FFF
Fabila, Alfonso 1957 Los Pápagos de Sonora. Acción Indigenista, núm. 47, pp. 2-4. México, D.F.,
Instituto Nacional Indigenista. [Seven photographs and a map accompany this
general description of Papagos in Sonora. The author estimates the 1957 Sonoran
population at about 745 Papagos living in three municipios and eleven settlements.
Papagos are said to be living at the subsistence level, raising few cash crops.
Subsistence, cattle, clothing, houses, roads, rainfall, climate, political organization
of villages, and relations of Sonoran Papagos to those living in the United States are
topics of discussion.] Fages, Pedro. See Ives, translator and editor (1968) Fair, Charles L. 1965 "Geology of the Fresnal Canyon Area, Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County,
Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 111 pp. (AAT
6600712) [Fresnal Canyon is on the west side of the Baboquivari Mountains on
the Papago Indian Reservation.] Falls, Jo 1996 Tepary beans -- Milky Way in the desert. Desert Corner Journal, September-October, pp. 2, 12. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [This article about tepary beans
(Phaseolus acutifolius) includes some discussion about the one-time importance
of this plant to the Tohono O'odham. The latter have a tradition that the stars in
the Milky Way are abundant white tepary beans scattered across the sky.] 1997 More Kino missions. Desert Corner Journal, May/June, p. 4. Tucson, Tohono
Chul Park. [Mention is made of a planned visit to missions San Xavier del Bac
and Tumacacori on May 13, 1997 by members of Tohono Chul Park.] Fandray, Dayton 2000 On Tucson time. Alaska Airlines Magazine, Vol. 24, no. 9 (September), front
cover, pp. 26-29, 31, 137-138. Seattle, Paradigm Communications Group. [The
front cover of the magazine consists of a spectacular color photo by Jack Dykinga
of the north elevation of the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac at
sunset. This overview of Tucson and the surrounding area describes mission San
Xavier as the "crown jewel of a city that cares deeply about its history."] Fannin, Paul 1969 Statement of Hon. Paul J. Fannin, a U.S. Senator from the State of Arizona. In
Indian education: Hearings before the Special Sub-committee on Indian
education of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States
Congress, 90th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, Part 3, pp. 990-992. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office. [Senator Fannin alludes in his remarks to a
visit made by him to the Papago Indian Reservation and meeting there with
student Marian Antone.] Farbman, N.R. 1961 Desert mission. Life, Vol. 50, no. 8 (February 24), pp. 8-59. New York, Time,
Inc. [This is a panoramic color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac showing the
convento, church, mortuary chapel, school, and nuns= house. South elevation.] Farish, Thomas E. 1915 History of Arizona, Vol. 2. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype
Company. [Mention of Papagos on page 29.] 1916 History of Arizona, Vol. 4. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype
Company. [Mention of Papagos on page 21.] 1918 History of Arizona, Vol. 7. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype
Company. 327 pp. [Chapter 7, pages 297-312, deals with the Papago and
Sobaipuri Indians, including a photograph of a San Xavier Papago opposite page
297. Papagos also mentioned on page 2.] Faulk, Odie B. 1973 Destiny road: the Gila Trail and the opening of the Southwest. New York, Oxford
University Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 232 pp. [Mention is made of the fact
that in 1768 Father Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan missionary, arrived to take
charge of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 10).] Faulk, Odie B., editor 1966 John Baptist Salpointe: soldier of the cross. Foreword by Francis J. Green.
Tucson, Diocese of Tucson. Illus., index. xxiii + 181 pp. [In this re-issued version
of Soldiers of the Cross (Salpointe 1898), Faulk adds extensive footnotes, including
two that allude to mission San Xavier del Bac (pages 57 and 61) as well as to
Papago Indians (page 57). Faulk mistakenly dates the construction of the
Franciscan church at San Xavier as "between 1790 and 1820," and he misstates the
founding of the mission as having been in 1701.] Fay, George E. 1967 Charter, constitutions and by-laws of the Indian tribes of North America, part IV:
the Southwest (Navajo-Zuni). Occasional Publications in Anthropology, no. 5,
Ethnology Series. Greeley, Colorado State College, Museum of Anthropology.
120 pp. [The Constitution and By-laws of the Ak-Chin (Papago) Indian
Community, Arizona, are on pages 28-35. The Constitution and By-laws of the
Papago Tribe of Arizona are on pages 45-52.] Feagin, Joe R., and Randall Anderson 1973 Intertribal attitudes among Native American youth. Social Science Quarterly, Vol.
54, no. 1 (June), pp. 117-131. Austin, Texas, Southwestern Social Science
Association and the University of Texas at Austin. [This is a study of the antipathy
attitudes of Papago, Pima, Hopi, Navajo, and Apache students in Sherman Institute,
a Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding school in Riverside, California. The authors
try to assess the opinions of these students toward one another as ethnic groups and
toward other ethnic groups in general (e.g., Blacks, Whites).] Federal Writers' Project 1939 The Papago [Arizona State Teachers College Bulletin, Vol. 20, no. 3 (October)].
Flagstaff, Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff. Bibl. 16 pp. [This is a
tightly written outline of Papago history and culture, with sections entitled
"history," "economics," "social organization," and "religion." Included are data on
material culture (e.g. pottery and basketry), food production, hunting, and
gathering.] Feinman, Gary M. 1991 Hohokam archaeology in the eighties: an outside view. In Exploring the Hohokam,
edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 461-483. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind
Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [The author questions
the use of Pima and Papago cultural analogies as an aid to understanding the
prehistoric culture patterns of the Hohokam (p. 473).] Feldman, Dede 1980 Solar energy on the reservation -- a way to grow but remain the same. New
America, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 68-72. Albuquerque, New American
Editorial Board, sponsored by American Studies Graduate Students Association,
University of New Mexico. [Includes a photo by U.S. Indian Health Service
engineer Sal Reyes of the photovoltaic array at the Papago village of Schuchulik
(Gunsight) on the Papago Indian Reservation. There is no mention of Papago solar
power in the text.] Feldman, Kerry D. 1972 Deviation, demography, and development: differences between Papago Indian
communities. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 137-148.
Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [Data taken from the
Papago population register are utilized to construct three demographic community
types. These are utilized in predicting levels of modernization in education,
employment, and acceptance of Protestant religion. It is concluded that the varying
demographic segments, including Papago Indian villages, are part of an emerging
system of hierarchical organization of communities according to function.] Felger, Richard S. 1976 The Gulf of California: an ethno-ecological perspective. Natural Resources
Journal, Vol. 16, (July), pp. 451-464. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico
School of Law. [Although the discussion centers on the Seri Indians' adaptation to
the Gulf of California region in Sonora, mention is made of the western Papagos in
the Pinacate Mountains area of northwestern Sonora.] 1980 Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico. Desert Plants, Vol. 2,
no. 2 (Summer), pp. 87-114. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce
Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [A thoroughgoing discussion of the 180
species of plants that grow in the Gran Desierto region of northwestern Sonora
includes mention of some two dozen potentially edible species which have been
utilized by Papago Indians. Papagos are mentioned specifically as having eaten the
root of Ammobroma sonorae (sandfood).] 1981 Teparies -- the desert beans. sonorensis, Vol. 3, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 3, 12.
Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [A very brief essay about tepary beans
notes their availability for sale on the Papago Indian Reservation and the possibility
that the word "Papago" derived from the Piman term for tepary bean.] 1998 Sonoran sandfood. Dryland Oasis, Vol. 1, nos. 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer), pp. 1, 7.
Tucson, Drylands Institute. [This is about the plant Pholisma sonorae (formerly
Ammobroma sonorae) that grows in the sand dunes of southwestern Arizona and
northwestern Sonora and whose tuberous root was a source of food for the HiaCed
O'odham, or Western Papago. Illustrated.] 2000 Flora of the Gran Desierto and the Río Colorado of northwestern Mexico. Tucson,
The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., gazetteer, appendices, refs., index.
xii + 673 pp. [The names in O'odham are given for a great many of the hundreds of
plants listed here for southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora. There are
also a discussion of the relationship of the HiCed O'odham to Quitobaquito and of
their history in the region in general. Consult the index under "O'odham" for
mention of the O'odham generally.] Felger, RichardS.; Matthew B. Johnson, and Michael F. Wilson 2001 The trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press.
