix H, pp. 437-442. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Twenty-nine turquoise artifacts from a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation, along with ten additional samples submitted by the Arizona State Museum from other sites, are analyzed in an effort to locate the source of the turquoise and to group the artifacts in terms of the origins of the turquoise from which they were fashioned.].
Hard, Robert J.
1990 Agriculture dependence in the mountain Mogollon. In Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul E. Minnis and Charles L. Redman, pp. 135-149. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [Hard speculates that the Papago Indians ethnographically were 35% to 44% dependent on cultigens (pp. 139-140). A table on page 141 gives the figures for the mean length and width of twenty-one Papago manos (hand grinding stones).]
Hard, Robert J., and William H,. Doelle
1978 The San Agustín Mission site, Tucson, Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 118]. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. Maps, illus., references. vi + 38 pp. [This report concerns archaeological test excavations at the site of the Mission San Agustín del Tucson, a visita of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The history of Piman occupation at the site is outlined and there is a good explanation of the confusion of names for the site: San Cosme, San José, and San Agustín.]
Hardesty, Emma
1994 Ha:sañ, the saguaro harvest. Permaculture Drylands Journal, no. 20 (August), pp. 4-7. Santa Fe, Permaculture Drylands Education and Research Institute. [Briefly summarized here is the role played by saguaro and the harvesting of its fruit in "the core of O'odham life, community, and ceremony." Most of the information is drawn from Bowden (1977a).]
Harding, William J.
1970 "A modular method for the modelling of health delivery systems." Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 126 pp. [A modular simulation methodology for a general health delivery system is illustrated by describing the health delivery system in use on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hargan, Bruce A.
1978 "Regional gravity data analysis of the Papago Indian Reservation, Pima County, Arizona." Master's thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 105 pp. ["A regional gravity survey was conducted on the Sells Papago Indian Reservation to determine alluvially covered pediments and to give a first approximation of potential mineral, water, and geothermal resource locations."]
Harjo, Suzan S.
1998 In memoriam for the first member of the Native Peoples Editorial Advisory Board, Barry M. Goldwater, January 1, 1909 - May 29, 1998. Native Peoples, Vol. 11, no. 4 (Summer), p. 40. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [Harjo tells about being told by Forrest J. Gerard (Blackfeet), the first Assistant Interior Secretary for Indian Affairs, about Senator Goldwater's role in a heated battle involving Tohono O'odham water rights. "The Senator weighed in on the tribe's side, telling their Arizona opponents, 'We made an agreement -- a deal is a deal.'" ]
Harkin, Charles
1893 A scrap of frontier history. Overland Monthly, 2nd series, Vol. 26 (March), pp. 265-276. [Included here is Harkin's reminiscence of his visit to San Xavier village in the winter of 1861-62 where a Papago gave him mescal to drink.]
Harper, H.E., and J.R. Reynolds
1969 The Lakeshore copper deposit. Mining Congress Journal, Vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 26-30. Washington, D.C., American Mining Congress. [The Lakeshore copper deposit is on the Papago Indian Reservation south of Casa Grande, Arizona.]
Harrington, Alan
1987 Juan and Jack: memories of a desert town, 1949. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5 (May), pp. 39-41. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [This is about the author's mother, anthropologist Gwyneth (Harrington) Xavier, who married Papago Indian Juan Xavier, and about a visit from Jack Kerouac. Photos of Juan and Gwyneth Xavier are included.]
Harris, Benjamin B.
1960 The Gila Trail. The Texas argonauts and the California Gold Rush. Edited and annotated by Richard H. Dillon. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Map, illus., appendix, bibliographical note, index. xv + 175 pp. [Harris passed through the Indian village at San Xavier del Bac in 1849. He wrote, ASan Xavier=s population consisted of Papago Indians. They had a stone church near one hundred years old, costing it was said, a half-million dollars, rich paintings and decorations included. The people lived in conical wigwams made of loose stones (straw?) having doors level with the ground and two feet high.
AA young buck having pilfered some article from our company, was by the chief surrendered to us to be done with as we pleased. His sentence was thirty-nine lashes. Not a groan or squirm escaped him.@
A footnote by editor Dillon incorrectly attributes construction of the church to Fathers Baltasar and Narciso, and without attribution, he also says the church was called La Paloma del Desierto, an unlikely scenario since it wasn=t all white until the early 20th century. He also gives wrong dates for the church=s construction, and says its architects were the AGaona brothers,@ when, in fact, there was only one Gaona who was responsible.]
Harris, Richard E.
1983 The first 100 years. A history of Arizona Blacks. Apache Junction, Arizona, Relmo Publishers. [A 1923 photograph (p. 63) shows four touring cars with "middle-class (Black) Tucsonans" in them parked in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Harris, William R.
1908 By path and trail. Chicago, Chicago Newspaper Union. [Chapter 20 (pp. 169-180) is about the author's visit to Mission San Xavier del Bac. He writes about the nuns who were then teaching there, of the Papagos, and of the history of the mission. A photo labeled "Papago 'Wickiup'" is actually that of three Navajos sitting by a forked-stick hogan. This book was also published in Salt Lake City by the Press of the "Intermountain Catholic" under the pseudonym Oswald Crawford (1908).]
Harrison, Benjamin
1890 Message from the President of the United States. Senate Executive Documents, no. 71, Vol. 9, pp. 1-8, 51st Congress, 1st session, 1889-90. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Contains a letter and bill of authorization from President Harrison as well as correspondence from John W. Nobel, Secretary of the Interior; T.J. Morgan, Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Cornelius C. Crouse, U.S. Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago; W.T. Gray, Sheriff, Phoenix, Arizona Territory; and Lewis Wolfley, Governor, Arizona Territory. It deals with presidential authorization for the removal of Indians of the Papago or Gila Bend Reservation in Maricopa County, Arizona Territory, to the Papago Indian Reservation in Pima County, or to the "Pimo" and Maricopa Indian reservations, commonly known as the Gila River and Salt River Indian reservations, respectively. There were about thirty Papagos living on the Gila Bend Reservation at the time.]
Harrison, Jeff
1994-95 The museum where cultures converge. Outreach UA, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 12-15. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Vice President for Academic Outreach and International Affairs. [An article about the newly-installed "Paths of Life" exhibit in the Arizona State Museum on the University of Arizona campus includes a color photograph of Danny Lopez and the Sells Primary School O'odham Dancers preparing for a performance at the exhibit's dedication.]
2000 Department & program news: linguistics. People, Places & Society, Spring, p. 10. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. [There is an article here about Tohono O'odham Ofelia Zepeda's being awarded a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur grant in the amount of $320,000 to use as she sees fit. A black-and-white photo of Zepeda accompanies the one-paragraph article.]
Hart, Elizabeth
1937 Native foodstuffs as a supplement to the food budget of Arizona desert Indians. Indians at Work, Vol. 5, no. 3 (November 1), pp. 14-15. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [The use of native foods among the Papago, Pima, Maricopa, and Apache tribes has waned.]
Hart, Mildred Y.
1953 Morning stands up: a Papago Indian legend. Salt Lake City, Desert News Press. Illus. 34 pp. [This is labeled as a Papago legend on the origin of the Night-blooming cereus.]
Hartmann, Gayle H.
1981 Pima County land exchange survey. Archaeological Series, no. 151. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. [Included in this archaeological study is a brief summary of Tucson Basin history, one which takes into account the native Piman inhabitants of the Basin and their involvement with Spaniards in the 18th century, such as exemplified in Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
1985 The Black Sheep pictograph site: interpretation and interrelationships. Kiva, Vol. 50, nos. 2-3 (Winter-Spring), pp. 95-109. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Discussion of prehistoric paintings of sheep in small caves in the Tucson Mountains draws on comparisons with petroglyph sites found elsewhere in the Hohokam area, including those on the San Xavier Reservation at Black Mountain and Martinez Hill.]
1998 Julian Hayden, AAHS, and the Pinacates: an anecdotal reminiscence. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 103-114. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Passing mention is made of Julian Hayden's recording of a version of the O'odham creation myth.]
Hartmann, Gayle H., editor
2000 Draft. Volume I. The only water for 100 miles: the ethnohistory and history of Tinajas Altas [SWCA Cultural Resource Report, no. 98-260]. Phoenix, Arcadis Geraghty & Miller, Inc.; Tucson, SWCA, Inc. Maps, illus., appendices. [This report, whose title is its abstract, is divided into three sections: one of oral histories of the Tinajas Altas region; one on its history from 1540 to 1854; and a third on its history after 1854. Hia C-ed O'odham are frequently mentioned.]
Hartmann, Gayle, and William K. Hartmann
1979 Prehistoric trail systems and related features on the slopes of Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 39-69. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of bedrock mortars on a prehistoric site next to Tucson, Arizona, includes ethnographically analogous data drawn from Papago sources. Juanita Ahil's use of such mortars to grind mesquite beans is mentioned.]
Hartmann, Gayle, and Mary C. Thurtle
2001 The archaeology of Tinajas Altas, a desert water hole in southwestern Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 489-518. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [The authors write: "Although considerable archaeological evidence suggests the peoples using this region were Patayan/Yuman, historical documentation also indicates use by Hia C-ed O'odham, supporting earlier suggestions that the Hia C-ed O'odham shared many Yuman traits. We conclude that visits to the site ranged from brief forays to longer use as seasonal camps, and that much of the use was focused in the late prehistoric and early Historic periods."]
Hartmann, Gayle H., and Sharon F. Urban
1991 The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society: its first seventy-five years. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 329-357. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This history of the Society lists field trips to Sil Nakya on the Papago Indian Reservation and to Mission San Xavier; articles in Kiva, such as that concerning Ventana Cave, related to the Papago Indian Reservation; and publication of Prent Duell's book on the architecture of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Also mentioned are talks given to Society members which have concerned themselves with San Xavier or Papago-related topics.]
Hartmann, William K.
1989 Desert heart: chronicles of the Sonoran Desert. Tucson, Fisher Books. Maps, illus., bibl., index. viii + 216 pp. [This history -- both human and natural -- of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora includes references throughout to the northern O'odham and to Spanish-period missions that served them. Consult the index under Areneño Papagos, Baboquivari, Caborca, Childs, Dolores, Guevavi, House of the Wind, I'itoi, Juan, Magdalena, Oacpicagigua, Papago Indians, Papaguería, Quitobaquito, Quitovac, San Xavier del Bac, Sand Papagos, Santa Ana de Cuiquiburitac, Sells, and Tumacacori. This is a spectacularly beautiful book with a scholarly, reliable text.]
Hartmann, William K., and Gayle H. Hartmann
1972 Juan de la Asunción, 1538: first Spanish explorer of Arizona? Kiva, Vol. 37, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 93-103. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Maps and a bibliography accompany this essay concerning what may have been the first European entrada into the northern Piman territory of today's northern Sonora/southern Arizona, although neither Pimas nor Papagos are referred to by name in the article.]
Hartwick, Nancy
1979 A remarkable museum. A remarkable woman. Graduate Woman, Vol., 73, no. 1 (January/February), pp. 20-27. Washington, D.C., American Association of University Women. [The museum is the Antelope Valley Indian Museum in the Mohave Desert in Lancaster, California. It includes a Papago alcove with a display of Papago Indian pottery and basketry.]
Harvey, Byron
1964 Is pottery making a dying art? Masterkey, Vol. 38, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 55-65. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [A photograph of a Papago plainware bean pot appears on page 56.]
Harvey, Johnson
1946 Cruel woman. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, pp. 17-18. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. [This version of the Ho=ok story, that of the wicked woman who killed Papago children but who was herself killed by E=etoy, was told to its author when he was about six years old by his grandfather who was living in Fresnal Canyon on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Haskett, Bert
1935 Early history of the cattle industry in Arizona. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 6, no. 4 (October), pp. 2-42. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Scattered mention is, made of Papagos' involvement with cattle, including their stealing of cattle in 1869 and 1870 that belonged to Henry Hooker and which were being grazed "on the Papago Indian Reservation" (sic) a hundred miles southwest of Tucson. It was Papago country, but not a reservation at that time.]
Hassrick, Royal B.
1974 The colorful story of the North American Indians. London, Octopus Books, Ltd. Illus., bibl., index. 144 pp. [Papagos are mentioned as descendants of the Hohokam (p. 18); as continuing to make baskets (p. 30); and are depicted in photographs showing a woman making a basket (p. 97), a traditional brush house (p. 95), and a young woman with a twilled basket carrying support on her head (p. 99).]
1975 The colorful story of the North American Indians. Secaucus, New Jersey, Derbibooks. Illus., bibl., index. 144 pp. [Identical to Hassrick (1974) except for the date, publisher, and place of publication.]
Hastings, James R.
1959a The tragedy at Camp Grant in 1871. Arizona and the West, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 146-160. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [On pages 152-154 there is a discussion of the April 30, 1871 "punitive expedition" against Camp Grant Apaches carried out by ninety-four Papago Indians, forty-eight Mexicans, and six Anglo Americans under the leadership of William S. Oury.]
1959b Vegetation change and arroyo cutting in southeastern Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 1, no. 2 (October), pp. 60-67. Tucson, Arizona Academy of Science. [Hastings draws heavily on historical observations of travelers and of other early writers in discussing the topic. Some of the material relates to the vicinity near Mission San Xavier del Bac (lack of a well-defined channel before ca. 1890). There is also mention of there being "not a blade of grass" on the International Boundary in the western reaches of the Papaguería.]
Hatch, Heather S.
1987 A glorious legacy. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 28, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 333-352. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [An overview of the history of photography in Arizona alludes to late 19th and early 20th century photographs of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken by the husband of Anna Daisy Sinsabaugh and of Mission San Xavier as found in the photo album of Sara Dugan Krentz.]
Hatfield, Shelley B.
1998 Chasing shadows: Indians along the United States-Mexico Border, 1876-1911. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Hatfield mentions that between 1887 and 1906 Yaqui Indians moving northward from Sonora sometimes took refuge among the Tohono O=odham (p. 127).]
Hathaway, J. Holly
1987 Archaeomagnetic report for AZ BB:13:14 (ASM). In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix C, pp. 379-386. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is an archaeomagnetic analysis of eight samples recovered from a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation. Two samples dated from just before 1870, while the other six dated in the period A.D.700 to 1400.]
Haugh, Solano
1954a New Papago church dedicated. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 34, no. 8 (October), pp. 119-120. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [About the dedication of St. Elizabeth's church at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. Two photos show the church, including one with Father Lambert Fremdling and Papagos working on its construction.]
1954b A tenderfoot's surprise. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 34, no. 7 (September), pp. 108-109. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [An article by a Franciscan newly-arrived on the Papago Indian Reservation concerns the problems of travel on the reservation. A black-and-white photo shows a jeep stuck in the sand or rocks.]
1956 Father Nicholas Perschl, golden jubilarian. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 36, no. 6 (June), pp. 86-87. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [An outline of the life of Father Nicholas Perschl, a Franciscan who served the Papagos starting in 1914 and who was still among them in 1956. Two photos of Father Nicholas are included, one with five Papagos at San Miguel Mission on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
[1957] Papago. The desert people. Oakland, California, Franciscan Missionary Union. Illus. 42 pp. [Sections of this well-illustrated book about Papagos and Franciscan missionaries who have worked among them in the 120th century are titled, AWho are you?@ APapagueria,@ AThe Desert People,@ Wheat,@ ASaguaro,@ ACattle,@ ABasketry,@ AWater,@ AFuneral,@ AThe Missionaries,@ and A>I Wanna go to school.=@ A second edition of this book was published about 1961, one that has some color photos including one of Mission San Xavier del Bac on the outside of the back cover.]
1958a San Solano missions. Provincial Annals, Vol. 21, no. 2 (October), p. 169. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A brief summary of Franciscan activities at their mission at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation, including mention of the fact that Papago Indian Laura Kermen had been hired to teach the primer class in the Catholic school at Topawa.]
1958b San Solano missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 20, no. 3 (January), p. 188. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This notice concerns the 50th anniversary of the founding of the San Solano mission field among Papago Indians, and it mentions the recently-completed preparation by linguist Madeleine Mathiot of a Practical orthography for the Papago language.]
1959a San Solano missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 21, no. 3 (January), pp. 248-249. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A review of Franciscan missionary activity on the Papago Reservation includes mention of efforts being made in the village of Chuichu to erect a non-Catholic, inter-denominational church there, and the concern this has provoked among friars as well as among some Papagos.]
1959b San Solano missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 21, no. 4 (April), p. 302. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Solano explains how it came to pass that linguist Madeleine Mathiot had come to the Papago Reservation to help the friars learn Papago.]
1961(?) Papago: the desert people. Oakland, California, The Franciscan Missions. Illus. 48 pp. [This book was intended for popular consumption. It is a pictorial representation of Papagos and Franciscan missionary work among Papagos as written by a Franciscan priest. It includes a brief historical sketch of Papago contact as well as a description of the Papaguería and of Papago culture in general. Included, too, are photographs and a discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 10-12), with an excellent color photo of the mission on the outside of the book's back cover.]
1963 Father Nicholas Perschl's golden jubilee, San Xavier del Bac, April 15, 1963. Provincial Annals, Vol. 25, no. 3 (July), pp. 135-136. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a loving look by a fellow missionary at the 50-year career of Franciscan missionary Nicholas Perschl, most of whose 50 years had been spent working among the Papago Indians. Many anecdotes concerning Father Nicholas among the Papagos are related here.]
Haury, Emil W.
1932 Roosevelt 9:6. A Hohokam site of the colonial period. Medallion Papers, no. 11. Globe, Gila Pueblo. [Included here is an allusion to Papago Indian cholla bud roasting pits and of Papago paddle-and-anvil pottery making.]
1942 Recent field work by the Arizona State Museum. Kiva, Vol. 7, nos. 5-6 (February-March), pp. 17-24. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of archaeological excavations being carried out at Ventana Cave on the Papago Reservation makes mention of the Papagos' use of the cave during saguaro fruit-harvesting season. A section called "The Papago Indian Reservation" (pp. 20-24) discusses archaeological excavations the Arizona State Museum has undertaken elsewhere on the reservation, including Valshni Village and Jackrabbit Ruin.]
1945 The problem of contacts between the southwestern United States and Mexico. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 1, pp. 55-74. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Writes Haury: "The type of corn grown through the lower Colorado River basin by the Yuman peoples and also Piman peoples north of the international line to the Gila Valley is a hot country corn, Anderson and Cutler's 'Pima-Papago' race of Zea Mays, in contrast to the 'Pueblo' race of the Plateau. Significantly, Pima-Papago corn is the ancient type of the area, too, grown by the Hohokam and preserved in Ventana Cave. Equally meaningful is the fact that Pima-Papago corn is quite similar to Basketmaker corn."]
1956 Speculations on prehistoric settlements patterns in the Southwest. In Prehistoric settlement patterns in the New World, [Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, no. 23], edited by Gordon R. Willey. [New York], Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [Papagos are cited as illustration "that land as such need not keep an agricultural people rooted."]
1958 Evidence at Point of Pines for a prehistoric migration from northern Arizona. In Migrations in New World culture history [University of Arizona Social Science Bulletin, no. 27], edited by Raymond H. Thompson, pp. 1-6. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Comparison is drawn between prehistoric corn found near Point of Pines in central Arizona and Papago corn.]
1962 The greater American Southwest. In Courses toward urban life, [Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, no. 32], edited by Robert J. Braidwood and Gordon R. Willey, pp. 106-131. [New York], Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [Passing mention is made of the degree of Papagos' aboriginal reliance on domesticated as opposed to wild plants for food.]
1972 Before history. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2nd edition by members of the faculty at the University of Arizona, pp. 17-27. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Haury alludes to stone tools, charcoal, and bones of several kinds of extinct animals that were found in excavations in Ventana Cave on the Papago Reservation (p. 18). He also alludes to the presence of gathering ditches on the reservation (p. 20), and he says Papagos are believed to be descendants of the Hohokam (p. 23).]
1974 The problem of contacts between the southwestern United States and Mexico. In The Mesoamerican Southwest, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 92-102, 158-162. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam, Feffer & Simon, Inc. [This is a reprint of Haury (1945).]
1976 The Hohokam: desert farmers & craftsmen. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 412 pp. [This is a report on archaeological excavations at Snaketown on the Gila River Indian Reservation, but there are mentions of the Papagos' vikita dance plaza (p. 79); the Papago Children's Shrine (p. 94); Papagos' use of native foods (p. 113); maize grown by Papagos (p. 117); cotton seed eaten by Papagos (p. 118); Papagos and saguaro wine (p. 156); sacred objects among Papagos (pp. 189-90); Papago pottery making (pp. 192-194); Papago pottery related to that of the Pima (p. 197); Papago burden baskets (pp. 237, 239); Papago clay figurines (p. 267); the power of shells among Papagos (p. 309); Papago saguaro harvesting (p. 318); and a study of Papago myths (p. 353).]
1980 On the discovery of Ventana Cave. In Camera, spade and pen, by Marc Gaede and Marnie Gaede, pp. 123-130. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A delightful and detailed discussion of how it happened that Emil Haury came to do an archaeological investigation of Ventana Cave on the Papago Reservation. Papago Indians are very much a part of the story.]
1984 The search for Chichilticale. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 4 (April), pp. 14-19. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made of Haury's locating the "1798" [sic, should be 1698] site of Batki on the Papago country, a place mentioned by Father Eusebio Kino, and finding the iron head of a Spanish lance there.]
1985 Reflections: fifty years of Southwestern archaeology. American Antiquity, Vol. 50, no. 2 (April), pp. 383-394. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology. [Mention is made (p. 392) of Papagos' aiding in the recovery and transport of mummies from Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1986a Evidence at Point of Pines for a prehistoric migration from northern Arizona. In Emil Haury's prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, pp. 414-421. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a reprint of Haury (1958).]
1986b The greater American Southwest. In Emil Haury's prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, pp.18-46. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Haury (1962).]
1986c Roosevelt 9:6. A Hohokam site of the colonial period. In Emil Haury's prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, pp. 211-294. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a reprint of Haury (1932).]
1986d Speculations on prehistoric settlements patterns in the Southwest. In Emil Haury's prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David E. Doyel, pp.422-431. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a reprint of Haury (1956).]
1993 The University of Arizona's excavations at Ventana Cave . . . Glyphs, Vol. 44, no. 2 (August), p. 1. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Photo of archaeological work in progress in this cave on the Papago Indian Reservation in the early 1940s.]
2004 Reflections on the Arizona State Museum. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 46, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 129-163. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [Haury briefly alludes to Arizona State Museum-sponsored excavations at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation in 1941-42. A black-and-white photo of the cave undergoing excavation is included.]
Haury, Emil W.; Kirk Bryan, Edwin H. Colbert, Norman E. Gabel, Clara Lee Tanner, and T.E. Buehrer
1950 The stratigraphy and archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press; Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press. Maps, illus, bibl., index. 599 pp. [This is the report on excavations in Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation, most of whose deposits were prehistoric, although a Papago level was discerned as well. The book has many references specific to Papagos; consult the index (p. 591). The book includes two photographs of Papagos (Plate 8), one showing a family camped below Ventana Cave in 1942 during the saguaro fruit harvest and the other showing two Papago girls holding saguaro fruit-gathering sticks.]
Havard, Valery
1895 Food plants of the North American Indians. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 22, no. 3 (March 27), pp. 98-123. New York, Torrey Botanical Club. [References to Papagos are as follows: roasted and ate the roots of Amoreuxia palmatifida (p. 111); syrup and fermented drink was prepared from the fruit of saguaro cactus (p. 166); and Ammobroma sonorae, the sand food, is eaten (p. 123).]
1896 Drink plants of the North American Indians. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 23, no. 2 (February 29), pp. 33-46. New York, Torrey Botanical Club. ["... Pimos, Papagos and Pueblo Indians with always plenty of maize in stock, do not seem to have indulged in tizwin although they must, of course, have known its preparation and effect ... " (p. 35).]
Havighurst, Robert J.
1957 Education among American Indians: individual and cultural aspects. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 311 (May), pp. 105-115. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Academy of Political and Social Science. [Included in this study were Papago children who were asked about games they played. They were also administered a shortened form of the Grace Arthur Point Performance Scale, a series of non-verbal performance tests. Ages of the children were six to fifteen.]
Havighurst, Robert J.; Minna K. Gunther, and Inez E. Pratt
1946 Environment and the draw-a-man test: the performance of Indian children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 41, no. 1 (January), pp. 50-63. Albany, New York, American Psychological Association. [The Goodenough Draw-a-Man test was administered to various Indian groups, including Papago children living at Hickiwan/Gu Vo and at Topawa. All Indian children scored higher on this test than did White children. This test is not validated as an adequate test of IQ.]
Havighurst, Robert J., and Rhea R. Hilkevitch
1944 The intelligence of Indian children as measured by performance scale. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, no. 4 (October), pp. 419-433. Albany, New York, American Psychological Association. [Papago children at Topawa, Hickiwan, and Gu Vo were tested on the Arthur Point Performance Scale. Papagos did next to poorest among the children of six tribes tested, although those living at Topawa tested better than did the children living at Hickiwan and Gu Vo.]
Havighurst, Robert J., and Bernice L. Nellgarden
1959 American Indian and White children: a sociopsychological investigation. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press. Index. 335 pp. [Papagos were included among the six American Indian tribes whose children were tested in various projects to discern their moral, emotional, and intellectual development.]
Hayden, Carl
1926 Completion of road from Tucson to Ajo via Indian Oasis, Ariz. House Reports, Vol.4, no. 1153, pp. 1-11, 69th Congress, 1st session. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Letters and other documents are presented concerning the passage of federal legislation which would enable completion of a road from Tucson to Ajo across the Papago Reservation. In the section titled "Papagos always friendly to white people," there are short quotes from the writings of Father Eusebio Kino, Father José Ortega, Father John Mentig (i.e., Father Juan Nentvig), Lieutenant Sylvester Mowry, Charles D. Poston, Hiram C. Hodge, Carl Lumholtz, and W J McGee.]
Hayden, Carl, compiler
1925-26 Title to Papago Indian lands; Pueblo of Santa Rosa vs Secretary of the Interior. Four volumes in one. Various, various. [Collected and bound by Senator Hayden, this large gathering of various court case documents relates to efforts by a group of land speculators/developers to obtain title to lands encompassed within the Papago Reservation on the grounds that the Papagos who lived there, being Apueblo@ Indians under terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase, were automatically U.S. citizens and therefore entitled to sell their land. This bound volume is in the Arizona State University Library in Tempe, call #KF5662.P3 T58x.]
1967 [Telegram.] Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 9. Santa Barbara, California, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor. [A telegram of condolence from U.S. Senator Carl Hayden concerning the death of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., missionary to the Papagos.]
Hayden, Julian D.
1937 The vikita ceremony of the Papago. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, supplement for April, pp. 263-277. Coolidge, Arizona, National Park Service. [This report is an eye-witness account of the Papago vikita ceremony as performed at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation on November 20-21, 1936. Numerous line drawings by Isabelle Pendleton are of the dancers and ceremonial artifacts.]
1943 Objects to "three babies" version. Desert Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 9 (July), p. 26. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [Hayden takes exception to the version of the Papago children's shrine story reported by Muench (1943), insisting that the shrine was placed at Santa Rosa because of a flood and that four children were sacrificed rather than three.]
1966 Communication concerning Kino's exploration of the Pinacate region by Ronald Ives. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 7, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 196-200. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. [This article, accompanied by a new map, deals mainly with the geography of the Sierra Pinacate. It addresses an earlier article by Ronald Ives (1966) concerning Kino's exploration of the Pinacate region. There are a few references to the Areñero (Sand) Papagos throughout.]
1967 A summary prehistory and history of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora. American Antiquity, Vol. 32, no. 3 (July), pp. 335-344. Salt Lake City, Society for American Archaeology. [A map, illustrations, and bibliography accompany this summary of the prehistory and history of the 600 square mile volcanic area of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. In historic times the occupants of the Pinacate spoke a dialect of Papago but were hostile to other Papagos, associating almost exclusively with the Yumans of the Lower Colorado River. Hayden proposes that Papagos are the direct lineal descendants of the early Amargosan occupants of the Papaguería (p. 335).]
1972 Hohokam petroglyphs of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora and Hohokam shell expeditions. Kiva, Vol. 37, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 74-83. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A map, illustrations, and bibliography accompany this article about an extensive and unique display of Hohokam petroglyphs at a water hole (Tinaja Romero) on the southeast side of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora. "Pinacateño" or "Areneño" (Sand) Papagos are mentioned throughout, and there is mention of the Papago salt-gathering expeditions.]
1976a La arqueología de la Sierra del Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico. In Sonora: antropología del desierto [Colección Científica Diversa, 27] coordinated by Beatriz Braniff C. and Richard S. Felger, pp. 281-304. México, SEP, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [This summary of the prehistory and early history of the Pinacates makes frequent mention of the Piman-speaking "Pinacateños" whose homeland was the Pinacates. Hayden makes the assertion that the Papago vikita ceremony was moved for "security" reasons from Sunset Camp in the Pinacates to Quitovac, Sonora at the end of the 1700s.]
1976b Changing climate in the Sierra Pinacate of Sonora, Mexico. In Desertification: process, problems, perspectives, edited by Patricia Paylore and Richard A. Haney, Jr., pp. 70-86. Tucson, Office of Arid Land Research, The University of Arizona. [Hayden repeats his often-stated belief that the present-day Pima and Papago Indians are the direct lineal descendants of the prehistoric Amargosans (p. 81). He says when Father Kino visited the Pinacates in 1698, "there were only a hundred or a hundred fifty Indians living there, eking out a bare existence."]
1976c Resumen de la arqueología del distrito de los ríos Sonoita y Altar. In Sonora: antropología del desierto [Colección Científica Diversa, 27] coordinated by Beatriz Braniff C. and Richard S. Felger, pp. 261-265. México, SEP, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [Hayden asserts (p. 264) that the historic descendants of the prehistoric Amargosans are the Piman-speaking Areñeros.]
1977 Wihom-ki. Kiva, Vol. 43, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 31-35. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Accompanied by three photos, this is about the "thunderbolt house," a rock shelter in the Castle Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation not too far from the village of Kaka. The rock shelter is said to be particularly sacred to elderly Papagos.]
1980 Sierra Pinacate. In Camera, spade and pen, by Marc Gaede and Marnie Gaede, pp. 145-152. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In writing about the archaeology of the Sierra Pinacate in northwestern Sonora, Hayden discusses the Papagos' involvement in the region including that of Papago Indian Juan Caravajales.]
1985 Food animal cremations of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico. Kiva, Vol. 50, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 237-248. Tucson, Arizona Archeological and Historical Society. [Scattered mention is made of Areneño ( "Sand Papago") Indians in the Pinacates and the killing of mountain sheep.]
1987a Talking with animals: Pinacate remembrances. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 222-227. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Included here is a tale told by Papago Indian Juan Xavier concerning his grandfather's turning into a wolf. There is also a story involving a coyote running into a truckload of Papagos en route to work to do archaeology at Ventana Cave.]
1987b Talking with beasts. After the man becomes a wolf, you still do not understand. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 6 (June), pp. 47-49. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [Stories by Papago Indian Juan Xavier and by Hayden about animals, with a setting principally in the Pinacate Mountains of northwestern Sonora.]
1987c The vikita ceremony of the Papago. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 273-324 and an 11 color-plate portfolio. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Eye-witness descriptions of performances of the Tohono O'odham vikita ceremony held in 1936 and 1945. Hayden also makes some observations concerning Papago prehistory and early history. Appended are eleven color plates drawn by Isabelle Pendleton and Julian Hayden. The vikita described is the northern one, that held at Gu Achi (Santa Rosa) on the Papago Reservation.]
1988a Historia de la región de Puerto Peñasco. Parte 1. Prehistoria: los Pinacateños y los Areñeros/History of the Puerto Peñasco area. Part 1: prehistory. The Pinacateños and Areñeros. CEDO News/Noticias del CEDO, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Primavera/Verano; Spring/Summer), pp. 12-13. Tucson, Intercultural Center for the Study of Deserts and Oceans, Inc./Centro Intercultural de Estudios de Desiertos y Oceanos, A.C. [In Spanish and in English, this article outlines the prehistory and history of the Piman-speaking natives of the Pinacate Mountains in northwestern Sonora and of the desert country of southwestern Arizona and northwesternmost Sonora. A map is included.]