Map, illus., refs., appendix, index. vi + 391 pp. [The Tohono O'odham names are
given for the Sonoran trees Populus fremontii (Western cottonwood), Fraxinus
velutina (Velvet ash), Morus microphylla (Littleleaf mulberry), Quercus emoryi
(Emory oak), and Parkinsonia aculeata (Mexican palo verde). The HiaCed
O'odham name for Populus fremontii is also given.] Felger, Richard S., and Mary B. Moser 1974 Seri Indian pharmacopeia. Economic Botany, Vol. 28, no. 4 (October-December),
pp. 414-436. Bronx, New York, The Society for Economic Botany. [Zinnia
acerosa (DC.) Gray, a member of the sunflower family, is said by Seri Indians to
have been used by Papagos to make a medicine to cure diarrhea (p. 423).] 1985 People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson, The
University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 435 pp. [Papago Indians,
neighbors of the Seris, are mentioned throughout the text in terms of their use of
plants in basketry and medicine and as a source of Seri plant names. Consult the
book's index.] Felger, Richard S.; Peter L. Warren, L. Susan Anderson, and Gary P. Nabhan 1992 Vascular plants of a desert oasis: flora and ethnobotany of Quitobaquito, Organ
Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of
Natural History, No. 8 (June 1). San Diego. [AIncluded in this study of the flora of
the Quitobaquito oasis are indigenous Sonoran Tohono O'odham and Hia C-ed
O'odham names and uses for plants at Quitobaquito. This is the first time such
ethnobotanical information has been made available concerning the westernmost
Piman speakers. We urge that cultural as well as biological processes be
considered further in planning the long-term conservation and management of
Quitobaquito."] Felix, Ermolinda, and Monica Lopez 1982 [Untitled.] Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p.32. Topawa,
Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [This untitled poem by two Papago middle
school students is as follows: "Rabbit, rabbit, how does it feel to have fur? / To be
warm and soft and comfortable in December? // Rabbit, rabbit, how does it feel to
have fur? / To be hot and sweaty and disappointed in June?"] Felix, Geri 1980 From this world. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, p. 185. Tucson, University of Arizona,
Department of English. [This is a contemporary poem in English by a Papago
concerning memories of a loved one who has died.] Félix G., José Rómulo 2002 Sonora de la prehistoria al siglo XXI en pocas palabras. Hermosillo, José Rómulo
Félix Gastélum. Maps, illus., bibl. 80 pp. [This well-illustrated and concise
summary of Sonoran history devotes three paragraphs to the APápagos-Pimas
Altos.@ The author subscribes to the etymology of APapago@ as meaning Abean
eaters.@] Fenger, Susan Y. 1988 AA study of a photographic collection: the photographs of Father Augustine
Schwarz.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe. Illus. vii + 143
pp. [Father Augustine Schwarz was a 20th century Franciscan missionary among
the Pima Indians, but one who also served among the Papagos at old San Solano in
Cababi (KoVaya) from 1919 to 1921 and as superior of the San Solano Missions at
Topawa from September, 1927 through January 1929, and again from May, 1935
through January, 1941. Some of his many photographs are of Tohono O=odham and
places on the Papago Reservation.] Fennell, Thomas W., compiler 1967 St. John's Indian School. Laveen, Arizona, St. John's Indian School. Illus. 33 pp.
[This pictorial booklet about St. John's Indian School on the Gila River Indian
Reservation includes a paragraph about Fr. Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., a long
time missionary to the Papago Indians. Two black-and-white photos with Fr.
Bonaventure in them are included as are photos of his grave site at Topawa and of
the community house at Topawa. There are also individual photos of Papagos
Mike Chiago, Rico Thomas, and Leonard Enos in their military uniforms.] Fer, Nicolas de 1965 ... Carte de Californie et de Nouveau Mexique ... In Kino and the cartography of
northwestern New Spain, by Ernest J. Burrus, plate 14. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers=
Historical Society. [The caption written by Father Burrus beneath the map
reproduced here says, in part, ANicolas de Fer=s first pirated copy of Kino=s 1695-1696 map, printed in Paris in 1705.@ As does Kino=s original map, it shows the
region of the Pimería Alta and lists the O=odham communities there.] 1989 La Californie ou Nouvelle Caroline. Teatro de los Trabajos Apostólicos de la
Compa. e Jesús en la América Septe. Pimería, Vol. 21, no. 1, front cover. Tucson,
University of Arizona, University Library, Map Collection. [Printed here enlarged
41% is that portion of a 1720-printed map by Nicolas de Fer showing the region of
the Pimería Alta, including locations of Pima, Soba, and Sobaipuri Indian
communities. It is wildly inaccurate.] Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. 1967 The Hohokam "ball court": an alternate view of its function. Kiva, Vol. 33, no. 1
(October), pp. 1-14. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society.
[Ferdon suggests that Hohokam so-called "ball courts" may have served different
functions. General similarities, including basic court orientations, with the Papago
Vikita dance court assemblages at Santa Rosa and Quitovac may reflect a similar
use of Hohokam courts in prehistoric times. A section entitled "The Papago Vikita
Ceremony: a Possible Reflection of Hohokam Court Function," is on pages 8-12.] Ferg, Alan 1979 The petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 95-118. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This study of
petroglyphs on a hill next to Tucson, Arizona, includes mention of an unsuccessful
attempt to link the markings on Papago and Pima calendar sticks with the markings
on the rocks.] 1983 Two archaeological occurrences of black vulture in southern Arizona. Kiva, Vol.
49, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 111-117. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and
Historical Society. [One of these occurrences of black vulture bones was in the
archaeological site of Burro Pond (Ariz. DD: 5: 8) on the Papago Indian
Reservation. They were excavated by Wilfred Bailey in 1940-41. The other
occurrence is at Tumacacori Mission National Monument, where they were
excavated by Louis Caywood in 1964.] 1991 Hohokam T-shaped stone. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 5, no. 3 (August), pp. 1-3,
8. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Included here is an illustration of
"stone artifacts collected by Carl Lumholtz near San Xavier in 1909-1910." The
artifacts are a mano and a T-shaped stone being used as a metate. Ferg notes that
the stone may have been in use by Tohono O'odham as a metate when Lumholtz
collected it.] Ferg, Alan, and William D. Peachey 1998 An atlatl from the Sierra Pinacate. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 175-200. Tucson,
Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a description of a
prehistoric atlatl found in a cave in the Sierra Pinacate of northwestern Sonora, a
cave said by an unnamed Tohono O'odham to be called Ceson Ceho in O'odham.
The O'odham asked that no translation be given (ceson is the word for desert
bighorn sheep).] Ferg, Alan, and Lawrence Vogler 1977 An archaeological survey of Route PIR 21: Kom Vo to Papago Farms, Papago
Indian Reservation, Arizona. Archaeological Series, no. 110 (April). Tucson,
Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of
Arizona. Maps, refs. cited. 34 pp. [In a survey of a proposed road right-of-way,
archaeological work in 1977 found seven archaeological sites and thirty-five
isolated artifacts, all on the Papago Indian Reservation. All sites are prehistoric,
although one apparently has a 19th century Papago component. Only one site was
recommended either to be avoided by road building or to be excavated
archaeologically.] Ferguson, Charles W. 1950 "An ecological analysis of Lower Sonoran Zone relic vegetation in south-central
Arizona." Master's thesis, Department of Botany and Range Ecology, The
University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus. 41 pp. [This thesis provides a study of
Lower Sonoran relic vegetation on Black Mountain on the San Xavier (Papago)
Indian Reservation.] Ferguson, T.J.; Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, and Roger Anyon 2004 One valley, many histories: Tohono O=odham, Hopi, Zuni, and Western Apache
history in the San Pedro Valley. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 18, no. 1 (Winter),
pp. 1-2, 4-15. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [This is a well-illustrated
collection of brief essays concerning living groups of Indians whose forebears are
believed either once to have lived in or to have used the resources of the San Pedro
River Valley of southeastern Arizona. Among these are the Tohono O=odham, a
few of whom visited the area with archaeologists and some of whose observations
are recorded here in a section titled, A>Our cousins to the east=: O=odham traditions
in the San Pedro Valley.@ It is noted: AThe Tohono O=odham acknowledge that
there are several groups of O=odham-speaking peoples, some of whom lived in
great houses and platform mound communities, and some of whom attacked those
settlements. The Tohono O=odham today recognize both of these groups as
ancestors.@] Fergusson, David 1863 Report of the country, its resources, and the route between Tucson and Lobos Bay.
Senate Executive Documents, no. 1, 38th Congress, special session, pp. 1-22.
Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report, dated February 1, 1863,
was written in Santa Fe, New Mexico and is accompanied by maps showing the
area between Tucson and Lobos Bay in northwestern Sonora. The entry for
October 10, 1862, under "Itinerary of the route," reads: "3 p.m. Tucson to Mission
San Xavier del Bac -- good level road; wood, water, grass, grain, corn, fodder.
Course of route S. by W. 2W. distance in miles, 8.89." There are descriptions here
Caborca, Pitiquito, Altar, Tubutama, Oquitoa, Saric, Atil, houses, crops, cattle,
Papago Indians, and more.] 1897a [Letter to Colonel J.R.West, 1st Infantry, California Volunteers, Commanding,
datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, June 25, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion:
a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1,
Vol. 50, part 1, pp. 1159-1162. Washington, Government Printing Office.