1988b Historia de la región de Puerto Peñasco. Parte 2. Prehistoria: Los Hohokam y Estero Morúa/History of the Puerto Peñasco area. Parte 2: prehistory. The Hohokam and Estero Morúa. CEDO News/Noticias del CEDO, Vol. 1, no. 3 (Fall/Winter), pp. 10-12. Tucson, Intercultural Center for the Study of Deserts and Oceans, Inc./Centro Intercultural de Estudios de Desiertos y Oceanos, A.C. [In this discussion of the ca. A.D. 700-1150 shell-gathering trips made to the head of the Gulf of California by the Hohokam, Hayden notes the presence on the dunes north of Puerto Peñasco of remains of shell fish consumed by Pinacateños, Piman-speaking "Sand Papagos." He also talks about 19th century relationships between the Tohono O'odham (Papagos) and Pinacateños. The latter were hostile toward the former.]
1997 A trip to Laguna Prieta. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 39, nos. 3-4 (Autumn-Winter), pp. 321-329. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [Hayden, writing about Alberto Celaya, a Mexican who lived in Sonoyta, Sonora, when Hayden knew him, says: "As a small boy in the early 1890s Celaya remembers his father putting food and a cigarette on a Hia-Ced O'odham (Sand Papago) trail shrine near an ironwood tree three miles from his Quitovac home. And, Alberto had a childhood playmate, a blind Hia-Ced O'odham girl, who had been captured by a posse that pursued and killed several Sand Papagos accused of murdering two Mexicans near Quitobaquito. Most of the Hia-Ced O'odham had recently been driven from their homeland by Mexicans trying to stop Indian raids on travelers" (p. 321). Mention is also made (p. 323) of "three Hia-Ced O'odham families at Quitobaquito" in 1908.]
1998 The Sierra Pinacate. Photographs by Jack Dykinga. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibls. xv + 87 pp. [Text in English and in Spanish translation. Hayden refers to the former Piman inhabitants of the Sierra Pinacate in northwestern Sonora as the Areneños Pinacateños, and he writes briefly about their presence here (pp. 32-33, 39). These people's descendants are known as the HiaCed O'odham.]
Hayden, Julian D., and others
1992 On sheep cremations and massacres. In Counting sheep: 20 ways of seeing desert bighorn, edited by Gary P. Nabhan, pp. 27-36. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Archaeologist Hayden is interviewed by Nabhan, Anita Alvarez de Williams, Bill Broyles, and Caroline Wilson on the subject of cremated remains of desert bighorn sheep in the Pinacates of northwestern Sonora. He quotes conversations others had with José Juan Orosco, the Hia C-ed O'odham, who lived at Quitobaquito. He also talks a little about Tohono O'odham Juan Xavier.]
Hayes, Benjamin. See Wolcott (1929)
Hayes, J.M.
1990 The grey pilgrim. New York, Walker and Company. 220 pp. [A novel, this is a fictionalized account of Pia Machita, the elderly Papago who out the outbreak of World War II counseled young Papago men in the Hickiwan area not to subject themselves to the draft.]
Hayes, Joe
1993 Soft child: how rattlesnake got its fangs. A Native American folktale. Tucson, Harbinger. Illus. 32 pp. [This is a Tohono O=odham tale, one which tells that when a child=s rattle failed to protect him from other creatures, Sky God gave him a powerful weapon: poisonous fangs.]
Haynes, C. Vance
1986 Discovering early man in Arizona. In Emil Haury's prehistory of the American Southwest, edited by J. Jefferson Reid and David D. Doyel, pp. 75-77. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mentioned in passing is the Papago stratum of occupation in the midden in Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hazen-Hammond, Susan
1996 A giant shrugs off vandalism, poaching, tales of its demise. Smithsonian, Vol. 26, no. 10 (January), pp. 76-83. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [There is a brief account, including a color photo, concerning Tohono O'odham Stella Tucker's harvesting and cooking of the fruit of saguaro cactus.]
1999 The storyteller's tale. A legend of the Tohono O'odham. Arizona Highways, Vol. 75, no. 4 (April), pp. 41-43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a version of the origin of the saguaro as told by an anonymous Tohono O'odham storyteller (almost certainly Danny Lopez). The tale is one that involves girls playing toka, or field hockey. The article is accompanied with five color photos of people, a gourd rattle, and toka sticks and by a painting by Tohono O'odham artist Michael Chiago of two men and two women playing the O'odham dice game of kins kut.]
Hazard, Peggy
1997a Ongoing: missions, shrines, and holy places. Desert Corner Journal, March/April, p. 5. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [Notice is given here of an exhibit on display at Tohono Chul Park from February 6 through March 30 that includes photographs of missions San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori.]
1997b Upcoming: missions, shrines and holy places. Desert Corner Journal, January/February, p. 5. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [This is an announcement of an upcoming exhibit as outlined in Hazard (1997a). It is accompanied by a 1984 photo of the church at Tumacacori National Monument taken by William Fuller.]
Head, Phil, and L.E. Holloway
1937 We sent to Mexico to see the bolsas. Indians at Work, Vol. 4, no. 20 (June 1), pp. 10-15. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This illustrated article recounts how the authors investigated the bolsa system of farming in Sonora, Mexico to see if its application would be an improvement over the system of flood water (flash flood) irrigation utilized by the Papagos. From this experience it was decided that and experimental bolsa project would be set up on the Papago Reservation.]
Head, W. Wade
1967 [Telegram.] Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 9. Santa Barbara, California, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor. [A telegram of condolence for a former superintendent of the Papago Indian Agency concerning the death of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, missionary to the Papagos.]
Heald, Phyllis W.
1959 Felice Navidad. Desert Magazine, Vol. 22, no. 12 (December), pp. 6-7. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine, Inc. [About celebrating Christmas in the Southwest, including Las Posadas, luminarias, and piñatas. No mention of Papagos, but the text is accompanied by a photo of the east-southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken from San Xavier Loop Road at a considerable distance from the church.]
Heald, Phyllis W., and Weldon F. Heald
1961 White dove of the desert. Pacific Discovery, Vol. 14, no. 3 (May-June), pp. 20-21. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. [Three black-and-white photographs and a five-paragraph article about Mission San Xavier del Bac. It is mentioned that Papagos may have done some of the "arduous labor" in building the church.]
Heald, Weldon F.
1951 Roaming the sun country. Westways, Vol. 43, no. 10 (October), pp. 4-6. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [A map and illustrations accompany this report of a short trip through southern Arizona. It is noted that, "State 86 goes west through the 2,500,000 acre Papago Indian Reservation," and that "Sells, 70 miles from Tucson, is headquarters and has a neat white school and mission" (p. 6). Mission San Xavier del Bac is discussed, and there is a photograph of the mission captioned, "Beautiful San Xavier del Bac was established by Father Kino in 1700" (p. 5).]
Heald, Weldon, and Phyllis Heald
1959 White dove of the desert. National Motorist, January/February, p. 3. San Francisco, National Automobile Club. [This is a four-paragraph description of Mission San Xavier del Bac accompanied by a black-and-white photo of the south-southwest elevation of the church.]
Healy, Terence
1934 Rainbow's end in an Agua Fria well. Arizona Highways, Vol. 10, no. 4 (April), pp. 16, 20. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Included here is mention of the Whistling Well at Papago flats near the international border (p. 16).]
Healy, Valentine
1962 Doctor Bonaventure. Provincial Annals, Vol. 24, o. 1 (January), pp. 29-31. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [At age 76, Father Bonaventure Oblasser was awarded a Doctor of Laws degree by San Luis Rey College on January 5, 1962. This is a full account, one which includes a long list of Father Bonaventure's historical research achievements among Papago Indians.]
[Heard Museum]
1974 [Color photograph of two pieces of Papago pottery.] Arizona Highways, Vol. 50, no. 5 (May), p. 25. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a color photo of two pieces of pottery made by Papago potter Laura Kermen.]
Heath, Jeffrey
1978 Uto-Aztecan *NA-class verbs. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 44, no. 3 (July), pp. 211-222. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Papago is one of the Uto-Aztecan languages considered in this essay.]
1985 Photo-Northern Uto-Aztecan participles. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 51, no. 4 (October), pp. 441-443. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Mention is made of the fact that *-ppi plus terminal i-ablaut occurs as a nominalizing suffix by itself in the Papago language.]
Hecht, Melvin, and Richard V. Reeves
1981 The Arizona atlas. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies. Maps. 164 pp. [Included here is a section on Arizona Indian reservations, one which has a brief discussion of the Papago Reservation.]
Hedrick, Basil C.; J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley
1974a Introduction. In The Mesoamerican Southwest, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 104-105, 162. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam, Feffer & Simon, Inc. [In this introduction to Part 9 of the book, the authors write: "He (A.L. Kroeber) recognized the essential similarity of the red-on-buff ceramics found in Arizona, Sonora, and southern California, and commented on the significance of their survival in the cultures of the contemporary Pima, Papago, Mohave and Maricopa ethnic groups." (p. 104).]
1974b The Mesoamerican Southwest. In The Mesoamerican Southwest, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 3-8, 149-150. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam, Feffer & Simon, Inc. ["Central Mexican traders working on an individual or family basis continued to penetrate the Southwest into the nineteenth century, but their cultural wares were now mainly Spanish and their religion, at least formally, was Christian. Pima and Papago Indians to the south had a respite for a century as Spanish routes shifted east of the Sierra Madre, but by 1700 they, too, faced forced missionization" (p. 8).]
Heindl, Leopold A.
1959 Geology of the San Xavier Indian Reservation, Arizona. In Southern Arizona Guidebook II, edited by L.A. Heindl, pp. 152-159. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [The title is the abstract. A "Geologic map and cross section of the San Xavier Indian Reservation, Pima County, Arizona" accompanies the article.]
1960 Cenozoic geology of the Papago Indian Reservation, Pima, Maricopa, and Pinal counties, Arizona. ( A preliminary summary.) Arizona Geological Society Digest, Vol. 3, pp. 31-34. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [The title is the abstract.]
1962 Ground-water shadows and buried topography, San Xavier Indian Reservation, Pima County, Arizona. Geological Survey Professional Paper [Geological Survey Research, Short Papers in Geology and Hydrology, articles 60-119], no. 450C, pp. C120-C122. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. [Concerns the presence of several ground-water shadows, or areas of very low pumping capacity, along the Santa Cruz River and adjacent to the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Underground topography is inferred from these data.]
1965a Mesozoic formations in the Comobabi and Roskruge mountains, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 1194-H. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [The title is the abstract. A portion of the area lies east of the eastern boundary of the Papago Reservation.]
1965b Mesozoic formations in the Vekol Mountains, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 1194-G. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. [The title is the abstract.]
1967 Groundwater in fractured volcanic rocks in southern Arizona. In Hydrology of fractured rocks [Proceedings of the Dubrovnik Symposium, 1965, Vol. 2; Publications of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, no. 74], pp. 503-515. Gentbrugge, Belgium. [May or may not contain Papago-related data.]
Heindl, Leopold A., and C.A. Armstrong
1963 Geology and ground-water conditions in the Gila Bend Indian Reservation, Maricopa County, Arizona. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, no. 1647-A. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. [The Gila Bend Reservation is a Papago reservation, jurisdictionally one of the eleven districts of the Papago Indian Tribe. The title is the abstract.]
Heindl, Leopold A., and O.J. Cosner
1961 Hydrologic data and drillers' logs, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Water Resources Report of the Arizona State Land Department, no. 9. Tucson, United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. [A list of virtually all the drilled wells on the Papago Reservation as of the date of the report, including data (when available) on location, date of completion, depth, diameter, water quality, depth of water below surface, etc.]
Heindl, Leopold A., and C.L. Fair
1965 Mesozoic (?) rocks in the Baboquivari Mountains, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 1194-I. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. [This illustrated report briefly describes and discusses rocks of Mesozoic or probable Mesozoic age on the Papago Indian Reservation in south-central Arizona.]
Heindl, Leopold A., and Natalie D. White
1965 Hydrologic and drill-hole data, San Xavier Indian Reservation and vicinity, Pima County, Arizona. Water Resources Report of the Arizona State Land Department, no. 20. Phoenix, United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. [The title is the abstract.]
Heinrich, M. Katherine
1995 For cross and crown. Remains of Catholic missions are found in parks across the Southwest, preserving a chapter of colonial history. National Parks, Vol. 69, nos 5-6 (May/June), pp. 44-46. Washington, D.C., National Parks and Conservation Association. [Listed here as a unit of the National Park System is Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona. The author writes, AIn 1691, Father Eusebio Kino encountered the O=odham village of Tumacácori. The O=odham, known to the Spaniards as Pimas or Sobaípuris, had heard of Kino=s generosity with seeds and livestock and sent messengers to invite the Jesuits to their village. Kino established the mission of San Cayetano del Tumacácori and, the following day, Mission San Gabriel in the nearby village of Guevavi.@]
Heintzelman, Samuel P.
1857 Report to Major E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S.A., Pacific Division, San Francisco, California. House Executive Documents, no. 76, 34th Congress, 3rd session, Vol. 9, pp. 34-58. Washington, Cornelius Wendell, Printer. [Written July 15, 1853 from Fort Yuma, California, the report reads, in part: "In Sonora, in the direction from here of Altar, the first Indians you meet with are the Papagos, about 600 souls, living at or around Sonorita (Sonoyta), 130 miles from here. They are not troublesome, and have never visited us.]
Helms, Christopher L.
1980 The Sonoran Desert. Las Vegas, Nevada, KC Publications. Illus. 48 pp. [A single paragraph in this book acknowledges the presence of Papago Indians as native dwellers of the Sonoran Desert, and that in conjunction with their harvesting the fruit of the saguaro cactus.]
Hemmings, E. Thomas
1969 Salvage excavations in a buried Hohokam site near Tucson, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 34, nos. 2-3 (February), pp. 199-205. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated article reports on burials, cremations, architectural features, and a lithic tool kit excavated in a Hohokam site five miles south of Tucson. Papago pottery and historic artifacts marked the modern surface which dates to at least the late 1880s when the river flowed perennially and farms flourished in the vicinity of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 199-200).]
Hemmings, Sonya G.
1997 A dozen diversions in Tucson. America West, Vol. 11, December, pp. 60-63. Phoenix, Skyword Marketing Inc. [One of the recommended diversions is that the traveler to Tucson pay a visit to Mission San Xavier de Bac, Arecently refreshed@ by art restorers who worked on the mission=s many frescoes.]
Henceroth, Stan
1978 An application of decision modeling to Indian health care. Interfaces, Vol. 9, no. 1 (November), pp. 18-24. Providence, Rhode Island, Institute of Management Sciences in cooperation with the Operation Research Society of America. [A report on the delivery of health care services to Papago Indians on the Papago Reservation with the aid of NASA's STARPAHC communications system. The acronym stands for Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care.]
Henderson, Earl Y.
1931 Report on the Sells Indian Agency, Arizona. In Special reports of the Board of Indian Commissioners, Vol. 9, pp. 403 et seq. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The history of Papagos= being given reservation lands is briefly reviewed, and it is urged that privately-owned lands (the so-called AStrip@) still adjacent to the northern and southern boundaries of the divided reservation created by the 1917 Executive Order be acquired for the reservation. Henderson=s report is dated April 20, 1931.]
Henderson, Esther
1939a San Xavier Mission. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 10 (October), p. 1. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A black-and-white photograph of the northeast elevation of the church of San Xavier del Bac with Granjon's Gate in the foreground.]
1939b [San Xavier Mission]. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 12 (December), front cover. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A color photo of the east elevation of the mortuary chapel, church, and convento of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken from the top of Grotto Hill. The cross on top of the hill is in the foreground of the photo, perhaps the first color cover for Arizona Highways.]
1942 Storm over San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 13, no. 12 (December), p. 27. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A color photo of the south-southwest elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac with a portion of the Bac Papago village in the foreground. The picture was taken from the hill to the southwest of the mission.]
1946 San Xavier, shrine on the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 22, no. 12 (December), outside back cover. [Color photo of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken from Grotto Hill. Two Anglo cowboys -- both wearing chaps and cowboy hats -- are posed in the foreground, one astride a horse and the other crouched and looking at the mission.]
1953 Well of sacrifice. Arizona Highways, Vol. 29, no. 2 (February), pp. 2-3. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A brief discussion of the Well of Sacrifice, more commonly known as the Shrine of the Children, near the village of Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. Three black-and-white photos of the shrine are included.]
1961 Tumacacori. Arizona Highways, Vol. 37, no. 3 (March), inside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a full-page color photo by Henderson of Mission Tumacacori, which served Piman Indians in the Spanish and Mexican periods, showing its southeast elevation.]
2000 Well of sacrifice. Arizona Highways, Vol. 76, no. 8 (August), p. 7. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Excerpted from Henderson (1953).]
Henderson, Randall
1940 Watering place on the Devil's Highway. Desert Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 6 (April), pp. 7-10, 34. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [An article about the Tinajas Altas Mountains and their natural granite water catchments (tanks) makes note of their use by Papago Indians in the late 17th-century days of Father Eusebio Kino and Captain Juan Mateo Manje.]
1951 We found a way into Elegante. Desert Magazine, Vol. 14, no. 3 (January), pp. 5-15. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This article about an October, 1950 expedition into the Pinacate Mountains of Sonora and to the bottom of Crater Elegante says the Papagos called the Pinacate range Tjuk-toak, or "Black Mountain." "But life here was very hard, even for Indians, and as the threat of raiding Apaches diminished before the firearms of American soldiers, the Pinacate Papagos drifted north to more fruitful lands in southern Arizona" (p. 6). Henderson also writes that "Quitovaquita" is "the Mexican translation of a Papago word which I am told means many springs." He further cites Tom Childs as his authority for saying that about a hundred years ago Papagos waylaid and killed travelers for loot along the Camino del Diablo. And finally, he says Papagos believed a cave high up on Pinacate Peak "was the entrance to a long underground passage, the terminal of which was an island in the Gulf of California where Elder Brother's (Iitoi) wife lived. Periodically the Papagos made pilgrimages to his cave and deposited ceremonial objects -- prayer sticks, eagle feathers, bunches of yucca fiber, beads, arrows and other items which might please the fancy of Iitoi, or his wife." He observes that when Lumholtz visited the cave in 1910 a Papago who accompanied him left sacrificial offerings there "and sang his prayers to the god."]
1961 On desert trails today and yesterday. Illustrated by Don Louis Percival. Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. Maps, illus., index. 2357 pp. [Chapter 7, pp. 111-22, "Adventure in Crater Elegante," is a revised and condensed version of Henderson (1951). The portions reprinted here preserve all the citations to Papagos.]
Henderson, Ronald W., and Rosemary Swanson
1974 Application of social leaning principles in a field setting. Exceptional Children, Vol. 41, no. 1 (September), pp. 53-55. Reston, Virginia, The Council for Exceptional Children. [Report on an experiment in which Papago children, with the help of their mothers who were trained by Papago paraprofessionals, were encouraged to ask questions in the classroom setting. Test results suggested that Papago children could be taught this "intellectual skill."]
1977 The effects of televised skill instruction, instructional system support, and parental intervention of the development of cognitive skills: final report on grant no. ocd-cb-479 from the Office of Child Development for the period 7/1/73-2/28/77. Tucson, The University of Arizona, College of Education, Arizona Center for Educational Research and Development. 106 pp. [Papago children attending Head Start centers from the villages of Sells, San Xavier, Pisinemo, Vaya Chin, and Santa Rosa participated in the main body of this research, research aimed at using televised instruction in the classroom.]
1978 Age and directed-participation variables influencing the effectiveness of televised instruction in concrete operational behaviors. Educational Communication and Technology, Vol. 26, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 301-312. Washington, D.C., Association for Educational Communication and Technology, Inc. [Results of an experiment in which Papago children were taught linear sequencing (i.e., little-to-big, big-to-little, etc.) skills with the use of televised programming geared specifically toward their needs and cultural backgrounds. Success with the programming varied in accordance with the ages of the children.]
Henderson, Ronald W.; Rosemary Swanson, and Barry J. Zimmerman
1975a Inquiry response induction in preschool children through televised modeling. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 11, no. 4 (July), pp. 523-524. Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association. [How the researchers used television in a program designed to encourage Papago students to ask questions.]
1975b Training seriation responses in young children through televised modeling of hierarchically sequences rule components. American Education Research Journal, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 479-482. Washington, D.C., American Education Research Association. [How Papago children were treated to a Papago version of Sesame Street television as a means of teaching the seriation (i.e., little to bigger, bigger to smaller, etc.) concepts.]
Henderson, Ronald W.; Barry J,. Zimmerman, Rosemary Swanson, and John R. Bergen
1974 Televised cognitive skill instruction for Papago Native American children. Tucson, The University of Arizona, College of Education. Illus., bibl., appendices. iii + 70 + 63 pp. [Produced by the Arizona Center for Educational Research and Development, this report presents the results of a year long project (fiscal year 1973-74) to use especially adapted "Sesame Street" kinds of television presentations to improve the cognitive skills of Papago Indian children. The larger objective of the study was to assess the effects of this kind of television instruction in general. Some Papago children were given the special television instruction; others, in the control group, were not. Tests were given before and after and the results -- positive in favor of the televised instruction -- are compared.]
Hendricks, Conrad
1998 Desert. Compass Health Care, Vol. 1, no. 3 (June), p. 3. Tucson, Compass Health Care. [This is a poem written by an eighth grade Tohono O'odham student at Baboquivari Middle School. It is an emotional appeal for healing in the emotional and spiritual health of the Tohono O'odham.]
Hendricks, Verna
1946 The beginning of all things. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, pp. 2-6. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. [This is a story told by the writer=s father in her home village of Vamori on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hendrickson, Dean A., and W.L. Minckley
1984 Ciénegas -- vanishing climax communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants, Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 131-175. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona. [Includes fairly considerable mention of Father Kino among the Indians of the San Pedro River Valley (i.e., Sobaipuris) and of the Pimans and the former ciénega at San Xavier del Bac.]
Hendrix, Richard
1942 Talk given by Richard Hendrix, prominent Papago Indian, given at the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, November 16, 1942. Kiva, Vol. 8, no. 1 (November), pp. 7-8. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Hendrix, a member of the Papago Tribal Council, discusses their attitude of the Papagos towards World War II, including some of the Papagos' world view.]
Henriques, Edward
1952 Indian madonna Clara Matilda, Papago Indian, San Jose Mission, Arizona. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 32, no. 10 (December), front cover, p. 145. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Photograph of a Papago woman holding an infant in her arms. Photo taken at San Jose Mission, Pisinemo, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona.]
Henriquez, Cathy
1973 My Papago puberty ceremony. In Arrow V, edited by T.D. Allen, pp. 5-8. s.l., The Pacific Grove Press. [A Papago high school senior at the Stewart Indian School in Nevada provides details concerning the traditional Papago puberty ceremony she underwent when she was eleven years old B perhaps the most detailed account of the Papago puberty ceremony ever published and certainly the only such first person account.]
1974 Someone I=ll never forget. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 110. New York, Pocket Books. [A prose piece about this Papago girl=s grandmother, written when she was a sophomore at the Stewart Indian School in Nevada.]
Herbert, Charles W.
1955 Saguaro harvest in the land of the Papagos. Desert Magazine, Vol. 18, no. 11 (November), pp. 14-17. Palm Desert, Desert Press, Inc. [This is a good descriptive article concerning the harvesting, preparation, and use of the saguaro fruit by Papagos living in or near the village of Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. Photos by the author show the family's camp, harvesting, sorting, and storage.]
1969 Papago saguaro harvest. Arizona Highways, Vol. 45, no. 1 (January), pp. 2-7. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [An article that discusses in some detail the Papagos' harvesting and utilization of saguaro cactus fruit. Includes several drawings by Ted De Grazia and six black-and-white photos showing the fruit being harvested, the wine-making process, saguaros, and a round house and ramada. Similar to Herbert (1955).]
Heredia J., Roberto E.
2001 Una visión de las misiones fundadas por Fray [sic] Eusebio Francisco Kino / A View of the missions founded by friar [sic] Eusebio Francisco Kino. Horizontes, Año 6, núm. 11 (Enero/Junio), pp. 5-12. Hermosillo, Instituto de Educación Sonora Arizona. [In Spanish with English translation, this article is about the missions of the Pimería Alta founded in the late 17th and early 18th centuries by Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. Included is an outline of the mission history of Sonora before Kino=s arrival there in 1687 to become the first European to work among the Northern Piman Indians. Missions San Xavier del Bac and Cocóspera are illustrated on the front cover in color photos; the text includes a black-and-white photo of Mission Caborca.]
Herndon, Elsie P.
1903 Indian training school at Tucson. La Aurora, March 26. Albuquerque and Las Vegas, New Mexico, New Mexico [Presbyterian] Synod. [The Indian Training School was dedicated primarily to the education of Papago Indians.]
Herndon, F.S.
1924 Papago Indians, people of the desert. Missionary Review of the World, Vol. 47, pp. 883-885. New York, Funk & Wagnalls. [The Reverend Herndon was a Presbyterian missionary among the Papago Indians.]
Herold, Joyce
1980 Departments & people. Papago Tribe honors Ruth Murray Underhill. Anthropology Newsletter, Vol. 21, no. 3 (March), p. 3. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association. [About a Papago Tribal Resolution honoring Ruth Underhill for her work among the Papagos in the 1930s, and about her visit to the reservation in November, 1979, when, among other things, she was honored at a banquet and served as grand marshal of the 43rd Papago Rodeo and Fair.]
1984 Basket weaver individualists in the Southwest today. American Indian Art, Vol. 9, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 47-53, 63. Scottsdale, Arizona, American Indian Art, Inc. [Brief mention is made (p. 50) of the 20th-century development among Papagos of large-scale production of yucca-leaf coiled baskets in commercial shapes with intricate stitches.]
Herrera Carrillo, Pablo
1977 Los indios. Calafia, Vol. 3, núm. 4 (Marzo), pp. 19-20. Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. [A discussion (in Spanish) of the Indians who lived aboriginally in the vicinity of Mexicali, Baja California, makes passing mention of the "Areneños (Papagos)."]
Herreras, E.D.
1958 Problems of restoration. Arizona Architect, Vol. 1, no. 9 (May), pp. 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37. Phoenix, Arizona Society of Architects. [This is an illustrated discussion of some of the difficulties faced by those working on the repair of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the 1940s until December 31, 1954, when Athe restoration and rehabilitation was considered as complete.@ He discusses the replacement of the pilasters on the façade of the church and refers to Father Celestine Chinn, who arrived at the mission in August, 1949, as the man who Awas to spark-plug the restoration and finally complete it to its present status.@]
Hertzberg, Hazel
1971 The search for an American Indian identity. Modern and pan-Indian movements. Syracuse, Syracuse University Press. Bibl. ix + 362 pp. ["Montezumas" among older Papagos were "older village headmen" who came to identify with both Jesus and a tribal deity "whom they believed would return one day to restore moral order and better times" (p. 45). It is also noted that Carlos Montezuma represented Pimas and Papagos at a 1915 pan-Indian conference held in Lawrence, Kansas (p. 136).]
1988 Indian rights movement, 1887-1973. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4, History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn, pp. 305-323. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A photograph of the charter members of the National Congress of American Indians taken in 1944 shows Papago Indian Henry Throssel as one of them.]
Herzog, George
1941 Culture change and language: shifts in the Pima vocabulary. In Language, culture, and personality, edited by Leslie Spier, A. Irving Hallowell, and Stanley S. Newman, pp. 66-74. Menasha, Wisconsin, Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. [Papago and Pima are closely related dialects. This paper examines changes in the Pima language caused by cultural contact with Spanish and English speakers as indicators of cultural change.]
1982 On the phonemic status of Pima-Papago w versus v, with a note on orthography. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 48, no. 1 (January), pp. 86-87. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [The title is the abstract.]
Hesse, Frank G.
1959 A dietary study of the Pima Indians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 7, no. 5 (September-October), pp. 532-537. New York, The American Journal of Medicine, Inc. [The author cites data supplied by Bertram Kraus and Bonnie Jones (1954) on the diet of Papago Indians (p. 532).]
Hesse, Zora G.
1973 Southwestern Indian recipe book. Volume I. Apache, Papago, Pima, Pueblo and Navajo. Palmer Lake, Colorado, The Filter Press. Illus. 52 pp. [Papago recipes are found on pages 2 (corn and pumpkin stew); 3 (corn with squash blossoms); 5 (prickly pear vegetable); 9 (cholla bud vegetable); 13 (mesquite bean juice drink); 4 (mesquite bean dessert); and 16 (squawberry dessert).]
1998 Southwestern Indian recipe book. Apache, Pima, Papago, Pueblo, and Navajo. Traditional aboriginal recipes -- with a few modern variations. Palmer Lake, Colorado, Filter Press. Illus. 44 pp. [A somewhat revised version of Hesse (1973).]
Hester, Nolan
1982 The adobe evolution. Arizona Highways, Vol. 58, no. 5 (May), pp. 2-10. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The author notes the introduction of adobe brick technology to the New World by Spaniards, and without defining Aadobe,@ writes, AThe Santa Cruz Valley missions of San Xavier del Bac and San Jose del Tumacacori B the former still in use, the latter preserved as an evocative ruin by the National Park Service B are a testament to adobe=s potential.@ A color photo by Gill Kenny of the church at Tumacácori is on page 4.]
Heuett, Mary L.
1987a Preface. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 1], by Mary L. Heuett, Skip Miller, Julio L. Betancourt, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., pp. iv-viii. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Heuett sets forth details of a project to study the archaeological and historical resources within 18,729 acres of land on the San Xavier Indian Reservation that had been proposed by Santa Cruz Properties, Inc. for development of a planned (non-Indian) community. She describes the kinds of research undertaken and lists persons responsible for its various segments.]
1987b The San Xavier archaeological project. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 1], by Mary L. Heuett, Skip Miller, Julio L. Betancourt, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., section 1. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Heuett lays out the background and rationale of a 100% intensive archaeological survey of an area within the boundaries of the San Xavier Indian Reservation proposed for lease and development of a major planned community. She summarizes the project development/background, setting, project, cultural resources, management plan, memorandum of agreement, and other considerations involving the Tohono O=odham Nation, San Xavier District, and the scientific and archaeological community. She further notes that the final report consists of six volumes divided into nine sections.]
1987c San Xavier archaeological project. Personnel and consultants. Individuals and institutions consulted. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 3], by David C. Hanna, Mary L. Heuett, and Peter L. Steere, section 9. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [The individuals and institutions listed here are those who consulted or otherwise participated in a study of the archaeological and historical resources within an 18,729-acre portion of the San Xavier Reservation.]
Heuett, Mary L., and Peter Steere
1987a Management plan. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 3], by David C. Hanna, Mary L. Heuett, and Peter L. Steere, section 8. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [These are recommendations for the long-range protection of archaeological and other cultural resources within the boundaries of the San Xavier Reservation within an 18,729-acre area proposed for a planned community with a population of as many as 100,000 persons.]
1987b Resource significance. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 3], by David C. Hanna, Mary L. Heuett, and Peter L. Steere, section 7. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [The authors attempt to summarize the ethnic, scientific, historic, and public significance of an 18,729-acre area of land within the San Xavier Indian Reservation that underwent intensive archaeological and historical assessment. Archaeological testing is recommended for some of the sites.]
Hill, Edward E.
1972 The Tucson agency: the use of Indian records in the National Archives. Prologue, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 77-82. Washington, D.C., National Archives. [About the Indian agency created in Tucson in 1857 and which lasted until 1861, its abandonment caused by the outbreak of the Civil War. Agent John Walker's tenure among the Papagos Indians is covered in detail.]
Hill, Georgianna
1982a An interview with Susie Miguel. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 6. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [This is a four-sentence summary of an interview between Papago student Adrianna Francisco and the Papago woman who cooks at the Topawa Middle School on the Papago Indian Reservation. "Susie says she likes to cook."]
1982b What do the feathers that hang on the wire represent? Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 11. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [An eleven-year-old Papago student from Topawa reports on her interview with Anthony Easlio. Easlio told her that two days before it starts the feathers are put in the middle of the place where the round dance for the saguaro wine feast is to occur. "The feathers mean the bringing of rain for the crops. ... Also for their cactus wine ... ."]
1982b Wine ceremony. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 10. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [A Papago middle school student describes the saguaro wine ceremony in six paragraphs. She says that it brings rain and that it "has been going on for as long as I can remember."]
Hill, Gertrude
1940a Papago legends from Santa Rosa, Arizona, I. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 6, no. 1 (June), pp. 18-20. Gunnison, Colorado Archaeological Society. [The re-telling, in English, of a Papago legend called, "The man transformed into an eagle." This and another story (Hill 1940b) were collected in the spring of 1935 at Santa Rosa Village on the Papago Indian Reservation. They were told in Papago by Angelita Lopez and translated by an unnamed Pima woman.]