[Fergusson reports on supplies available in Sonora. He gives the prices for such
commodities as beans, wheat, and barely; the cost of transportation; and location
and population information on such Pimería Alta communities as those at Imuris,
San Ignacio, Magdalena, and Santa Ana. The more recent communities of
Terrenate, La Mesa, San Lorenzo, and Santa Marta are included as well.] 1897b [Letters to Major R.C. Drum and Lieutenant Benjamin C. Cutler, datelined Tucson,
Arizona Territory, June 26 and August 19, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a
compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1,
Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 76-81. Washington, Government Printing Office. [These letters
concern routes, transportation, and availability of supplies from northern Sonora,
with tables of distances from town to town given. Crops, times of harvest, and
costs of crops are given. San Xavier is mention on page 80.] 1897c Report on a survey from Tucson to Port Lobos and Libertad, on the Gulf of
California, made by order of Brig. Gen. Carleton; General Order 20 (September 5,
1862), Hq. Distirct of Ariz. In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the
official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 3, Vol. 3, pp. 24-35.
Washington, Government Printing Office. [This is slightly condensed version of
Fergusson (1863).] 1897d [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, Acting Assistant Adjutant General.] In The War of
the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate
armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 394-395. Washington, Government Printing
Office. [Dated April 14, 1863 and written in Tucson, Arizona Territory, this letter
is addressed to Bennett at Headquarters, District of Arizona, Harts Mill, Texas.
Fergusson writes that there is a Papago ranchería of about 400 persons at Fresnal.
He says they have about 43 jacales (brush houses), some 300 horses and an equal
number of cattle, principally milch cows. He says there is also a Papago ranchería
at Coyote Springs (i.e., Ban Dak {Pan Tak} or Coyote Sits) with a population of
some 250 Papagos and 150 horses.] 1897e [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, First Infantry California Volunteers, Acting Assistant
Adjutant General, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, April 14, 1863.] In The
War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and
Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 395. Washington, Government
Printing Office. [This letter is addressed to Headquarters District of Arizona, Hart's
Mill, Texas. Fergusson was Colonel, First Cavalry California Volunteers,
Commanding. The letter deals with the distribution of arms to the Pimas and
Maricopas for use against Apaches. Fergusson expressed his willingness to lend
arms to Papagos at San Xavier and in other settlements. He notes that it is an
unfavorable time for a campaign against the Apaches as the Papagos, Pimas, and
Maricopas are required to remain at home until their crops are harvested (which
would suggest crops of winter wheat).] 1897f [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, First Infantry California Volunteers, Acting Assistant
Adjutant General, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, April 14, 1863.] In The
War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and
Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 396. Washington, Government
Printing Office. [Included here: AThe Indians have been very busy lately in this
vicinity. They have on several occasions stolen citizens= cattle from San Xavier and
Tucson, the most of which have been recovered, but last week they carried away
about forty head from San Xavier.@] 1897g [Letter to Captain T.T. Tidball, Fifth California Infantry California Volunteers,
datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, May 2, 1863.] In The War of the Rebellion: a
compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1,
Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 422-423. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This letter
contains orders to attack and destroy an Apache ranchería at Cajon de Arivapa (i.e.,
Aravaipa Canyon). He authorizes that 20 Papagos be used in the attack, and he
refers to Jose Antonio Saborez as the Governor of the Papagos. He tells Tidball
that the latter will have to "exercise considerable vigor" to prevent Papagos and
tame Apache guides from killing women and children and plundering when they
should be fighting. The attacking force was also to include Mexicans headed by
guide Jesus María Elías and nine Atame Apaches.@ Their route was to be via the
Canada del Oro.] 1897h Orders No. 8, Hq. Tucson, Ariz. Ter., May12, 1863. In The War of the Rebellion: a
compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1,
Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 431-432. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Fergusson
congratulates Captain T.T. Tidball on Athe very gallant and solider-like manner in
which the expedition against the Apache Indians in the Canada de Arivaypa
(Aravaipa Canyon) was conducted, and the highly creditable result of the attack on
those savages, who have been devastating, robbing, and murdering in this Territory
and Sonora for centuries. Capt. T.T. Tidball ... who commanded the expedition
may well be proud of it and the brave men under his command, who marched for
five days without ever lighting a fire, maintaining silence, hiding by day and
traveling by night, to accomplish their object. That a handful of twenty-five
soldiers and a few brave volunteer citizens should so completely surprise a
rancheria of the craftiest savages on the continent, traveling for sixteen hours the
evening and night before the battle, over frightful precipices, through gloomy
canons and chasms heretofore untrod by white man, out of a numerous horde of
savages killing over 50, wounding as many, taking 10 prisoners, is something for
emulation to others in future campaigns against Apaches. We all have to mourn
over the brave and generous youth who fell doing his duty. Mr. Thomas C.
McClelland, the only one who fell in this brilliant little affair, will long be mourned
by those who knew him only to esteem him as a good citizen, a dutiful son, and
firm friend.@ Although no Papagos are mentioned in the General Order, Fergusson (1897f) had
earlier authorized their presence. This event was clearly a prelude to a similar one
that occurred in 1871 at the same site, an event that came to be known as the Camp
Grant Massacre and most of whose attackers were Papagos.] Ferrante, Maureen 1982 Arizona=s mission trail B predecessor of the California missions B San Xavier del
Bac. Travelhost, Vol. 15, no. 46 (August 8), pp. 3, 7, 9. Dallas, Texas, Omni
Industries, Inc. [Three black-and-white photos of mission San Xavier del Bac
accompany this article about the mission and Father Eusebio Kino and his
pioneering missionary efforts among the Northern Piman Indians. Ferrin, Jerry 1987 Mission San Xavier del Bac. In The official visitors guide to metropolitan
Tucson, pp. 32-33. Tucson, JWJ Enterprises, Inc. [This is a color photograph of
the southeast elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.] Fewkes, Jesse W. 1912 Casa Grande, Arizona. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
1906-1907, Vol. 28, pp. 33-220. Washington, Government Printing Office.
[There are scattered references to Papagos as follows: Papago dwellings near
Florence (p. 34); Papago huts still exist near Akutchin (i.e., Ak Chin) (p. 36);
Father Kino, who from 1687 until 1711 was a missionary among the Opata, Pima,
Papago, and Sobaipuri, was the first white man to visit Casa Grande Ruins (p.
54); Sobaipuris at San Xavier are mentioned in an account by Fr. Francisco
Garcés (p. 58); Adolph Bandelier's account mentions Papago pottery (p. 70);
Pima and Papago houses resemble one another (p. 113); Papagos did not preserve
the art of pottery as well as did the Kwahadt (Kohatk) (p. 140 n); and the relation
between Papago and the Salado and Hohokam is speculated upon (pp. 152-153).] 1928a Reports of the Chief. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1919-1924, Vol. 41, pp. 1-116. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Details of a
February, 1920 study by Frances Densmore of Papago songs conducted on the
San Xavier Reservation are given (p. 13); details of Densmore's December, 1920
research at Sells and surrounding villages concerning Papago songs are discussed
(pp. 35-36).] 1928b Report of the Chief. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1924-1925, Vol. 42, pp. 1-19. Washington, Government Printing Office. [On page 15
there is a note that seventeen mathematical group analyses of 167 Papago songs,
including a tabulated analysis of individual songs, all collected by Frances
Densmore, have been purchased by the Bureau of American Ethnology.] Field, Clark 1957 The art and romance of Indian basketry. Tulsa, Philbrook Art Center. Illus.
[Case number 4 describes and discusses a Papago carrying basket and a Papago
ceremonial wine basket. Black-and-white photos of the baskets are in plates 6D
and 7B respectively.] 1958 Indian pottery of the Southwest post Spanish period. Tulsa, Philbrook Art Center.
Illus. [Two groups of Papago pottery are illustrated: "Old seed pots" dated ca.
1890 in plate 20A and "tourist pottery" dated 1938 in plate 20B.] Figueroa y Salazar, Pedro de Castro 1997 Decree of the most excellent Duque de la Conquista for the creation of two
presidios, one in the area of Pitiquín and the other between the missions of
Guevavi and Suamca, each with fifty men. In The presidio and militia on the
northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one.
The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles
W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 343-352. Tucson, The University of
Arizona Press. [Pitiquín became today's Hermosillo, Sonora. And no presidio
was ever established between Guevavi and Suamca, this 1741 decree by the
Viceroy of New Spain notwithstanding.] Finch, L. Boyd 1996 Confederate pathway to the Pacific: Major Sherod Hunter and the Arizona
Territory, C.S.A. Maps, illus., appendix, notes, bibl., index. xv + 319 pp.
[Scattered mention of Papagos in terms of their being contacted as potential allies
by Confederates. Also mention of a visit made by Charles Harkin to the San
Xavier village in the winter of 1861-62, where a Papago greeted him and
provided "a liberal supply of strong intoxicative drink called mescal" (p. 133).] 2000 Group notes anniversary. Buckskin Bulletin, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 1, 6.
Oklahoma City, Westerners International. [This is about the 20th anniversary
meeting of the Adobe Corral of the Westerners that was held August 20, 2000 at
Mission San Xavier del Bac. The corral's initial meeting was held there as well.