1940b Papago legends from Santa Rosa, Arizona. II. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 6, no. 2 (September), pp. 34-37. Gunnison, Colorado Archaeological Society. [This is a retelling in English of a Papago legend titled, "Hawk-woman and the first tobacco." See Hill (1940a).]
1942 Notes on Papago pottery manufacture at Santa Rosa, Arizona. American Anthropologist, Vol. 44, no. 3 (July-September), pp. 531-533. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [This illustrated article provides a general description of Papago pottery manufacture as observed by the author at the village of Santa Rosa in 1935. Hill comments that the widespread use of pottery among Papagos has been greatly modified since the entry of American settlers into neighboring region.]
Hill, Jane H.
1983 Language death in Uto-Aztecan. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 258-276. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [In passing, the author predicts a fairly imminent language loss among contemporary Papagos.]
2004 Two styles for language and social identity among the Tohono O=odham. In Identity, feasting and the archaeology of the Greater Southwest: proceedings of the 2002 Southwest symposium, edited by Barbara J. Mills, chapter 7. Boulder, University Press of Colorado.
Hill, Jane H., and Ofelia Zepeda
1992 Derived words in Tohono O=odham. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 58, no. 4 (October), pp. 355-404. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
1998 Tohono O=odham (Papago) plurals. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 40, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 1-42. Bloomington, Indiana University, Department of Anthropology. [Tohono O=odham language reveals two kinds of plural reduplication for nouns: a marked plural with a long vowel in the reduplicated syllable and an unmarked plural with a short vowel. Extensions and transformations of this system classify nouns in various domains, such as landscape features, kin terms, and names for animals.]
Hill, W.W.
1938 Note on the Pima berdache. American Anthropologist, Vol. 40, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 338-340. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [This is a note to the effect that according to Pima mythology transvestites originated among the Papago. An account of the myth is given.]
Hills, Jim
1987 Living on the edge. Native Peoples, premier edition (Fall), pp. 26-31. Phoenix, The Heard Museum [A color-illustrated article about Seri Indians alludes to former trade carried out between the Seri and O'odham (Papago Indians).]
Hilpert, Bruce
1980 Laurette Lovell: frontier artist. American Art Pottery, no. 47 (April), pp. 1, 4-5. Silver Spring, Maryland, s.n. [Laurette Lovell arrived in Tucson in 1882 and began in that decade to paint artistic scenes, including those depicting Papago Indians and Mission San Xavier del Bac, on Papago earthenware pottery vessels. One such vessel is illustrated here in three views.]
1998 Cornerstone. Glyphs, Vol. 49, no. 6 (December), p. 5. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Curator Hilpert describes the congenial arrangement, an intergovernmental agreement, worked out between the Arizona State Museum and the Tohono O'odham Nation concerning the museum's becoming the permanent owner of the Norton Allen collection of Hohokam archaeological materials recovered by Allen from the Gila Bend area and given by Allen's estate to the museum. The "collection can be used by the Tohono O'odham Nation for exhibit and educational purposes in their Cultural Center as soon as it is constructed."]
Hilzinger, J. George
1897 Treasure land. A story. Tucson, Arizona Advancement Company. Illus. 161 pp. [This is a promotional book about Tucson and southern Arizona. There are scattered mentions of Papago Indians and of Mission San Xavier throughout the book, including allusion to the Papagos' involvement in the Camp Grant Massacre of Apache Indians in 1871 and to mines in he Papago country west of Tucson. Most of the historical information concerning Mission San Xavier is erroneous.]
1969 Treasure land. A story. Publisher's preface by Robert B. McCoy and John T. Strachan. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Illus., index. v + 160 + 25 pp. [With the addition of a preface, map, modern photographs of Tucson, and an index, this is otherwise a reprint of Hilzinger (1897). Consult the index for entries concerning Papago Indians, Papaguería, and San Xavier del Bac mission.]
Hine, Robert V.
1968 Bartlett's West. Drawing the Mexican boundary. New Haven and London, Yale University Press. Illus., notes, bibl. note, index. 155 pp. [United States and Mexican Boundary surveyor John R. Bartlett's party visited Mission San Xavier del Bac on July 19, 1852. Bartlett drew a sketch of the mission which expedition artist Henry C. Pratt converted to a watercolor painting, one that "distorted the background mountains far out of proportion" (p. 68 n.10) but which is reproduced here as Plate 40.]
Hinsley, Curtis M., Jr.
1981 Savages and scientists: the Smithsonian Institution and the development of American anthropology, 1846-1910. Bibl. 319 pp. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. [A considerable portion of the book's 8th chapter concerning W J McGee alludes to McGee's field work among Papago Indians and in the Sonoran Desert and to various ideas derived by McGee from those 1890s experiences.]
Hinton, Richard J.
1878 The hand-book to Arizona: its resources, history, towns, mines, ruins and scenery. San Francisco, Payot, Upham & Co.; New York, American News Co. Map, illus. 431 + ci + 43 pp. [Scattered references are made to Papagos, the Papaguería, and the Papago (i.e., San Xavier) Reservation throughout. References to Mission San Xavier del Bac are on pages 28, 30, 119, 122, 182, 184, 192, 218, 221, 228, 265, 286, and 392. A print showing the mission is on page 219. Hinton observes (p. 384), ATheir reserve is much infringed upon by Mexicans as to land, timber and water ... .@]
1954 The hand-book to Arizona: its resources, history, towns, mines, ruins and scenery. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes. Map, illus. 431 + ci + 43 pp. [A reprint of Hinton (1878).]
1970 The hand-book to Arizona: its resources, history, towns, mines, ruins and scenery. Publisher's preface by Robert B,. McCoy; introduction by Harwood P. Hinton. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Map, illus., index. xv + 431 + ci + 43 + xviii pp. [With the addition of new front matter and an index, this is otherwise a reprint of Hinton (1878). Consult the index for entries relating to Papago Indians, Papago reservation, and Papaguería.]
Hinton, Thomas B.
1955 A survey of archaeological sites in the Altar Valley, Sonora. Kiva, Vol. 21, nos. 1-2 (December), pp. 1-12. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A map and bibliography accompany this essay about the results of an archaeological site survey conducted by Hinton in the Altar Valley of Sonora. Four definite and one probable Papago camp sites were located, two of them between Caborca and Bísani, an area which still had Papago residents at the time of Hinton's survey.]
1969 Remnant tribes of Sonora: Opata, Pima, Papago, and Seri. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 8, Ethnology, part 2, edited by Evon Z. Vogt, pp. 879-888. Austin, University of Texas Press. [A map, illustrations, and bibliography accompany this chapter which includes a discussion of the Papago Indians of Sonora. Hinton provides a general overview and information concerning subsistence systems and food patterns, settlements patterns, technology, economy, social organization, religion, aesthetic and recreational patterns, life cycles, and annual cycles.]
[1973] North Mexican Indian cultures. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, pp. 245-249. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. [Hinton writes, A... the 300 Papago of northwest Sonora ... are identical with a much larger portion of the same tribe in Arizona.@]
1976 La región del Sonoita-Altar. In Sonora: antropología del desierto [Colección Científica Diversa, 27] coordinated by Beatriz Braniff C. and Richard S. Felger, pp. 305-308. México, SEP, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [Hinton discusses the various terms used to describe Piman-speaking peoples and summarizes the history of studies of Papago Indians living in the region of the Sonoita and Altar rivers in Sonora. He mentions Ronald Ives' work involving Papagos at Quitobac and in the area of Sonoita and Darrow Dolan's study of the Papagos' "El Plomo War."]
1979 North Mexican Indian culture. In Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition, Vol. 13, pp. 345-349. Chicago, London, etc. etc. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. [Hinton notes that 300 Papagos live on northwest Sonora (p. 245) and that the Mexican west coast highway has penetrated the desert lands of the Papago (p. 248). A map shows the distribution of Papagos in Sonora (p. 246).]
1983 Southern periphery: west. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by Williams C. Sturtevent, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 315-328. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A general discussion of the Indians of Sonora and parts of Sinaloa and Chihuahua emphasizes the extent of Jovas and Opatas, but includes a sketch of Papagos living in Sonora.]
Hirsch, Bob
1973 Back road border runs. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 45, no. 12 (December), pp. 26-28, 32-35. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing, Inc. [The route described here includes the Papago Indian Reservation from Chuichu to Covered Wells and Sells to Robles Junction. There is a photo of adobe ruins between Chuichu and Covered Wells.]
Historic American building Survey
1940 Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson vicinity, Arizona. Survey no. Ariz. 13. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic American Building Survey, Southwest District. 41 sheets. [These are the measured plans, elevations, and detail drawings of Mission San Xavier del Bac as prepared between December 8, 1939 and September 4, 1940 by a team from the Historic American Building Survey (HABS). The original set of 41 sheets is filed in the Library of Congress.]
Hobrecht, Augustine
1959 Silver sacerdotal jubilee of Fr. Regis Rohder. Provincial Annals, Vol. 22, no. 2 (October), pp. 73-75. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a sermon in which Father Augustine outlines the missionary activities and priestly life of Father Regis, a person whose missionary career to this date had been spent largely among the Papago Indians.]
Hodge, Carle
1979 Desert diet -- those wild plants the Papagos picked. Arizona Outdoor/Recreation, Vol. 51, no. 4 (May/June), pp. 52-53. Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix Publications, Inc. [About the Papagos' use of such plants as mesquite, saguaro, jojoba, and ocotillo.]
1985 The oldest life in the world. Arizona Highways, Vol. 61, no. 10 (October), pp. 10-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is about the creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, and it includes mention of the use by Papagos of the lacquer secreted on its stems by the scaled beetle.]
1987 Emil Haury, archaeologist. Arizona Highways, Vol. 63, no. 9 (September), pp. 4-9. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article about University of Arizona archaeologist Emil W. Haury includes photographs as well as mention of his work at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1991 All about saguaros. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. Map, illus., selected readings. 64 pp. [Chapter 5, "An Indian Tree of Life," pp. 47-49, provides a summary of the use of saguaros by the Tohono O'odham and by prehistoric Hohokam, the latter using vinegar from saguaro fruit as an acid with which to etch sea shells. This is an Arizona Highways book. Color illustrations include photos of fruit harvesting and preparation and a painting by Tohono O'odham Michael Chiago of a saguaro harvest.]
Hodge, Frederick W.
1933 Introduction. In The journey of Coronado, by Pedro Castañeda and others; translated by George P. Winship, pp. xiii-xxvii. San Francisco, Grabhorn Press. [In his introduction to these accounts of the 1540 journey of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to the Zuni Indian settlements, Hodge presumes that the expedition traveled down the San Pedro River through Sobaipuri (O'odham) Indian villages.]
1990 Introduction. In The journey of Coronado, by Pedro Castañeda and others; translated by George P. Winship, pp. xiii-xxvii. Mineola, New York, Dover Publications, Inc. [This is a reprint of Hodge (1933).]
Hodge, Frederick W., editor
1907-10 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico [Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 30], parts 1 and 2. Washington, Government Printing Office. Map, illus., bibl. xi + 972 pp; iii + 1221 pp. [This monumental Ahandbook@ has a lengthy entry by Hodge himself on APapago@ (part 2, pp. 200-201). He says the name means Abean people@ and observes their territory stretches from San Xavier del Bac to Quitobaquito. He mentions their salt trade as well as their use of saguaro fruit for preserves and syrup. He writes that in 1906 their U.S. population was 4,981, with 523 allottees on the San Xavier reservation. He provides a list of Papago villages and a lengthy synonomy for the name APapago.@ The Handbook also has individual entries for settlements in the Pimería Alta, such as San Xavier del Bac (part 2, p. 463, San Ignacio (part 2, p. 440), and Tumacacori (part 2, pp. 836-837).]
Hodge, Hiram
1877 Arizona as it is; or, the coming country. Boston, H.O. Houghton and Company; New York, Hurd and Houghton. Illus., index. vi + 273 pp. [Hodge says Papago villages "are near the old and noted mission church of San Xavier," and that the people are "nominally Catholics, ... self-supporting, ... have a good supply of horses, mules, and cattle, and raise considerable produce of various kinds." He says they've always been friendly to the United States, and he objects to their agency having recently been consolidated with that of the Pimas (pp. 162-163).]
1965 1877. Arizona as it was. Introduction by Barry Goldwater. Chicago, Rio Grande Press, Inc. Map, illus., index. vi + 273 pp. [With an introduction by Goldwater and a change in the title, this is otherwise a reprint of Hodge (1877).]
Hodge, John
2004 San Xavier artwork. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A letter to the editor in which the writer asserts that the October, 2003 issue of Arizona Highways is a collector=s item because of its inclusion of the article by Bernard Fontana and photos by Edward McCain concerning the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Hoefer, Hans J., director and designer
1989 Insight guides: American Southwest. Singapore, Apa Publications. Maps, illus., index. 299 pp. [This color-illustrated guidebook to the American Southwest includes scattered mention of Papagos and of missions San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori. Four pages are devoted to the Papago and Pima and are illustrated with color photos of Papago Elmer Campus on the San Xavier Reservation and Juanita Ahill at her home in Little Tucson on the Sells portion of the Papago Reservation. Consult the index for further references.]
Hoffman, Benjamin H., and Alexa J. Haskell
1984 The Papago Indians: historical, social, and medical perspectives. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, Vol. 51, no. 6 (December), pp. 707-0713. New York, Mount Sinai Medical Center. [Purports to be a description of, "The history, culture, and traditional medical practices of the (Papagos)." Emphasis in the article is on the current problem of diabetes mellitus, which "affects 50%-70% of all adult Papagos and probably is caused by a complex interaction of environmental, genetic, and psychosocial factors." The article is rife with factual errors.]
Hoffman, Charles
1946 Frances Densmore and the music of the American Indian. Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 59, no 231 (January-March), pp. 45-50. Philadelphia, American Folklore Society. [Mention is made of the 1943 accessioning by the Library of Congress of Densmore's recordings of Papago music.]
Hoffman, Charles, compiler and editor
1968 Frances Densmore and American Indian music. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Vol. 23. New York, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. [Noted are Densmore's studies of Papago music carried out at San Xavier in 1920 (pp. xii, 43-44) and of Papago curing songs (p. 72). Scattered references to Papago music are found elsewhere.]
Hoffman, Charles J.
1958 Adult education for the Papagos. Desert Magazine, Vol. 21, no. 6 (June), pp. 27-29. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Discussed here is a pilot adult education class at the Pisinemo village school and other locations on the Sells Papago Reservation. There are four black-and-white photos, three of Papagos in a classroom and one of the Pisinemo school house.]
Hoffman, Jack E.
1983 The Grindell prospecting party. In Tales from Tiburon: an anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 70-84. Phoenix, The Southwest Natural History Association. [Hoffman mentions very briefly that it was a Papago Indian (Dolores Valenzuela) who guided him and others from Caborca, Sonora, to the Sonoran coast opposite Tiburon Island in 1905 on what proved to be a disastrous prospecting misadventure in which all the prospectors other than Hoffman perished in the desert.]
Hogan, Lawrence
1965a Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 27, no. 1 (January), pp. 51-52. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Brother Lawrence notes recent events among the Franciscans in the village at San Xavier del Bac, including the arrival of a new superior, Linus Hohendorf, in July, 1964; the tornado which struck the village of Bac on August 27, 1964, killing a Papago woman (Mrs. Norris) and her small child, destroying five Indian homes, and doing damage to the Indian school and the Franciscan Sisters' convent; and the so-far successful efforts to raise money to repair the damage.]
1965b Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 27, no. 2 (May), pp. 76-77. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is an illustrated article which focuses on a visit to Mission San Xavier del Bac of Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey and Mrs. Humphrey. They were in Tucson to attend a conference on the opening of President Lyndon Johnson's "War on Poverty." The Vice President made visits in the Papago village at Bac and talked with Papago Tribal Chairman Eugene Johnson.]
1965c Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 27, no. 3 (July), pp. 183-184. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Brother Lawrence, a Franciscan at Mission San Xavier del Bac, relates that Eleazar D. "Ed" Herreras of Tucson has designed a new home for the Franciscan Sisters to replace the one destroyed in the tornado of August, 1964, and he gives a summary of the 1965 Fiesta of San Xavier sponsored by the Tucson Festival Society.]
1966a Historian appointed at Mission San Xavier. Provincial Annals, Vol. 28, no. 3 (October), p. 151. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Reprinted from the Desert Knight of May, 1966, this article tells about the appointment to Mission San Xavier of priest and historian Fr. Kieran McCarty, who has recently completed work for his Ph.D. in history at Catholic University. Desert Knight is published by a group of Tucson Knights of Columbus.]
1966b Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 28, no. 2 (April), pp. 90-91. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Brother Lawrence notes the completion in December, 1965, of the new home for the Franciscan Sisters at San Xavier. He also writes about the boom in tourism to the mission, about the presence at the mission of jubilarians Nicholas Perschl and Anthony Linneweber, and about the arrival at the mission of historian Father Kieran McCarty.]
1966c Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 28, no. 3 (October), pp. 135-138. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Included here is a fairly detailed account of the successful archaeological program carried out in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico to find the remains of Father Eusebio Kino, S.J., founder of Mission San Xavier del Bac (in 1692). Brother Lawrence credits the role played in the discovery by Franciscan historian Fr. Kieran McCarty. The discovery was made May 24, 1966. Brother Lawrence also writes about the boom in tourism at Mission San Xavier and about the increased numbers of mission tours being given to visitors. Three photographs of the Magdalena excavation and its participants are included in a photo supplement in this issue of the Provincial Annals.]
1967a Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 27-28. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A summary of activities surrounding Mission San Xavier del Bac in late 1966, including mention of the visit of Davis Monthan Air Base personnel to play Santa Claus to Papago children and the filming of a CBS Christmas TV special in the church (photographs of these events accompany the article).]
1967b Who was the Hawk-Man of San Xavier? Desert Knight, February, p. ?? [Tucson: a local chapter of the Knights of Columbus]. [An essay which draws in part on the 1931 article by Bonaventure Oblasser, "Carnacion Tells Her Tale." It concerns the builders and decorators of the present structure of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
1967c Who was the Hawk-Man of San Xavier? Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 43-44. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a reprint of Hogan (1967b).]
1970 Mission San Xavier del Bac. A glance backward B and a hope for the future. Arizona Highways, Vol. 46, no. 3 (March), pp. 8-15. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Brother Lawrence Hogan, O.F.M., summarizes the history of Mission San Xavier del Bac and discusses in detail fund raising efforts that led to exterior painting and repair of the church, cleaning of art in the sanctuary, installation of new electric lighting, and construction of a memorial garden in the interior patio of the mission compound. The article is accompanied by numerous historic and contemporary photographs.]
Hogue, William G.
1940 "Geology of the northern part of the Slate Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona." Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The area under consideration is within the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hoikkala, Päivi
1998 Feminists or reformers? American Indian white women and political activism in Phoenix, 1965-1980. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 163-185. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles. [Mentioned here is John Lewis, a Pima/Mohave/Tohono O'odham, "Son of the first American Indian pastor at Central Presbyterian," who "grew up in Phoenix and was active in the church, including the Westminster Youth Fellowship. ... His own activism took shape in the context of the social reform in the 1960s."]
Holben, Randon E., and Leland L. Lawrence
1985 "Preliminary study of the structural condition of Mission San Xavier del Bac." Unpublished manuscript. Tucson, Holben, Martin & Meza, Structural Engineers, Inc. 21 pp. + appendices. [The title is the abstract. This report was prepared for the Patronato San Xavier.]
Holdridge, Randy
1973 Indian family beset by all comers. New Times, Vol. 4, no. 27 (April 11), pp. 1, 3, 14. Tempe, Alternative Press. [This article deals with land problems faced by the family of Thomas Childs, an Anglo who married a Papago woman and who lived at Ten-Mile Wash north of Ajo, Arizona. The New Times is an alternative weekly newspaper.]
Hollett, Kenneth J.
1983 Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago farms-great plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico [U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, no. 2258]. [Reston, Virginia?], U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Maps, illus., bibl. v + 44 pp. [Government Document no. I 19.76:83-774; microfiche, GPO item no. 624-H (MF). The title is the abstract.]
Hollon, W. Eugene
1966 The great American desert: then and now. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. Illus., bibl., index. 284 pp. [Hollon believes the Papagos, who live in the same area and in the same basic way as the Hohokam, are the Hohokams' direct lineal descendants (pp. 24-15). He observes that when Papagos got their first reservation in 1874 it included land where they had always lived (p. 113), and that Papagos were still living where white men first encountered them (p. 118).]
Holly, Walter
1953 Old-timer talks. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33, no. 10 (December), pp. 155-156. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [This is about the improvement made on the boys' dormitory at St. John's Indian School by Father Camillus Cavagnaro, O.F.M. It mentions that Papagos, Apaches, and Pimas attend the school, one located on the Gila River Indian Reservation.]
1989 Lambert. Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), pp. 10-11. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Father Walter writes about his recently-deceased fellow Franciscan, Father Lambert Fremdling. He tells about Fr. Lambert's long service among the Papago Indians. Illustrated with a photo of Lambert's funeral at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1991 Saint John's Indian School (1901-1977). Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (October), pp. 17-18. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Franciscan missionary and former high school principal Father Walter outlines a history of St. John's Indian School which operated at Komatke on the Gila River Indian Reservation in southern Arizona. He notes that most of its students came from the Papago Indian Reservation parochial elementary schools, and that when those schools were closed, it marked the beginning of the end of St. John's boarding school.]
Holmes, William H.
1915 Areas of American culture characterization tentatively outlined as an aid in the study of antiquities. In Anthropology in North America, by Franz Boas and others, pp. 42-75. New York, G.E. Stechert & Co. [A note on page 61 says that peoples of Piman linguistic stock, which would include Papagos, were "town building" peoples.]
Holscher, Louis M.
1983 Art and architecture. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 263-267. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [Holscher makes passing comment that Pimas and Papagos are the "probable descendants" of the prehistoric Hohokam.]
Holst, John H.
1936 A Papago summer school. Indians at Work, Vol. 4, no. 7 (November 15), pp. 36-37. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This is about a voluntary summer school conducted at Sells on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1937 The organization of the Papago Indians. Indians at Work, Vol. 4, no. 12 (February 1), pp. 23-27. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [An overview of Papago culture touches briefly on early history, village organization, the rain ceremony (saguaro harvest), "progressives" and "Montezumas," and attitudes towards the newly-organized tribal government. Included is a series of letters dealing with the formation of the constitutional committee and the ratification of the tribal constitution.]
Hooper, Mildred, and C.R. Hooper
1976a A new look at old Papago shrines. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 48, no. 2 (February), pp. 18-20, 36. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing Company. [About the Franciscan churches at Topawa and Pisinemo and about Baboquivari Peak on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1976b Where yesterday and today meet. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 48, no. 3 (March), pp. 22-25. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing Company. [An essay and four photos tell about the so-called "Well of Sacrifice," or Shrine of the Children, near Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. A version of the story of the Wiikita (vikita) ceremony is also recounted here.]
1977a Tricentennial travels to mission country. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 50, no. 2 (February), pp. 20-22. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing Company, Inc. [Among the Spanish-period sites of southern Arizona featured in this illustrated essays are missions San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori. Mention is made of the Piman-speaking Indians who once resided at Tumacacori and who continue to reside at San Xavier.]
1977b Window people. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 49, no. 4 (April), pp. 52-53. Phoenix, Phoenix Publications, Inc. [Two photos and an essay about Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation, including a history of its archaeology and of Papagos' use of the cave.]
1977c Tricentennial travels to mission country. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 49, no. 2 (February), front cover, pp. 20-22. Phoenix, Phoenix Publications, Inc. [A color photo of Mission Tumacacori in southern Arizona is on the front cover, and accompanying the article are black-and-white photos of Tumacacori and of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Brief histories of both missions are given, including mention of their founder, Father Eusebio Kino. The Hoopers recount the story of the cat and the mouse on the façade of Mission San Xavier.]
1993a Creosote. Southwest Passages, Vol. 1, no. 2 (January/February), pp. 58-59. Phoenix, El Zaguan Publ. Co. [Mention is made here of the Tohono O'odham use of lac from the creosote bush and a Tohono O'odham legend concerning the gum from the creosote bush is related.]
1993b Legends & lore: the sacrifice of the sacred well. Southwest Passages, Vol. 1, no. 2 (January/February), pp. 62-63. Phoenix, El Zaguan Publ. Co. [Three photos and a Chiago painting accompany this sketch of the Children's Shrine at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. A version of the legend of the Children's Shrine is told and the vikita ceremony is briefly described from second hand accounts.]
1995 The window people. Ventana Cave holds secrets of the ages. Southwest Passages, Vol. 3, no. 4 (April), pp. 48, 50-51. Phoenix, El Zaguan Publishing Co. [Two color photos accompany this article telling about Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation, including its prehistory and its connection to modern Tohono O'odham.]
Hoover, Jonas W.
1928 Arizona Indians. Arizona Old and New, Vol. 1, no. 1 (July), pp. 10-31. Phoenix, The Arizona Museum. [This illustrated article focuses on the Pima and Papago Indians, with emphasis on their environment, water supply, and economy.]
1929 The Indian country of southern Arizona. Geographical Review, Vol. 19, no. 1 (January), pp. 38-60. New York, American Geographical Society. [With maps and illustrations, this is a general discussion of the Indian country of southern Arizona. Two sections, one entitled "Pimeria, Land of the Pimas and Papago" (pp. 38-41), and another, "The Papago and the Papagueria" (pp. 49-55), discuss Papagos in some detail. There are seven photographs showing Papago villages, houses, habitat, and "Doctor Lopez," a medicine man, rain maker, and chief of the Santa Rosa Papagos. Mission San Xavier del Bac is referenced on page 51.]
1930 Movements of Papago populations. Museum Notes, Vol. 2, no. 11 (May), p. 3. Flagstaff, Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art. [This is a very brief essay about the types of Papago mobility and the factors affecting them.]
1931 Geographic and ethnic grouping of Arizona Indians. Journal of Geography, Vol. 30, no. 6 (September), pp. 235-246. Chicago, A.J. Nystrom and Company. [Papagos are mentioned throughout. There is a photo of the village of Vamori on page 236 and of Santa Cruz village on page 237.]
1935a Development and sites of the Papago villages of Arizona and Sonora. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 1, p. 23. Cheney, Washington, The Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. [This is a discussion of the two types of villages on the Papago Reservation: water supply villages and cultivating villages. Papagos formerly migrated from one type to the other with changing seasons. These plains and piedmont villages have fallen out of importance since federal government initiation of the cattle and grazing economy and subsequent dependence on grazing. Loss of the old system has made the situation critical in drought years.]
1935b Generic descent of the Papago villages. American Anthropologist, Vol. 37, no. 2
(April-June), pp. 257-264. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological
Association. [This seminal paper concerning the relatedness of Papago settlements has sections entitled, "Introduction"; "Economic Adjustments to the Land"; "The Old Head or Parent Villages"; and "Factors Influencing Shifts of Papago Village Sites or of Their Populations." Hoover believes that prior to 1860, Papago villages "may be traced back to about twelve common centers." A map showing locations of Papago villages and their linkages is included. Mission San Xavier is mentioned on page 258.]
1935c House and village types of the Southwest as conditioned by aridity. Scientific Monthly, March, pp. 237-249. New York, The Science Press. [A modern (1935) Papago house is described on pages 242-243; fortifications (cerros de trincheras) in the Papaguería are described (pages 245-146); and a note on San Xavier Mission architecture is on page 249. Illustrated.]
1938 The Papago villages of Arizona and Sonora, types and sites. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 4, pp. 28-29. Cheney, Washington, Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. [Hoover places his discussion of Papago houses within the outlines of Papago history: (1) prehistoric or pre-contact; (2) Spanish contact and introduction of Catholicism, livestock, and wheat; (3) the Gadsden Purchase and American contact and mining technology; and (4) the recent period of American contact and stimulus diffusion and acculturation. He notes presence of cerros de trincheras in prehistoric times, but observes the absence of monumental architecture in the Papaguería, and he speculates regarding the stone walls and house structures associated with them. The Papago village of "Pacinimo" (Pisinemo) is described in detail.]
1940 Anthropogeography of the Southwest: some recent observations. Geographical Review, Vol. 30, no. 2 (April), pp. 317-319. New York, American Geographical Society. [A one-paragraph mention of Papagos on page 319 amounts to a review of Ruth Underhill's Singing for Power, with the added note that "Papagos are less tenacious of their culture than the Pueblos ... ."]
1941 Cerros de trincheras of the Arizona Papagueria. Geographical Review, Vol. 31, no. 2 (April), pp. 228-239. New York, American Geographical Society. [With a map and eight photographs, this is a discussion of the cerros de trincheras, or "hills with entrenchments," found in the Papaguería. Seven such sites are located on the map as being on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
Hopkins, Anita N.
1979 Desert discovery. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 51, no. 3 (March), pp. 19-21, 32. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing, Inc. [A bicycle trek is outlined that goes from Tucson across the Papago Reservation to Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument or from Phoenix through Gila Bend to the same destination.]
Hopkins Durazo, Armando
1982 Datos sobre la población en las misiones de la Pimería Alta. Boletín de la Sociedad Sonorense de Historia, no. 3 (Mayo-Junio). Hermosillo, Sonora. [Hopkins presents population figures for Pimería Alta missions for the years 1762, 1802,and 1802, drawing on data from contemporary documents. Figures are given for missions and visitas at Suamca, San Ignacio, San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Guevavi, Sáric, Tubutama, Atil, Caborca, Oquitoa, Cocóspera, Ímuris, Magdalena, Sonoita, Tumcácori, Calabazas, Búsani, Aquimuri, Arizona, Santa Teresa, Pitiquito, and Bísanig.]
1985 Los indígenas sonorenses y su contribución al Sonora actual. Boletín de la Sociedad Sonorense de Historia, núm. 21 (Mayo-Junio), pp. 9-11. Hermosillo, Sociedad Sonorense de Historia. [Hopkins gives a figure of 12,000 Pimas Altos to the Spanish period. He lists 467 Papagos in Sonora based on the 1980 census. He says "the Papagos live in eight localities in the municipios of Altar, Saric, Caborca, and Puerto Peñasco."]
1987 Los orígenes del hombre sonorense. Boletín de la Sociedad Sonorense de Historia, núm. 30 (Enero-Febrero), pp. 4-8. Hermosillo, Sociedad Sonorense de Historia. [Included in this discussion of the prehistoric/historic native populations of Sonora, Mexico, is a list of Uto-Aztecan speakers, including the Papago.]
1996 Los sonorenses. Apuntes sobre su conformación histórica. Hermosillo, s.n. Maps, illus. 226 pp. [There is a considerable scattered discussion here of the Papago population in Sonora, including material on population estimates at various times. Carl Sauer (1935a) estimated the aboriginal population at 3,000 (p. 43). Also reprinted here is Hopkins Durazo (1982), and there are essays on the Pimería Ata activities of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and on the description of Sonora penned by Jesuit mission Ignaz Pfefferkorn. Finally, in examining the parochial archives for San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, Hopkins uncovered the fact that in the 20 years between 1822 and 1842, four Pápagos were baptized in the church there.]
Horcasitas de Barros, M.L., and Ana María Crespo
1979 Hablantes de lengua indígena en México [Colección Científica Lenguas, núm. 81]. México, Secretaría Educación Público, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia. [Although Papago speakers are not mentioned by that name, the numbers of monolingual and bilingual speakers are listed by municipio, including municipios in the Papago area of Sonora.]
Horgan, Paul
1975a He grew gardens in the earth and in the hearts of men. Smithsonian, Vol. 6, no. 5 (August), pp. 36-43. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Associates. [This is an article about the Southwest=s first archbishop Jean Baptiste Lamy of Santa Fe. One of the illustrations is a painting by Horgan of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Aabandoned 18th century Jesuit mission church (sic) rehabilitated (ca. 1859) by Lamy=s boyhood friend and deputy, Bishop Machebeuf.@]
1975b Lamy of Santa Fe. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Illus., sources consulted, index. 523 pp. [This is a biography of Archbishop Jean Baptitse Lamy of Santa Fe, New Mexico, the first non-Mexican bishop to become responsible for the churches in southern Arizona, including San Xavier del Bac, in the aftermath of the 1854 Gadsden Purchase. It includes information on visits paid to San Xavier and work done there in 1859 by Lamy=s assistant, Father Joseph Machebeuf, as well as about Lamy=s own involvement with the mission. There is information here about early attempts to staff the mission and to open a school there. See the index under ASan Xavier del Bac.@]
Hornaday, William T.