A photo on page 6 shows the present and eight past sheriffs of the corral standing
inside the church at the northeast corner of the crossing.] Fink, Augusta 1983 I - Mary. A biography of Mary Austin. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press.
Illus., bibl., index. x + 310 pp. [There is a summary on page 213 of a journey
made in the Papago country in April, 1923 by Mary Austin, Daniel T. McDougal,
Gerald Cassidy, and Ina Sizer Cassidy.] Fink. Georgeanne F. 1987 A paleomalacological evaluation of fossil molluscs. In The archaeology of the
San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona
[Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix
D, pp. 387-393. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural
Resource Management Division. ["This report describes the results of a
paleomalacological evaluation of 670 fossil molluscs collected from 40
archaeological features at the (prehistoric) San Xavier Bridge Site. ... Six of the
species were freshwater snails and five were land snails." The site is located on
the San Xavier Reservation.] Finley, Fonda, and S.E. Hamm 1985 Comes the river demon. In Where waters meet, by Faith Cummins and others, pp.
13-15. Winkelman, Central Arizona College, Aravaipa Campus. [An essay on the
Spanish-period and early Anglo-period history of the lower San Pedro River Valley
in southeastern Arizona includes a recounting of the Camp Grant Massacre of 1871
in which a group of Mexicans, Anglos, and Papagos killed unsuspecting Apaches
who ostensibly were under protection of the United States Army.] Finnerty, Margaret 1985 The white dove of the desert. Saturday Magazine of the Scottsdale Daily Progress,
October 19, pp. 1, 3-5. Scottsdale, Arizona, Scottsdale Daily Progress. [A history
and description of the Mission San Xavier del Bac includes photos. no mention
made of Papagos.] Finney, Charles G. 1964 Isabell the inscrutable. Harper's Magazine, Vol. 228, no. 1267 (April), pp. 51-58.
New York, Harper's Magazine. [A very readable account dealing with Isabell, a
young Papago housekeeper from the San Xavier Reservation who kept house for
the author in 1931. Gives some general, if not always accurate, information on the
Papago in general as well as some of the attitudes that existed towards the Papago
in the 1930s in Tucson.] Fireman, Bert M. 1982 Arizona: historic land. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 270 pp. [Scattered references
to Papagos are on pages 24, 33, 43, and 128, including mention of Papagos'
working in the excavation of Ventana Cave and not objecting to the exhumation of
burials; the belief that the Hohokam were the Papagos' ancestors; and the
involvement of the Papagos in the 1871 massacre of Apaches at Camp Grant.
Fireman also mistakenly asserts that the "Papagos" got their name from the
mesquite bean.] Fish, Paul R., and Suzanne K. Fish 1991 Hohokam political and social organization. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by
George J. Gumerman, pp. 151-175. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation;
Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Mention is made of William
Doelle's excavation of a single-unit household at Nolic on the Papago Indian
Reservation (p. 160). There is also mention (p. 152) of the fact that the
ethnographic record of the Pima and Papago has been used by archaeologists in
aiding their interpretation of the prehistoric Hohokam. The bi-seasonal settlement
pattern of the Papagos is also mentioned (p. 153).] Fish, Suzanne K. 1982 Pollen analysis at AZ EE:7:22. In Archaeological test excavations in southern
Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 152], compiled by Susan A. Brew, pp. 57-62.
Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource
Management Division. [A roasting pit was excavated in this prehistoric site, one
probably used for roasting cholla buds. Fish draws on ethnographic analogy, using
data from Papago Indian studies to discuss the possible interpretation of the feature.
She also discusses Papagos= use of yucca fruit.] 1987 Pollen analysis. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14),
Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C.
Ravesloot, Part 3, pp. 319-333. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State
Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is an intensive analysis
of pollens collected from stratigraphic profiles and archaeological units at a
prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation. The pollen record at the site extends
to 8000 B.C.] 2000a "Saguaro fruit gathering ramada at Sells." Glyphs, Vol. 512, no. 5 (November), p.
10. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a black-and-white photograph of the scene given in he caption.] 2000b "Saguaro fruit gathering ramada at Sells." Glyphs, Vol. 51, no. 6 (December), p. 1.
Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is the same photo as
in Fish (2000a.] Fish, Suzanne K., and Marcia Donaldson 1991 Production and consumption in the archaeological record: a Hohokam example.
Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 255-275. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical
Society. [Russell (1975: 93) is cited to the effect that Papagos are known to have
traded saguaro syrup to the Pima although both groups produced it (p. 267).] Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and Christian Downum 1984 Hohokam terraces and agricultural production in the Tucson Basin.
Anthropological Research Papers, no. 33, pp. 54-71. Tempe, Department of
Anthropology, Arizona State University. [Passing mention is made of trincheras
sites on the San Xavier Reservation at Martinez Hill and Black Mountain.] Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and John H. Madsen 1985 Prehistoric agave in southern Arizona. Desert Plants, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 107-112,
100. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona at the Boyce Thompson
Southwestern Arboretum. [Menton is made of the Papagos' transplanting local
species of Agave (p. 109).] 1990 Sedentism and settlement mobility in the Tucson Basin prior to A.D. 1000. In
Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul A. Minnis and Charles L.
Redman, pp. 76-91. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [It's
noted that the Sand Papago Sonoran Desert peoples with little agriculture lived in
regions receiving half to one-third the relatively generous 25-30 cm (10-12 in.) of
annual rainfall of the Tucson area. "The historic Papago, only some of whom
moved seasonally, did not occupy stretches of the Santa Cruz floodplain with good
water; Hispanics, Anglos, and missionized Indians dominated these locations." The
authors also discuss Papago settlement patterns (p. 88) and point to a variety of
Papago subsistence patterns within the Sonoran Desert."] Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and John H. Madsen, editors 1992 The Marana Community in the Hohokam world. Anthropological Papers of the
University of Arizona, no. 56. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Although
the study concerns the prehistoric Hohokam of this region north of Tucson,
Arizona, there are occasional references to the Tohono O'odham who, as noted, had
their duration of settlement in the vicinity of water sources curtailed by the
requirements of numerous cattle (p. 13).] Fish, Suzanne K., and William B. Gillespie 1987 Prehistoric use of riparian resources at the San Xavier Bridge Site. In The
archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern
Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 2, pp.
71-80. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource
Management Division. [Relying largely on stratigraphic pollen samples, Fish
studies the plants that were present at this site on the San Xavier Reservation during
the prehistoric Tanque Verde phase of Hohokam occupation, while Gillespie
examines vertebrate and molluscan remains to determine which animals were
present at the same time. The authors agree the evidence indicates "intervals of
well-developed wetland habitats." Gillespie also draws on historical documentation
to write about animals in the vicinity.] Fish, Suzanne K., and Gary P. Nabhan 1991 Desert as context: the Hohokam environment. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited
by George J. Gumerman, pp. 29-60. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation;
Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Mention is made of Tohono
O'odham nighttime irrigation practices (p. 38); of Tohono O'odham well villages (p.
35); of Tohono O'odham water control devices (pp. 47-48); and of Tohono
O'odham settlement in relation to potable water both for people and for cattle.] Fisher, Andrew H. 2000 Working in the Indian way. The Southwest Forest Firefighter program and Native
American wage labor. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer), pp.
121-148. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This illustrated article about the
Southwest Forest Firefighter (SWFF) program begin in 1948 and involving
American Indians examines the program in terms of wage labor. It is noted (p. 123)
that Tohono O'odham entered Arizona copper mines in the late 1880s. A black-and-white photo (p. 139) shows a fire camp in California in 1996, with the Fort
Apache crew's sleeping area in the foreground and that of the Tohono O'odham in
the background.] Fisher, Eileen 1989a The annual Native American students awards. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3,
no. 1 (Summer), p. 5. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of
Arizona. [Mention is made that Tohono O'odham student Kimberly Carlos
modeled a traditional dress at the spring, 1989 awards ceremony for American
Indian students at the University of Arizona. A photo of her in costume is
included.] 1989b Fourth annual aging conference. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 1
(Summer), p. 6. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of
Arizona. [Menton is made that participants in the March, 1989 annual conference
of the Arizona Indian Council on Aging were entertained by the Santa Rosa Youth
Group of the Tohono O'odham Nation.] 1990 The Native American Student Resource Center. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol.
3, no. 2 (Spring), p. 6. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of
Arizona. [This article tells about the February, 1990 opening on the University of
Arizona campus of the Native American Student Resource Center, whose
coordinator is Ms. Vivian Juan, a Tohono O'odham. Her educational background is
described and she is shown in a photograph.] Fisher, James, Jr. 1992 Reports from your gardens. The Seedhead News, No. 38 (Autumn), p. 14. Tucson,
Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Fisher reports success in growing Tohono O'odham I'itoi
Onions at his 3,000' altitude home at Indian Springs, Nevada.] Fisher, Karen 1977 Papago harvest. Arizona Highways, Vol. 53, no. 6 (June), pp. 2-5. Phoenix,
Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is about the saguaro harvest camp
and activities of Juanita Ahil, a Papago whose camp is in the western unit of
Saguaro National Monument. One color photo and three black-and-white photos
accompany the text. Fisher observed the harvest and the treatment of the saguaro
fruit in the camp.] 1978 Almost forgotten. In Sonoran heritage: food on the desert [supplement to the
Arizona Daily Star, October], p. 2. Tucson, National Endowment for the
Humanities Learning Library Program at the Tucson Public Library. [This
illustrated article is about the gathering, growing, storing, and preparation of wild
and domestic crops by the Pima and Papago Indians. Most of the material concerns
the Gila River Pimas, but Papagos are considered as well.] Fisher-Chacon, Eileen 1991a 15 Tohono O'odham children attend the University of Arizona's chemistry camp.
Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), p. 10. Tucson, The University
of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Fifteen 4th to 8th grade students from the
Baboquivari School District on the Papago Indian Reservation attended a special
five-day program, a "Chemistry Can Be Fun Summer Camp," during the summer of
1990.] 1991b 1990 President's Tribal Leader's Advisory Council. Indian Programs Newsletter,
Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), p. 7. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Indian
Programs. [Included among those mentioned here are Ofelia Zepeda, Tohono
O'odham and director of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona, and
Mike Enis, Tohono O'odham, who stressed that his tribe needs technical assistance
for economic development.] Fisk, Erma J. 1983 The peacocks of Baboquivari. Illustrations by Louise Russell. New York and
London, W.W. Norton and Company. Map, illus. 284 pp. [This is the author's
journal and correspondence relating to her five months' stay in 1978-79 at the Riggs
Ranch on the east side of the Baboquivari Mountains. In it she briefly recounts the
history of climbers who made the ascent to the top of Baboquivari Peak, half of
which is on the Papago Indian Reservation. She says that the CCC constructed a
trail in 1933 (p. 197).] 1984 The peacocks of Baboquivari: a journal. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 5 (May),
pp. 24-31. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Excerpts from the
journal of her five-month stay in 1978-79 at the Riggs Ranch in Thomas Canyon on
the west side of the Baboquivari Mountains begins with a one-paragraph "Papago
myth of Baboquivari."] Fitzgerald, Colleen M. 1997 "O'odham rhythms." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 1998 The meter of Tohono O'odham songs. International Journal of American
Linguistics, Vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 1-36. New York, Douglas C. McMurtrie. [In this
study of the meter of traditional songs in Tohono O=odham, Fitzgerald finds, among
other things, that lines in these songs are flexible in some traditions. She uses her
findings as a test against a theory of meter proposed by Bruce Hayes.] 1999 Loanwords and stress in Tohono O=odham. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 41,
no. 2 (Summer), pp. 193-108. Bloomington, Indiana University, Department of
Anthropology. [The Tohono O=odham language assigns primary stress to the first
syllable in content words. There is, however, an asymmetry in the distribution of
secondary stress. That the principal support for the existence of an asymmetry in
this secondary distribution comes only from loanwords is quite interesting.] 2000a Vowel hiatus and faithfulness in Tohono O'odham reduplication. Linguistic
Inquiry, Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 713-722. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.
[AEvidence from Tohono O=odham B a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Arizona
and Mexico B shows that IO faithfulness is not equivalent to IB faithfulness. ...
Tohono O=odham provides evidence in favor of a fuller model of reduplication,
which allows all possible rankings of the three types of faithfulness, especially a
higher ranking of IR faithfulness. The evidence comes from Tohono O=odham
reduplication ... .@] 2001 The morpheme-to-stress principle in Tohono O=odham. Linguistics, Vol. 39, no. 5,
pp. 941-972. The Hague, Mouton. [AIn this paper, I describe and analyze a novel
pattern of secondary stress in Tohono O=odham. Tohono O=odham ... assigns
primary stress to the first syllable in content words ... . Fieldwork by the author ...
shows that a word-final secondary stress is disallowed in monomorphemic words
but is allowed in polymorphemic words. This descriptive generalization holds
regardless of the morphological composition or the derivational history of the
words. This appears to be a novel stress pattern in the world=s languages ... .@] 2002 Tohono O=odham stress in a single ranking. Phonology, Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 253-271. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2003 Word order and discourse genre in Tohono O=odham. In Formal approaches to
function in grammar: in honor of Eloise Jelinek, edited by Andrew Carnie, Heidi
Harley, and MaryAnn Willie, chapter 10. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John
Benjamins Pub. Flaccus, Elmer W. 1981 Arizona's last great Indian war. The saga of Pia Machita. Journal of Arizona
History, Vol. 22, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 1-22. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society.
[About an elderly Papago leader from Stoa Pitk on the Papago Indian Reservation
who counseled young Papagos to resist the draft during World War II. He was
captured and sent to jail at the federal prison at Terminal Island.] Fleck, Fred 1964 Visiting Father Kino=s missions. Tucsonora, December, front cover, pp. 4-7, 24.
Tucson, Delta Printing and Publishing Co. [With a map and black-and-white photos
of missions presently on sites in southern Arizona and northern Sonora where
Father Eusebio Kino established missions among Piman Indians in the late 17th
century, this article, published in both Spanish and English, provides a tour that
takes the reader to such places as San Xavier del Bac, San Ignacio, Pitiquito,
Caborca, Magdalena, Cocóspera, and Oquitoa.] Fleming, Paula R., and Judith Lusky, compilers 1986 The North American Indians in early photographs. New York, Harper & Row.
[Page 144 has a brief account of W J McGee's 1894 and 1894 expeditions among
the Papago and Seri Indians, with data taken from annual reports of the
Smithsonian Institution. There are no photos of Papagos in the book.] Flick, Lawrence F. 1894 The Papago Indians and their church. Records of the American Catholic Historical
Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 384-416. Philadelphia. [An article about
Mission San Xavier del Bac, including its Spanish-period and later history and
including a detailed description of the structure and its art work. There are one
photo of the exterior and three photos of the interior of the church. Much of the
history as presented here is now known to be incorrect. A bibliography is
included.] Flores, Chester 1972 The four brothers. In Arrow IV, edited by T.D. Allen, pp. 29-30. s.l., The Pacific
Grove Press. [This is a telling by a Papago high school senior about how four
brothers inherited the task from their deceased parents of watching the sun. They
took turns that resulted in the creation of four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and
winter.] 1974 The four brothers. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians,
edited by T.D. Allen, pp. 163-164. New York, Pocket Books. [A reprint of C.
Flores (1972).] Flores, Diane 1971 Cooking. In Arrow III, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 20. s.l., The Pacific Grove Press.
[This poem by a Papago in an 8th grade class in the Santa Rosa School on the
Papago Reservation is about the author=s cooking while her mother makes baskets.] 1974 Cooking. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians, edited by
T.D. Allen, p. 103. New York, Pocket Books. [A reprint of D. Flores (1971).] Flores, Felipe 1997 [Letter to Colonel José María Elías González from Fresnal del Baboquivari, April
24, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by
Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 80-82. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Lt. Col.
Flores was at the head of some five hundred armed men in the heart of the
Papaguería when he wrote this letter, one noting that the Papago enemies were
using smoke signals in the Baboquivari Mountains to warn others of his presence.
He writes in detail about battles with Papagos, including the name of one, Hilarión
Gálevez, from Pitiquito. He writes of a skirmish at Ban Dak (Coyote Sits) where
they captured one Papago man and a woman and three children. In the Cababi
Mountains they clashed with forty-five Papago warriors, killing six of them. He
says, A... these regions are practically impassable because of the scarcity of water.
Despite all this, we will renew our march on the morrow toward Quitovac and
Sonoita on the basis of information gathered from our most recent captive, and
experts who accompany me, that there may be sizable Papago gatherings there.@] Flores, Floyd 1996 An interview with Floyd Flores (Hia-Ced O'odham). In People of the seventh fire:
returning lifeways of Native America, edited by Dagmar Thorpe, pp. 94-103.
Ithaca, New York, Akwe:kon Press, Cornell University American Indian Program.
[Flores talks about his personal life experiences and his Indian beliefs as well as
about the Hia-Ced O'odham Alliance formally organized in 1994 to work toward
recovery of lost lands on both sides of the International Boundary. By 1994, some
1,500 individuals had been registered as Hia-Ced O'odham.] Flores, M.; F. Valentine, and Gary P. Nabhan 1990 Managing cultural resources in Sonoran Desert biosphere reserves. Cultural
Survival Quarterly, Vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 26-30. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cultural
Survival, Inc. [This is a discussion of the role to be played by O=odham in the
planning and implementation of protection of the cultural and natural resources of
the Pinacate Mountains in northwestern Sonora, a part of the Sierra el Pinacate
Protected Zone. Because of the interest of O=odham elders and young activists in
the area, conservation, eco-tourism, and resource management may be affected in a
positive way.] Fobes, Jacqueline 1975 A Papago boy and his friends. Papago translation of the English into Papago by
Felicia Nunez. Tucson, Impresora Sahuaro. Illus. 31 pp. [With a large number of
illustrations by Ted De Grazia, "This story was written primarily to provide
elementary school-aged and Papago students with a reader of the own, written in
the Papago language and relevant to their cultural lifestyle."] Folk-Williams, John A. 1993 Parties and permanence: alternative dispute resolution principles. In Indian water
in the new West, edited by Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, and Mary G.