1908 Camp-fires on desert and lava. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. Maps., illus., index. xix + 366 pp. [This is an account of an expedition made late in 1907 and early in 1908 from Tucson, Arizona, to the Pinacate region of northwest Sonora. There are scattered references to Papagos throughout. See, for example, pages 28 (Papagos selling watermelons); 61 (a visit to abandoned Comobabi village); 67 (Papago settlements near Quijotoa); 182 (presumed Papago stone shrines and cremated remains of mountain sheep in the Pinacates); and 216 (Papagos' eating the fruit of the organ pipe cactus).]
1925 Camp-fires on desert and lava. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. Maps., illus., index. xix + 366 pp. [A reprint of Hornaday (1908).]
1983 Camp-fires on desert and lava. Introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. xlvi + 362 pp. [With the addition of an introduction by Bernard Fontana and somewhat different pagination, this is otherwise a reprint of Hornaday (1908).]
Horst, Todd
2000 My San Juan's Day. Seedhead News, no. 70 (Fall), p. 5. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This article about a San Juan's Day celebration at the Native Seeds/SEARCH farm near Patagonia, Arizona, is accompanied by a black-and-white photo of Tohono O'odham Danny Lopez offering a blessing at the site. Lopez's blessing is described in detail, including the fact that he and his wife, Florence, sang songs about squash and corn.]
Hosmer, John, and others, editors
1991 From Santa Cruz to the Gila in 1850. An excerpt from the journal of William P. Huff. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 32, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 41-110. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Huff visited the San Xavier mission and village on April 18, 1850, penning a fairly lengthy description of the church and alluding briefly to its surrounding Indian community. He says the Indians are "Pimos or Papagos."]
Hottle, Max
1991a The man in the maze is . . . . ? Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), pp. 20-21. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Written from the Franciscans' mission headquarters in Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation, this little essay recounts the initial experience of newly-arrived missionary Father Max in the Tohono O'odham Nation. He tells about celebrating Mass at the villages of Kaka and Ventana.]
1991b Max writes. Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), pp. 18-19. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Printed here is a letter written by Franciscan missionary Father Max on February 8, 1991, from Quijotoa, San Solano, Missions, Tohono O'odham Nation, Arizona. He notes his arrival on the reservation, recounts his first formal meeting with fellow friars and with nuns, and observes that the Papago Reservation, although treated as a single parish by the Diocese of Tucson, is about the size of the state of Connecticut. He also says it's believed there are about 17,000 Tohono O'odham on the reservation of whom 80% to 85% are estimated to be Catholics.]
1992 Remembering Remy Rudin, OFM. Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 3 (May), pp. 3-4. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [A remembrance on the first anniversary of his death of a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Papago Indians during the decade of the 1950s and who returned to work among them toward the end of his life. Father Max tells about the observance by the Papagos at St. Catherine's church in Topawa of his "anniversary" of death.]
Houk, Rose
1984 Saguaro bajada loop drive. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Illus. 12 pp. [This is a guide booklet for a drive in the west unit of Saguaro National Monument, Tucson, Arizona, one which discusses the relationship between Papagos and saguaro products (p. 2).]
1992 Hohokam. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Illus. 15 pp. [Included is a discussion of the Tohono O'odham (Papago) saguaro fruit harvest; a photo of a Tohono O'odham woman harvesting saguaro fruit; and mention of the Pima myth that the Pimas drove the Hohokam away.]
2000 Sonoran Desert. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus., suggested reading. 48 pp. [This overview of the geography of the Sonoran Desert includes a section called "The Desert as Home," one in which two paragraphs are devoted to the O'odham, "probable descendants of the Hohokam." One of the two paragraphs is devoted to the O'odham saguaro fruit harvest and ceremony.]
Houlihan, Patrick
1974 Southwest pottery today. Arizona Highways, Vol. 50, no. 5 (May), pp. 2-6. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Houlihan notes that the Papagos traditionally lived a ranchería life style, and he opines they are descended from the prehistoric Hohokam. He observes that Papagos produced red wares and black-and-white pottery in the form of ollas, bowls, jars, and vases. A photo in black-and-white of a Papago jar in included.]
1983 Bruce Bryan at the Southwest Museum. Masterkey, Vol. 57, no. 4 (October-December), pp. 125-130. Los Angeles, The Southwest Museum. [Passing mention is made that Bryan, retired curator of archaeology and editor of The Masterkey, once resided in the "Papago area."]
1987 Introduction: where lifeways endure. In Harmony by hand: art of the Southwest Indians, edited by Frankie Wright, pp. 8-19. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. [An overview of the history, prehistory, and traditional ethnography of the Indians of the Southwest, this introduction alludes briefly to the Tohono O'odham. Houlihan opts for the view that the Pimas and Tohono O'odham are descended from the Hohokam.]
Hovens, Pieter
1995 Ten Kate's Hemenway Expedition diary, 1887-1888. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 635-700. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Included here are accounts by Dutch anthropologist ten Kate, both in diary form and in reports, of his visits to San Xavier and to villages, such as Pan Tak, on what later (1916) became the main portion of the Papago Indian Reservation. Ten Kate was the first anthropologist to conduct any kinds of formal studies among the Papagos.]
Howard, Elmer A.
1887 Report of the United States Indian agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1887, pp. 4-7. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Howard's first annual report is dated 1887, Pima Agency, Arizona, and is addressed to J.D.C. Atkins, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Papagos are mentioned with regard to a case tried before the Court of Indian Offenses connected with gambling on a Papago horse race and with regard to a day school at San Xavier (p. 5). On page 6: off-reservation Papago population estimated at between 2,000 and 6,000, with the former thought to be correct; general subsistence information; stock raising the primary industry, and problems with white cattlemen over water rights; mesquite on Papago lands being depleted to supply mining camps; 500 Papagos have been on the Pima reservation this season helping with the harvest; need for government assistance; and census data indicating 137 people on the San Xavier Reservation, 25 people on the Gila Bend Reservation, and 2,000 living off-reservation.]
Howard, Evan
1966 San Solano Missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 28, no. 1 (January), p. 34. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Evan updates accounts of Franciscan activities on the Papago Indian Reservation, telling about various construction projects, numbers of children in school, and observances in Sells of the Feast Day of St. Francis of Assisi.]
Howard, Helen
1974 A survey of the Densmore collection of American Indian music. Journal of the West, Vol. 13, no. 2 (April), pp. 83-96. Los Angeles, Lorin L. Morrison and Carroll S. Morrison. [A review of reprints of several of Densmore's books on American Indian music, the Papago book not among them, makes passing reference to Pima-Papago musical style as being one of three musical styles in the native Southwest (p. 88). Also mentioned is the use of an ordinary household basket by Papagos as a resonator held inverted beneath a notched rasping stick (p. 84).]
Howard, Lucy, compiler
1984 The transformed grandmother. In American Indian myths and legends, selected and edited by Richard Erdoes and Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 451-452. New York, Pantheon Books. [Said to be a "Pima-Papago" tale, this is a story about a grandmother who climbed a mountain and was killed falling down it. She went into a cave in her death and disappeared.]
Howard, Nancy J.
2000 ANative spiritual paths: Native American bible college graduates, 1911-2000.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 203 pp. [ADuring the twentieth century hundreds of Pima, Tohono O=odham, Diné, Sioux, Cocopah, Mojave, and Mescalero Apache men and women chose to attend one of three specialized bible colleges in the Southwest.@ This dissertation discusses the lives of many of those who attended such schools, noting that many of them Ahave become cultural brokers.@]
Howard, Oliver O.
1872a Report of Brigadier General O.O. Howard, U.S.A., of his first visit as Commissioner to the Apache of Arizona and New Mexico. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, pp. 148-158. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated June, 1872 and written in Washington, D.C., this report on Howard's visit to Arizona and on the meeting held at Camp Grant in May, 1872 in the aftermath of the Camp Grant Massacre is addressed to Columbus Delano, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He writes of his conference on April 29 with Papago Agent R.A. Wilbur when he also heard complaints by Papagos about having lands taken from them (they had no reservation at this time); about the desire for schools for their children; and about their readiness to send representatives to the council to be held at Camp Grant. He also writes that Papagos are similar to Pimas in customs, dress, and habits of living (p. 153). There were nineteen Papagos, chiefs and principal men, present at the Camp Grant meeting to work out a peace agreement among the Pimas, Apaches, and U.S. military personnel, and one Papago was among the Indian delegates who accompanied Howard to Washington (p. 156). The Camp Grant Apaches asked return of their children who had been captured by Papagos, Mexicans, and Anglos at the Camp Grant massacre, and they expressed a desire for mutual peace (p. 157). Howard expresses approval of a recommendation concerning an agency building and school accommodations for Papagos, and adds that lands long recognized as belonging to them should be secured in their behalf (p. 159).]
1872b Report of Brigadier General O.O. Howard, U.S.A., of his first visit as Commissioner to the Apache of Arizona and New Mexico: Appendix I. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, p. 168. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This telegram is dated May 3, 1872, and was sent from the Pima Villages, Arizona, to Columbus Delano, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Howard says certain Pima and Papago chiefs will be present at the May 21 meeting to be held at Camp Grant.]
1872c Report of Brigadier General O.O. Howard, U.S.A., of his first visit as Commissioner to the Apache of Arizona and New Mexico: Appendix L. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, p. 170. Washington, Government Printing Office. [In this letter postmarked at Prescott, Arizona Territory, May 10, 1872 and addressed to Major-General J.M. Schofield, Howard writes that the chiefs and headmen of the Papagos will be present at the May 21 meeting to be held at Camp Grant.]
Howlett, William J.
1908 Life of the Right Reverend Joseph P. Machebeuf, D.D. Pueblo, The Franklin Press company. Illus. 419 pp. [Father Machebeuf wrote in his diary on November 3, 1858: "I started for Tucson, a village of about 800 souls, built around an ancient Mexican fortress. nine miles from Tucson I came to the Indian village of St. Francis Xavier among the Pima Indians (Papagos), a tribe almost all Catholics. I had the pleasure of finding there a large brick church, very rich and beautiful for that country" (p. 246). In June, 1859, Father Machebeuf visited the Papagos and took steps for the repair and preservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 251). A long and very bad poem about Mission San Xavier is on pages 252-254, one written by "Ildefonsus," the Reverend Nicholas Scallen, a priest of the Diocese of Dubuque who died "a few years" before 1908 in the household of Bishop Scanlon of Salt Lake City.]
1987 Life of the Right Reverend Joseph P. Machebeuf, D.D. Edited, with notes, by Thomas J. Steele and Ronald S. Brockway; foreword by David M. Clarke. Denver, Regis College. Illus., bibl., index. 462 pp. [With added foreword, endnotes, and index, this is a re-edition of Howlett (1908).]
Hoy, Bill
1969 Quest for the meaning of Quitobaquito. Kiva, Vol. 34, no. 4 (April), pp. 213-218. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This essay explores some of the names for and meanings of "Quitobaquito" that have been used and proposed in historic times. Located in the southwestern corner of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in the Papaguería, the half-acre shallow pond has been a place of residence for Sand Papagos as well as a stopping place for all travelers in the region, Papagos included. Hoy prefers the meaning of Quitobaquito as that proposed in 1901 by W J McGee, a Papago word interpreted as "Little house-ring Spring."]
1990 Sonoyta and Santo Domingo: a story of two Sonoran towns and the river that ran by. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 117-140. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [In writing about old Sonoyta, Sonora, Hoy also writes about the Papago Indian community that was formerly there and which was still in place in the mid-19th century.]
1994 War in Papaguería: Manuel Gándara's 1840-41 Papago expedition. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 35, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 141-162. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Hoy provides the historical setting as well as a summary of the diary kept by one of the Mexican soldiers during this successful Mexican campaign against Papagos in northern Sonora (and southern Arizona) in 1840-41. Map included.]
1995 Hardscrabble days at the Ajo mines. George Kippen's diary, 1855-1858. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 233-250. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [George Kippen lived and worked in Ajo, Arizona, between 1855 and 1858. His diary, and Hoy's commentary, make frequent allusion to Papago Indians and Papago Indian villages.]
1999 Don Tomás and Tomasito. The Childs family legacy in southern Arizona. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 40, no.1 (Spring), pp. 1-28. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Accompanied by family photographs, this is the story of Tom Childs, Sr., Tom Childs, Jr. (Tomasito), and Tom Childs, Jr.'s second wife, Marta García -- the Sand Papago (HiaCed O'odham) daughter of Thomas García and Rita Ortega. Included, too, is a detailed description of the Childs' Ten Mile Ranch north of Ajo, Arizona. All twelve children of Tom and Marta were raised essentially as HiaCed O'odham.]
Hoyt, J. Clyde
1906 San Xavier del Bac. University of Arizona Monthly, Vol. 7, no. 6 (April), pp. 402-409. Tucson, Students of the University of Arizona. [One photo each of the church's exterior and interior accompany this article describing Mission San Xavier del Bac. Also included are a few comments about the neighboring Papago village and the Papago cemetery.]
Hrdlicka, Ales
1904 Notes on the Indians of Sonora, Mexico. American Anthropologist, new series, Vol. 6, no. 1 (January-March), pp. 51-89. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Anthropological Association. [There are scattered references to Papagos throughout, including mention of the basketry of Papagos living in a community west of Torres, a station on the railway a few miles south of Hermosillo, Sonora. Most discussion of Sonoran Papagos concerns their physical measurements, including measures of height, cephalic index, lower facial index, and nasal index (pages 84-88).]
1906 Notes on the Pima of Arizona. American Anthropologist, Vol. 8, no. 1 (January-March), pp. 39-46. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Anthropological Association. [There are scattered mentions of Papagos throughout, including allusions to their racial and linguistic affiliations, houses, pottery, burden baskets, and kick ball game ("still in vogue").]
1908 Physiological and medical observations among the Indians of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico [Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 34]. Washington, Government Printing Office. Illus, bibl., index. 460 pp. [Many references to Papagos are throughout the text on subjects ranging from albinism to tuberculosis and vitiligo (consult the index). Illustrations include several photos of Papago dwellings. References to Mission San Xavier and to San Xavier Papagos are found on pages 10, 43, 156, 199, and 227.]
1909 Stature of Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico. In Putnam Anniversary Volume, edited by Franz Boas, pp. 405-426. New York, G.E. Stechert & Co., Publishers. [Presented here are data resulting from the author's trips to Papago country in 1902 as a member of the Hyde Expedition for the American Museum of Natural History. Most of the information was collected at San Xavier del Bac, with individuals' heights given on page 417 and in a table on page 426.]
1935 The Pueblo, with comparative data on the bulk of the tribes of the Southwest and northern Mexico. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 20, pp. 235-460. Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [Papago physical anthropological data are included in the comparisons.]
Hubatch, M. Antoninus
1969 Our Book: an approach to reading. San Xavier Mission School, Tucson, Arizona. EPIC Abstract, no. 5 (July), pp. 1-2. Tucson, EPIC Evaluation Center. [Sister M. Antoninus Hubatch explains the rationale and history behind her having worked with the first and second grade children in San Xavier Mission School to produce an illustrated reader aimed specifically at those children and their daily lives. The article is accompanied by four photographs, one of which shows Sister Antoninus using as tape recorder in a reading class and another of which shows the mission school next to the church.]
Hubatch, M. Antoninus, [compiler] and [editor]
1968 Our book; T-O'ohana; nuestro libro. By the first and second grade pupils at San Xavier Mission School. Papago translation by Dean Saxton; Spanish translation by Lawrence Hogan. Tucson, Carmel Print Shop, Salpointe High School. Illus. 50 + 7 pp. [This is a trilingual reader by and for children in the San Xavier Mission School. It consists of extended captions for black-and-white photographs of scenes around the mission and in the village of Wa:k, captions comprised of words spoken by the children themselves in describing the pictures. It includes a 7-page addition, "Vocabulary to accompany Our Book; T-O'ohana; Nuestro Libro."]
1969 Our book; T-O'ohana; nuestro libro. By the first and second grade pupils at San Xavier Mission School. Papago translation by Dean Saxton; Spanish translation by Lawrence Hogan. Tucson, Carmel Print Shop, Salpointe High School. Illus. 51 + 7 pp. [This is a slightly different version of the above, one with a few different photographs than in the original book.]