Wallace, pp. 147-162. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The Tohono
O'odham Nation is included in a list of Indian tribes in the United States who
resolved water disputes via negotiation and legislation. The Southern Arizona
Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982 is cited specifically.] Fong, Franklin 2003 Children of the desert. The Way of St,. Francis, Vol. 9, no. 1 (January-February),
pp. 20-27. Sacramento, California, Franciscan Friars of California, Inc. [Three
photos accompany this essay by a Franciscan brother about his stay at Topawa on
the Papago Indian Reservation. The photo captioned, AFriars and children prepare
to enter St. Catherine=s Church,@ is misidentified. The church in the photo is some
other chapel on the reservation.] Font, Pedro 1930 see Bolton, translator and editor, 1930o and 1930s 1975 Letters of Friar Pedro Font, 1776-1777. Translated by Dan S. Matson.
Ethnohistory, Vol. 22, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 263-293. Tucson, American Society for
Ethnohistory. [All three of these letters, written respectively from the Sonoran
communities of Ures, Imuris, and Tubutama, concern Father Font's missionary
experiences among Northern Piman Indians.] Fontana, Bernard L. n.d. Progress on an Indian reservation. In Progress in Arizona: the state=s crucial
issues. Project progress I - progress and history in Arizona. Compiled by William
R. Noyes. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Published in 1973, first in many
newspapers throughout Arizona, this essay B although it is never explicitly stated B
is about the rate of suicides and other violent deaths on the San Xavier Indian
Reservation. The essay here appears with three others in the series by different
authors in this undated separate.] 1960a "Assimilative change: a Papago Indian case study." Ph.D. dissertation. Department
of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 245 pp. [This
is a study of assimilative and non-assimilative change on the San Xavier Papago
Indian Reservation. Major subjects headings are as follows: Introduction; Setting;
Personal Names; Houses; Occupation; Miscellaneous Cultural Change; Correlation
of Cultural Categories with Regard to Assimilation; Communication and Levels of
Sociocultural Integration; and Conclusions. The study provides an ethnographic
snapshot of the San Xavier community as it existed ca. 1955-1960.] 1960b Lost arsenal of the Papagos. Desert Magazine, Vol. 23, no. 1 (January), pp. 22-23.
Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [This discussion concerns a missing
arsenal of old guns of all types allegedly discovered by W.E. Bancroft in 1882. If
such a cache existed, it was probably located between Casa Grande and Covered
Wells in the Santa Rosa Valley. Black-and-white photos show hills near Santa
Rosa and the author viewing adobe bricks being sun-dried for use in construction of
a Papago house.] 1961a Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke
Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus. Refs.
20 pp. [This is an outline history of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Papago Indians
are discussed, but the major emphasis here is on missionaries and a history of the
San Xavier church and its construction.] 1961b The green dog. Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 56-62. Tucson, The
University of Arizona. [A fictional story that concerns a Papago family and a
Papago medicine man. The events take place on the Papago Indian Reservation.] 1963 Pioneers in ideas: three early southwestern ethnologists. Journal of the Arizona
Academy of Science, Vol. 2, no. 3 (February), pp. 124-129. Tempe, Arizona
Academy of Science. [The discussion of W J McGee ( p. 127) alludes to his 1894
and 1895 expeditions through the Papaguería and among the Papagos.] 1971a Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke
Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus., refs.
20 pp. [More illustrations have been added, but this is otherwise a reprint of
Fontana (1961a).] 1971b Calabazas of the Río Rico. The Smoke Signal, no. 24 (Fall), pp. 65-88. Tucson,
Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [This history of the Indian village and mission
visiting station of Calabazas in southern Arizona includes mention throughout of
the Piman Indians who once lived there.] 1973a The cultural dimensions of pottery: ceramics as social documents. In Ceramics in
America [Wintherthur Conference Report for 1972], edited by Ian M.G. Quimby,
pp. 1-13. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia. [On pages 5 and 7 there is a
short discussion of the form, meaning, use, and function of Papago pottery. Two
black-and-white photos show a Papago olla being used as a chicken coop (p. 6) and
a ca. 1930 Papago salt shaker (p. 8).] 1973b Mission San Xavier del Bac. Photographs by Helga Teiwes-French. Tucson, The
University of Arizona Press. Illus. 30 pp. [This is a photographic and word essay
on the Desert People and their church. Both color and black-and-white photos by
Teiwes-French are included; the extended captions are provided by Fontana.] 1974a Foreword. In Piman shamanism and staying sickness, by Donald M. Bahr, Juan
Gregorio, David I. Lopez, and Albert Alvarez, pp. ix-xi. Tucson, The University of
Arizona Press. [The foreword is comprised of a synopsis of the book's content,
explaining the meaning to Papagos of the concepts of wandering and staying sicknesses.] 1974b Man in arid lands: the Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert. In Desert biology,
Vol. 2, edited by George W. Brown, Jr., pp. 489-528. New York, Academic Press,
Inc. [This is the seminal conceptualization of three major adaptation styles of
Piman Indians to their Sonoran Desert surroundings: the "no village" nomads of the
west; the "two village" people of the riverless central desert; and the "one village"
people of the riverine perimeters. Maps and illustrations included.] 1974c The Papago Tribe of Arizona. In Papago Indians III. American Indian
ethnohistory: Indians of the Southwest, edited by David A. Horr, pp. 151-226. New
York and London, Garland Publishing Company. [This is the report submitted by
Fontana in the Papago Indian Claims Case, Indian Claims Commission Docket No.
345, Petitioner's Exhibit Number 278. The report's three chapters are titled
"Identification of Papago Indians"; "Aboriginal land use and occupancy -- historical
evidence"; and "Loss of land and minerals."] 1975a The desert domain: people and land in the arid Southwest. In Land and the pursuit
of happiness, edited by Elinor Lenz and Alice LeBel, pp. 11-19. Los Angeles,
Western Humanities Center, UCLA Extension. [Included here is a discussion of
Joseph Enos, a Papago Indian, and his attitudes toward land and the universe. The
Papago experience is drawn upon to make generalizations concerning man's use of
land in the Southwest.] 1975b Introduction to re-edition. In The Pima Indians, by Frank Russell, pp. ix-xv.
Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [It is noted that linguistically, culturally,
and historically, Pimas are related to the Papago Indians (p. ix); the list of
bibliographic references related to Papagos is at least ten times as extensive as that
related to the Gila River Pimas (p. ix); and the game of kinyskut is played by both
Pimas and Papagos (p. xii).] 1976a Desertification of Papagueria: cattle and the Papago. In Desertification: process,
problems, perspectives, edited by Patricia Paylore and Richard A. Haney, Jr., pp.
59-69. Tucson, Office of Arid Land Research, The University of Arizona. [This is
a very brief history of the Papago cattle industry and its effects on the land and on
the social, political, and economic spheres of Papago life.] 1976b The faces and forces of Pimería Alta. In Voices from the Southwest, gathered by
Donald C. Dickinson, W. David Laird, and Margaret F. Maxwell, pp. 45-54.
Flagstaff, Northland Press. [Largely about the Papago Indians' aboriginal
adaptation to various portions of the Sonoran Desert and its perimeters, including
remarks concerning the influence of Spaniards and 19th-century Anglo Americans
on the Indians and the land.] 1976c Meanwhile back at the rancheria ... The Indian Historian, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter),
pp. 13-18. San Francisco, American Indian Historical Society. [This paper deals
with the problems and other effects of the Dawes Act on land allotments on the San
Xavier Indian Reservation.] 1976d The Papago Indians. Parts 1-3. Sells, Arizona, Title IV-A, Indian Education Act,
Indian Oasis Schools. 245 pp. [These three volumes present a history of the
Papago Indians from 1687 through 1961. They also contain considerable
information on the physiography and natural history of the Papaguería and of
Papago culture.] 1979a Where are we? Tucson Magazine, Vol. 5, no. 4 (April), pp. 24-29. Tucson, Desert
Silhouette Publishing Company. [A discussion of differing conceptions of the
Sonoran Desert held by various cultural groups who reside there includes an
overview of the Papagos' attitude toward their natural surroundings.] 1979b Tarahumara: runners of the West. Arizona Highways, Vol. 55, no. 5 (May), pp. 6-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Papagos' running abilities
are mentioned on page 7.] 1980a Ethnobotany of the saguaro, an annotated bibliography. Desert Plants, Vol. 2, no. 1
(Spring), pp. 62-78. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce
Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [The majority of the 194 references cited
here concern the relationship between Papago Indians and the saguaro cactus.] 1980b Frank Lopez and the Papago origin story. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 128-129.
Tucson, Department of English, The University of Arizona. [A discussion of how
Fontana tape recorded the Papago origin story as narrated by Frank Lopez, and how
the tape was subsequently transcribed by Papago linguist Albert Alvarez.] 1980c Tucson=s stranger neighbors. Sketch Book, Vol. 5, no. 4 (October), p. 2. Tucson,
s.n. [Fontana writes about the way in which Papagos have become largely invisible
to their neighboring non-Indian community, a situation that may change in light of
the Papagos= pushing for their water rights.] 1981a Of earth and little rain: the Papago Indians. Photographs by John P. Schaefer.
Flagstaff, Northland Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. xii + 140 pp. [This is an
overview of the history and culture of the Papago Indians on both sides of the
United States and Mexican boundary. It is told from the highly personal
perspective of an anthropologist who had lived and worked among Papago Indians
for twenty-five years. The color and black-and-white photos were taken by
Schaefer in 1979 and 1980.] 1981b Pilgrimage to Magdalena. American West, Vol. 18, no. 5 (September-October), pp.
40-45, 60. Tucson, American West Publishing Company. [Passing mention is
made of Papago involvement in the annual Fiesta de San Francisco de Asís held
each October 4 in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora.] 1982 Tarahumara: runners of the West. Regency Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 42-46. Los
Angeles, King Network Publications, Inc. [A reprint of Fontana (1979b) as it
appeared in Arizona Highways.] 1983a Drawing the line between Mexico and the United States. American West, Vol. 20,
no. 4 (July-August), pp. 50-56. Tucson, American West Publishing Company. [An
article about Arthur Carl Victor Schott, artist and scientific collector on the mid-nineteenth century U.S. and Mexican boundary survey, shows colored lithographs
based on his drawings of two Papago women harvesting organ pipe cactus fruit (p.
50) and another of two Sand Papago (Areneño) men fishing near the head of the
Gulf of California (p. 55).] 1983b History of the Papago. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William
C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 137-148.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Twenty-six black-and-white photographs
and a map accompany this outline of Papago history for the period 1687 to 1981.] 1983c Out West: a book discussion guide. In Out West: program ideas for public
libraries, edited by Karen Dahood, pp. 11-16. Tucson, Tucson Public Library and
the Arizona Historical Society. [Mention is made of Carl Lumholtz's book on his
travels in Papago country, New Trails in Mexico.] 1983d Pima and Papago: introduction. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by
William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 125-136.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A map and nineteen black-and-white
photographs showing various Pima and Papago activities accompany this general
sketch of Pimans' environmental adaptations and a list of bibliographic and other
sources relating to their history and traditional culture.] 1983e The Papagos. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 34-37, 40-42, 44-46.
Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A general overview of Papago
history, traditional culture, and contemporary culture, one emphasizing the Papagos'
location within the Gadsden Purchase area. The article is illustrated with color and
black-and-white photographs by several photographers that depict such people and
scenes as Baboquivari Mountain, basketmaker Juanita Ahil, Pete Martinez, the
Papago Tribal Fair and Rodeo, a cattle roundup, a youth rodeo, basketmaker Laura
Martinez, the Sil Nakya chapel, Ed Kisto's home and ranch in the shadow of
Baboquivari, Papagos underground in the Noranda Mine, Papago school children
(girls) at Pisinemo, the Friday-after-Easter pageant at San Xavier del Bac, and
Santa Rosa rain dancers performing at San Xavier.] 1983f Solar power in the land of the Papago. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), p.
43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article about the
photovoltaic array installed by NASA at the Papago village of Schuchulik
(Gunsight) and the solar contrivance at Queen's Well used to power the pump on
the village's water well.] 1983g The unsolved riddle of the River Hohokam. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4
(April), pp. 38-39. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A thumbnail
outline of the culture of the prehistoric Hohokam, one pointing out that the problem
of possible Hohokam-Piman connections (including the relationship of the
Hohokam and the Papago) remains unresolved. The article is accompanied by a
black-and-white photograph by Al Abrams of potter Laura Kermen.] 1984a Desert as home. In Saguaro cactus forest drive, compiled by Mary Robinson and
T.J. Priehs, p. 2. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. [This is a
brief quote from Fontana (1981a) noting that the desert, which is not a sandy,
treeless waste, is home for the Papago Indians.] 1984b Development proposal for the San Xavier Indian Reservation: a clash in value
systems. Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 20 (January), pp. 8-12. Tucson, Office of Arid
Lands Studies, The University of Arizona. [A brief account of a 1983 proposal for
a development on some 18,000 acres of San Xavier Reservation land that would
include a golf course, condominiums, a large resort hotel, and residential and
commercial facilities -- a non-Papago community of about 110,000 people. The
San Xavier case is offered as an example of conflicts arising between centers of
urban expansion and neighboring rural areas and the contrasting values of rural and
urban peoples.] 1986 Pilgrimage to San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 62, no. 11 (November), pp. 44-inside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article
about pilgrimages made to San Xavier by Mexicans includes a color photo by Greg
Keller of two Papagos walking into the church through the front door.] 1987a Father Eusebio Kino, agent of God and King. AB Bookman=s Weekly, Vol. 79, no.
23, pp. 2533-2534, 2536, 2538, 2540. Clifton, New Jersey, AB Bookman
Publications, Inc. [This is a biographical sketch of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino
who in 1687 became the first missionary and the first non-Indian to live
permanently among the Northern Piman Indians. Included is a discussion of his
literary legacy, the plethora of publications that have since been written about him.] 1987b Santa Ana del Cuiquiburitac: Pimería Alta's northernmost mission. Journal of the
Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 133-159. Tucson, The University of
Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Included here are translations by Daniel
S. Matson of two Spanish documents, one by Fray Juan Bautista Llorens (1811)
and another by Father Francisco Moyano (1812). Both concern a mission visita
built for Piman Indians known as the Kohatk. The church was built by Father
Llorens of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the early 19th century at a site northwest
of Tucson and south of the Gila River. There are considerable data concerning the
Kohatk.] 1987c The vikita: a biblio-history. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn), pp.
258-272. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [A
bibliographic account of the vikita ceremony of the Tohono O'odham, citing
references to it in the published and unpublished literature and with quotations from
some of the accounts.] 1989a Of earth and little rain: the Papago Indians. Photographs by John P. Schaefer.
Tucson and London, The University of
Arizona Press. Map, illus., index. xiii + 168
pp. [With somewhat different photos, and all
printed here in black-and-white, this is a
reprint of Fontana (1981a).] 1989b Our mission and the Patronato San Xavier. Wa:k Newsletter, March, pp. [13]-[14].
Tucson, San Xavier District [of the Tohono O'odham Nation]. [A discussion of the
role being played in the conservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac by the
incorporated not-for-profit Patronato San Xavier.] 1989c Work moves forward on the mission. Wa:k Newsletter, July, pp. [3]-[4]. Tucson,
San Xavier District [of the Tohono O'odham Nation]. [A progress report on the
conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1990a Restoration continues. Dove of the Desert, no. 5 (Spring), p. [1]. Tucson, San
Xavier Mission Church. [A brief article about plans to clean, stabilize, and
reintegrate the interior art of Mission San Xavier del Bac with the help of Paul
Schwartzbaum and a team of Italian conservators.] [1990]b 1984-1991. The inside. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered]
page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana, in this unsigned article, writes
about the visit made to Mission San Xavier del Bac in April, 1990, by Paul
Schwartzbaum and three Italian conservators to evaluate the problems and to
propose a working schedule to resolve them. It is noted that Tohono O'odham
apprentices will be hired to work with the conservation team. Also referred to is
the 1984 study of the church's interior done by art conservators Gloria Giffords and
Miguel Celorio.] 1991a One region, many cultures. In 1992. Indians of Pimería Alta [calendar], p. 3.
Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Published here in English,
O'odham, and Spanish, this is a three-paragraph essay concerning the cultures
whose members co-exist in the region of the Pimería Alta. One of these cultures is
that of the O'odham.] 1991b One region, many cultures. PAHS Newsletter, October, p. [4]. Nogales, Arizona,
Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This is a three-paragraph discussion of the value
derived by residents of northern Sonora and southern Arizona in living in proximity
to members of three distinct cultures: Tohono O'odham, Mexican, and Anglo.] 1992a Conservation work at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 2
(February), pp. 6-7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Two black-and-white photos by Berard Connolly accompany an article telling of plans to effect
conservation of the art inside the east transept of Mission San Xavier del Bac.