Huckell, Bruce B.
1984 Sobaipuri sites in the Rosemont area. In Miscellaneous archeological studies in the Anamax-Rosemont land exchange area, by Martin Tagg, Richard G. Ervin, and Bruce B. Huckell [Archaeological Series, No. 147, vol. 4], pp. 107-130. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [This is a report on what are presumed to be two small Sobaipuri Indian sites on the east side of the Santa Rita Mountains in southern Arizona. They are further presumed to be of early historic period.]
Huckell, Bruce B., and Lisa W. Huckell
1982 Archaeological test excavations at Tubac State Park, Arizona. In Archaeological test excavations in southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 152], compiled by Susan A. Brew, pp. 63-102. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [Sherds of Papago Indian pottery were excavated in the Spanish, Mexican, and early Anglo American-period site in southern Arizona.]
Huckell, Lisa W.
1986 Botanical remains from AZ U:14:75. In Archaeological investigations at AZ U:14:75 (ASM), a turn-of-the-century Pima homestead [Archaeological Series, no. 172], edited by Robert W. Layhe, pp. 138-154. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [In her description and analyses of plant remains recovered archaeologically from a late-19th century Pima Indian homestead on the Gila River Reservation, Huckell notes the involvement by Papagos with the saguaro cactus and its fruit (p. 149) and she mentions Pimas' receiving twilled mats in trade from Papagos (pp. 152-53).]
1981a Marine shells from Tumacacori Mission. In Tumacacori plaza excavation, 1979 [Publications in Anthropology, no. 16], by Lee Fratt, pp. 199-207. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. [In reporting on marine shells recovered from the site of the 18th and 19th-century plaza at Mission Tumacacori in southern Arizona Huckell quotes Jesuit missionary Ignaz Pfefferkorn=s 18th century description of clothes worn by Northern Piman women: AThe womenfolk cover at least half their body completely down to the feet. For this purpose they use one or two deerskins which they fold around the body like a skirt and tie fast with a strap on the abdomen. Fastened all around on the lower part of the skirt, about a span above the lower edge, are little sea shells, snail shells, nails, fragments of pottery, in short any kind of collected trifle that will produce a rattling sound.@]
1981b The plant remains from Tumacacori Mission. In Tumacacori plaza excavation, 1979 [Publications in Anthropology, no. 16], by Lee Fratt, pp. 209-232. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. [Huckell observes that Father Eusebio Kino, a Jesuit missionary, introduced many Old World domestic plants among the Northern Pimans. Evidence for many of these plants was archaeologically recovered in excavations in the southern Arizona site of Mission Tumacácori. Huckell notes that the diverse number of cultigens found Asupports documentary data that reiterate the importance of agriculture in sustaining the mission.@]
1992 Plant microremains in adobe bricks. In San Miguel de Guevavi. The archeology of an eighteenth century Jesuit mission on the rim of Christendom [Publications in Anthropology, no. 57], by Jeffrey F. Burton, pp. 115-126. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. [Reported on here are the analyses of plant microremains extracted from sub-dried adobe bricks that had gone into the construction of the eighteenth-century mission church of Guevavi in southern Arizona, a church which served Northern O=odham. Included among the plant remains were fragments of wheat (Triticum aestvum L.).]
1993 Plant remains from the Pinaleño cotton cache, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 147-203. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Among the plant remains mentioned is corn of the Pima-Papago supra race (p. 181).]
2001 Studying ancient plants at Sabino Canyon Ruin. Old Pueblo Archaeology, no. 27 (December), pp. 1-4. Tucson, Old Pueblo Archaeology Center. [In writing about plants remains recovered from this prehistoric Hohokam site, one occupied ca. A.D. 1000-1350, Huckell notes that Tohono O'odham used the leaves of Tansy Mustard (Descurainia) as pot-herbs and the seeds as a staple food added to mush, gruel, and bread after being parched and ground. Large quantities of such seeds were found in storage jars in a prehistoric site at Punta de Agua near Mission San Xavier del Bac. Tohono O'odham are also known to have collected seeds of various dropseed species (Sporobolus) for food and to have used cottonwood trunks in the construction of houses.]
Hudson, Charles
1876 Report of the United States Indian agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1876, pp. 6-9. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Hudson's first annual report is dated August 31, 1876 and was written at the Pima Agency, Arizona, addressed to J.Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Hudson notes that the Papago tribe was placed under the Pima Agency's jurisdiction before he took control, that there are more of them than there are Pima and Maricopa combined, and that they live widely scattered (page 6). He places their population at between 5,000 and 6,000; notes they are livestock raisers; and that Mexicans are occupying farms and using water belonging to Papagos (page 8). He says mesquite is being removed from the Papago Reservation without compensation; he recommends families be given 160 acres of land with an inalienable title; says their reservation should be kept intact until they can be relocated; observes they have no school at present, that Papagos have cut their hair and have adopted the habits and dress of Mexicans, that sanitary conditions have been good with no epidemics occurring, and that the services of a blacksmith and physician have been retained for the tribe (page 9). He recommends that mesquite be sold under a system assuring the tribe gets the proceeds, and he recommends construction of a small flour mill as well as improvements in cattle breeding stock (page 9).]
Hudson, Herschel C.
1979 "Cultural and social dimensions of North American Indians." Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 697 pp. [Papagos are one of the groups included in a statistical survey involving various cultural attributes of some 273 North American Indian groups.]
Huff, William P. See Hosmer and others, editors (1991)
Hughes, J. Donald
1983 American Indian ecology. El Paso, Texas Western Press. Maps, bibl., index. xiii + 174 pp. [Included here is considerable material drawn from Ruth Underhill's Papago Indian Religion (1946). See the index for a list of Papago citations.]
1996 North American Indian ecology. New foreword by the author. 2nd edition. El Paso, Texas Western Press. Maps, bibl., index. xiii + 174 pp. [Other than the new title and foreword, this is a re-edition of Hughes (1983).]
Hughes, Jennifer L.
1996 AWhere language touches the earth: folklore and ecology in Tohono O=odham plant emergence narratives.@ Master of Arts thesis, Utah State University, Logan. 135 pp. [AThe historical and ecological relationships between the Tohono O=odham and the Sonoran Desert landscape are expressed in the stories they tell. ... I have characterized those transitional oral narratives that illustrate and articulate Tohono O=odham interrelationships with Sonoran Desert botanical communities as >plant emergence narratives.=... In examining these narratives, I discuss some of the many levels on which they operate, specifically the intersection of cultural worldview with scientific data, or what I term >cultivation lore.=@]
Hughes, Joann
1978 [Untitled.] Sun Tracks, Vol. 4, p. 57. Tucson, University of Arizona, Amerind Club and the Department of English. [This is a black-and-white photograph of a man seated in chair taken by a woman listed as being "Hopi/Papago."]
Hughes, L.C.
1895 Report of the Governor of Arizona. In Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1895, Vol. 3, pp. 329-437. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated September 26, 1895 and written in Phoenix Arizona, this report is addressed to Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior. Governor Smith writes, "Complaints are being made by settlers of both southern and northern Arizona charging the Papagos of the south and the Navajos of the north with stealing and killing large numbers of stock" (p. 362). Hughes observes, "An investigation concerning loss sustained by stockmen in southern Arizona, Pima County, show that over the past 4 years the Papagos have stolen and slaughtered stock from three citizens alone of the total value of $68,323. Because of this stealing, cattle ranges were vacated at an additional loss of $41,000 expended in developing and storing water" (p. 363).]
Hughes, (Mrs.) Samuel
1935 As told by the pioneers: Mrs. Samuel Hughes, Tucson (reminiscences, 1930). Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 6, no. 2 (April), pp. 66-74. Tucson, University of Arizona with the cooperation of Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [These reminiscences by Tucson native Atanacia (Santa Cruz) Hughes make mention of the fact that she and L.C. Hughes were married May 27, 1862 at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Mr. And Mrs. Hiram Stevens and Mr. And Mrs. Fritz Contzen were among the attendees, and while she does not name the priest, he was apparently living at San Xavier. She provides her memories of the 1871 Camp Grant massacre of Apache Indians in which Papagos from San Xavier participated.]
Hughston, Carolyn M.
n.d. From AThe shrine in the desert.@ In Mission San Xavier del Bac, founded 1692, by the Tucson Chamber of Commerce, pp. 5-6. Tucson, Tucson Chamber of Commerce. [There is an excerpt here from Hughston (1910) about the shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes on the hill next to Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
1910 The shrine in the desert. Tucson, s.n. Illus. 23 pp. [With tipped-in black-and-white photographs by William M. Morton, this booklet is primarily about the shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes erected by Bishop Granjon in 1908 on what has since come to be known as Grotto Hill adjacent to Mission San Xavier del Bac. She writes about a procession of Indians to the shrine. This booklet was reprinted six times between 1910 and 1926, different photos appearing in some of the versions.]
Hultkrantz, Åke
1982 A study of native American religions and the study of religion. New Scholar, Vol. 8, nos. 1-2, pp. 143-165. Santa Barbara, University of California at Santa Barbara. [Passing mention is made of a work by Ruth Underhill, "the anthropologist who was recently hailed by the Papago people as their true historiographer."]
Humphrey, Robert R.
1958 The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes [Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 299]. Tucson, University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station. Illus., bibl. 62 pp. [Humphrey quotes from John R. Bartlett and Philip St. George Cooke concerning the mid-19th century appearance and presence of the mesquite bosque which was once just south of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 11-12, 15).]
1960 Forage production on Arizona ranges. V. Pima, Pinal, and Santa Cruz counties [Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 302]. Tucson, University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station. Map, illus. 137 pp. [Mention is made of the introduction of livestock to northern Sonora/southern Arizona and to Mission San Xavier del Bac by Father Eusebio Kino (p. 7). Included here, too, are photographs of parts of the Papago Reservation showing typical Desert Saltbush range (p. 54) and Palo-Verde--White Bur-Sage range (p. 58). Foldout maps in the rear show those parts of the Papago Reservation covered by Pima and Pinal counties in terms of distribution of juniper-oak woodland, desert grassland, and southern desert shrub vegetation types.]
1987 90 years and 535 miles: vegetation change along the Mexican border. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Illus., bibl. 448 pp. [Humphrey re-photographed all but one of the 205 boundary markers separating New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico, markers put there and photographed first in 1893 (see Barlow, Gaillard, and Mosman {1898}). Included are his photographs of markers along the southern boundary of the Papago Indian Reservation (northern Sonoran boundary), where he speculates that changes in vegetation have been largely the result of overgrazing of cattle on their reservation by Papagos.]
Humphreys, A.A.
1856 Report of Captain A.A. Humphreys, Topographical Engineers, upon the progress of the Pacific Railroad explorations and surveys. In Report of the Secretary of War [Senate Executive Documents, no. 5, 34th Congress, 3d session], Vol. 2, pp. 203-216. [Humphrey=s letter, written in Washington, D.C. on November 29, 1856, comments on the survey carried out by Lt. John G. Parke between the Gila Pima villages and the Rio Grande. San Xavier is mentioned on page 206.]
Humphreys, Anna, and Susan Lowell
2002 Saguaro: the desert giant. Tucson, Rio Nuevo Publishers. Map, illus., sources. 60 pp. [A version of the Harold Bell Wright version of the Tohono O'odham story of the creation of the saguaro appears on pages 20-21; the traditional Tohono O'odham calendar, titled here "A Saguaro Year," is on pages 30-31; a poem that mentions saguaro by Tohono O'odham poet Ofelia Zepeda is on p. 32; the relationship between O'odham and other Indians and the saguaro is discussed as well as illustrated in photographs and paintings on pages 33-38; and a trek with Tohono O'odham Stella Tucker to harvest saguaro fruit is described and illustrated on pages 42-46.]
Hunter, Harold
1953 [Untitled.] In The new trail, revised edition, p. 8. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [This is a drawing by a Papago student of a rider on a bucking bronco.]
Hunter, Thomas T.
1930 Early days in Arizona. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 3, no. 1 (April), pp. 105-120. Phoenix, Arizona State Historian. [A note on page 116 says that Papagos were present at Fort Crittendon in southern Arizona in 1868.]
Hunter, William W.
1992 Missouri '49er. The journal of William W. Hunter on the southern gold trail. Edited and annotated by David P. Robrock. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Hunter was in the O'odham village of Bac in October, 1849. He arrived there on October 3 just when an O'odham war party returned with Apache children as prisoners and with two Apache scalps. He offers a detailed description of the O'odham's celebration of the event.]
Huntington, Ellsworth
1911 The first Americans. Harper's Monthly Magazine, Vol. 122, no. 729 (February), pp. 451-462. New York, Harper & Brothers Publishers. [This illustrated article provides a good reference concerning trincheras ruins in Papago country; Hohokam sites around Tucson; and irrigation terraces in the upper Rincon Valley. A photo on page 454 shows Papago women making baskets.]
1913 The fluctuating climate of North America. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1912, pp. 383-412. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Considerable data are here concerning cerros de trincheras in the Santa Cruz drainage area of the Papaguería as well as in Sonora. Huntington quotes Robert Forbes as saying there are only abut 6,000 arable acres in the Santa Cruz Valley, most of them at San Xavier, Tucson, and along the Rillito. He also writes, "...The modern Papago Indians still use pottery to almost the same extent as before the coming of the white man, yet the amount of broken pottery in their chief villages, which have been inhabited at least fifty years, is insignificant, while that in ruins is as great as in many Asiatic ruins which are well known to have been occupied hundreds of years" (p. 385). Huntington also notes that some 1,500 acres of arable land are at San Xavier, where some six or even hundred Indians live, "cultivating the land, raising cattle, and going out to the neighboring city to work. In days of the Hohokam a somewhat dense population lived at San Xavier, as is proved by various ruins, including a fort on a hilltop (Black Mountain)" (p. 387).]
1914 The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications, no. 192]. Washington, D.C., The Carnegie Institution of Washington. Maps, illus., bibl., index. vi + 341 pp. [Huntington mentions the Papago oasis of Artesia (p. 61); the village of Covered Wells, which is thoroughly described (p. 62); and Papago Indians at Buzani (Búsanig), Sonora (p. 87). He says that "according to tradition" the whole plain of the lower Altar was once under cultivation by Papagos or their predecessors (p. 67). He notes severe erosion occurring along an irrigation ditch on the San Xavier Reservation (p. 33), and he speculates that, based on ruins now there, a fairly dense population of Hohokam once lived at San Xavier (p. 51). The Black Mountain trincheras are illustrated in a photo in Plate 2, B.]
Huntington, Mary M.
1946 El Camino del Diablo. Westways, Vol. 38, no. 11 (November), pp. 9-11. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [A map accompanies this illustrated discussion and brief history of the Camino del Diablo in southwest Arizona and northwest Sonora, one that refers to Papagos.]
1949 In the path of Father Kino. Westways, Vol. 41, no. 5 (May), pp. 2-3. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [This is an account for tourists concerning the missions of the Pimería Alta, one emphasizing the missionary career of Father Eusebio Kino and Mission San Xavier del Bac, but including mention of missions Tumacácori, Pitiquito, Caborca, Oquitoa, San Ignacio, Tubutama, and Atil. There are photos of missions Pitiquito, San Xavier, San Ignacio, Oquitoa, and Caborca.]
Hutton, Ginger
1979 Dazzling spring days along . . . Ajo Mountain drive. Arizona Highways, Vol. 55, no. 11 (November), pp. 30-37. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article is about an automobile drive in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwest Arizona, one which alludes to the Papagos' gathering of salt at the head of the Gulf of California and to their saguaro fruit harvest.]
Hyatt, Bob
1968 Padre Kino mission tour. Catholic Digest, Vol. 32, no. 9 (July), pp. 33-35. St. Paul, Minnesota, The Catholic Publishing Center. [With a sketch of the missionary life of Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., included, this is a brief guide with directions on how to reach sites of the missions established by him in the Pimería Alta in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The front cover of the magazine includes a color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac with Father Theodore Williges, O.F.M., standing in the plaza with six Papago Indian children.]
Hymes, Dell
1992 Use all there is to use. In On the translation of Native American literatures, edited by Brian Swann, pp. 83-124. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press. [Included here (p. 114) is mention of Donald Bahr's 1975 publication of his analysis of ritual Papago oratory.]