Written before work actually began, the efforts were carried out by a team of
international conservators working from January 6 to April 16, 1992. Mentioned
are four Tohono O'odham hired as apprentices: Tony Encinas, Gabriel Wilson,
Mike Campos, and Timothy Lewis.] 1992b San Xavier conservation, phase one completion. Dove of the Desert, no. 10
(Spring), p. 2. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [This is an account of work
accomplished by a team of European conservators and Tohono O=odham
apprentices who worked in the east transept of the church of Mission San Xavier
del Bac from January into April, 1992.] 1993a Dove of the Desert. Westfriars, Vol. 27, no. 3 (May), pp. 6-7. San Juan Bautista,
California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [This is a summary of conservation
activities carried out by a team of international conservators and Tohono O'odham
apprentices in the west chapel of Mission San Xavier del Bac between Feb. 1 and
May 1, 1993.] 1993b From the Dove of the Desert. Westfriars, Vol. 27, no. 4 (June), p. 5. San Juan
Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [This is a note about the
role of Ignacio Gaona in building Mission San Xavier del Bac; about the fact that
Pedro Bojórques was merely a soldier; and that the bulto formerly identified as that
of Santa Escolástica is more likely that of Santa Rita de Casia.] 1993c Pilgrimage to Magdalena. San Juan Bautista, California, Westfriars, Saint Francis
Retreat Center. Illus. 9 pp. [This essay about the annual early October pilgrimage
to Magdalena, Sonora to honor San Francisco mentions O'odham participation in
the event.] 1993d Saving San Xavier: the role of a patronato. In The Spanish missionary heritage of
the United States. Selected papers and commentaries from the November 1990
Quincentenary Symposium, edited by Howard Benoist and Maria Carolina Flores,
pp. 203-207. San Antonio, Texas, United States Department of the Interior,
National Park Service and Los Compadres de San Antonio Missions National
Historical Park. [This is a detailed discussion of the role of the Patronato San
Xavier in the conservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1994a Background information on Mission San Xavier del Bac and phase III of the San
Xavier conservation project. Footprints, Vol. 7, no. 4 (April), pp. 1-2. Tucson,
Southern Arizona Guides Association. [The title is the abstract.] 1994b The dome at Ba:c. Westfriars, Vol. 28, no. 1 (February), p. 12. San Juan Bautista,
California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [An article written preliminarily
to the cleaning and conservation of the paintings beneath the main dome and
generally above the crossing of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Some of the images
are incorrectly identified here.] [1994]c El Retablo Mayor: the San Xavier altarpiece. Patronato Mission San Xavier del
Bac, p. [2]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [This is a detailed description of the
main altarpiece, or retablo mayor, at Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1994d Trailing the Holy Cross: soldiers= feet, Apache ears, and the Santa Cruz Valley.
Tucson, Peccary Press. Map, bibl. 23 pp. [This fine-press edition of an essay on
the history of southern Arizona's Santa Cruz Valley includes mention of Piman
settlements and Piman history as well as the valley's Spanish and Mexican-period
past. The book, an exemplar of the best in book art, is designed, printed letterpress,
and hand bound by Mark and Linda Sanders in two different versions.] 1995a Conservation work at Wa:k. Westfriars, Vol. 29, no. 5 (July), p. 8. San Juan
Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Emphasized here is the
story of the legend of the Veil of Veronica, two painted images of which appear on
arches inside Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1995b Restoring San Xavier del Bac, "Our Church." Native Peoples, Vol. 8, no. 4
(Summer), front cover, pp. 28-35. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [With
color photos by David Burckhalter, this article is about the involvement of Tohono
O'odham, both historically and contemporaneously, in the construction and
preservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac.] [1995]c The Virgin Mary. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page.
Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana summarizes the winter, 1995 conservation
efforts inside Mission San Xavier and writes as well about the seventeen painted
and sculptured representations of the Virgin Mary inside the church of San Xavier
del Bac. He also elaborates on the methods used by its creators in decorating the
church's retablo mayor.] [1996]a The angels of San Xavier. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered]
page. [Tucson], Patronato San Xavier. [This is an essay concerning the nearly two
hundred painted and sculptured angels inside the church of Mission San Xavier del
Bac.] 1996b Biography of a desert church: The story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke
Signal, no. 3, revised]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus., refs.
68 pp. [This is a much revised and greatly expanded version of Fontana (1961a). It
includes both color and black-and-white photographs.] 1996c [Untitled.] In San Xavier del Bac: an artist=s portfolio, by Sharon W. Pettus, p. 4.
Tucson, Treasure Chest Books. [In this one-paragraph notes, a kind of preface for
the book, Fontana writes, AA tribute to the genius of Ultra Baroque on the frontier
of New Spain, Mission San Xavier del Bac offers a joyful inventory of the
messages Franciscans hopoed to impart to the native peoples.@] 1996d Who were the builders and decorators of Mission San Xavier del Bac? Kiva, Vol.
61, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 365-384. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical
Society. [This is an illustrated article concerning the O'odham and Spaniards who
were responsible for the design, construction, and decoration of the late 18th-century church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1997a Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke
Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus. Refs.
20 pp. [This is a hardcover copy of Fontana (1971a) with the addition of a note by
Lorraine Drachman on the Mission San Xavier preservation program, 1991-1997
and a foreword by Fontana in which he erroneously suggests construction of the
present church began in 1777 rather than in 1783. He points out that the church
continues as the parish church for the San Xavier Indian community.] 1997b Mission San Xavier del Bac: a model for conservation. CRM, Vol. 20, no. 11, pp.
30-31. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,
Cultural Resources. [This is a discussion of the Patronato San Xavier and how this
not-for-profit corporation operates with respect to the preservation of the physical
structure of the church at Mission San Xavier del Bac.] [1997]c Past, present, and future. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered]
page. [Tucson], Patronato San Xavier. [This is a 7-paragraph review of the
conservation project on the interior of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac
that occurred between 1992 and 1997 and of work on the building that began in
1989 and which remains ongoing as of 1997.] 1997d People, places, and things: along with John Schaefer, photographer. In People,
places, and things: thirty years in photography, by John P. Schaefer, p. 5. Tucson,
Tucson Museum of Art. [Fontana mentions his accompanying photographer John
Schaefer on visits into the land of Tohono O'odham living on both sides of the
international boundary in Arizona and Sonora.] 1997e San Xavier's church is 200 years old. Let's celebrate. In Tucson: a guide to living
in the Old Pueblo, coordinated by Judith Whipple, pp. 8-12. Tucson, TNI Partners.
[This brief history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one crediting its O'odham
builders, appears as the August 8 supplement to the Arizona Daily Star and Tucson
Citizen. It is accompanied by black-and-white photos of the mission taken by John
P. Schaefer.] [1998]a Conserving the church. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered]
page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [A photo of Fontana accompanies his brief
outline of conservation efforts at Mission San Xavier del Bac.] 1998b The making of a field archaeologist. In The Sierra Pinacate, by Julian D. Hayden,
pp. x-xv. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In writing about archaeologist
Julian Hayden, Fontana makes note of Hayden's attendance at Papago Vikita
ceremonies in 1936 and 1945 and of his supervision of a crew of O'odham in
excavations in 1942 at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation. He also
notes Hayden's belief that the O'odham are direct lineal descendants of a people
(Amargosans) who have lived in the Sonoran Desert for at least 5,000 years.] 1998c Spain in Arizona: the saga of San Xavier del Bac. The Web of Time: Pages from
the American Past, issue 2 (Fall), online at <http://www.theweboftime.com>. [This
illustrated article that appeared on a web page provides a summary of the history of
the church and efforts to preserve it, including an account of the campaign carried
out between 1992 and 1997 by a team of international conservators.] 1999a An archaeological survey of the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge: a
reminiscence. In La Frontera: Papers in honor of Patrick H. Beckett [The
Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 25], edited by Meliha S. Duran and David
T. Kirkpatrick, pp. 79-89. Albuquerque, Archaeological Society of New Mexico.
[One of the persons who accompanied this survey was Tohono O'odham Juan
Xavier, who is quoted and discussed and whose photo appears here three times.
Mention is also made of the HiaCed O'odham, or Sand Papagos, whose territory
was that being surveyed.] 1999b A guide to contemporary Southwest Indians. Tucson, Southwest Parks and
Monuments Association. Maps, illus. 88 pp. [Included here is a brief account of
the history and recreational opportunities in the Tohono O'odham Nation (pp. 36-39). It is accompanied by color photos of Mission San Xavier del Bac, of Saint
Augustine's church in Chuichu, and of O'odham girls playing a stick game.] [1999]c [Untitled.] Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, on 2 unnumbered pages.
Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana writes about the forces of entropy ever at
work in damaging the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac, and he outlines a
history of restoration and conservation efforts at the mission beginning in 1859 and
continuing with a campaign begun in 1989.] 2000a An endowment for San Xavier. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, front and
back page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana makes an appeal for funds for
a permanent endowment that will assure the future upkeep of the church of Mission
San Xavier del Bac. In doing so, he outlines the history of efforts to care for the
church.] 2000b The finials of San Xavier -- 1780-2000. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac,
one page insert. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [The history of the thirty-three
finials that once stood along the parapet of the roof of the church of Mission San
Xavier del Bac is outlined. It includes a discussion of finials that replaced the
1780s originals and concludes by pointing out that in 2000 the most recent finials
are being replaced by lighter weight replicas of the 292-pound concrete finials that
had been there between the late 1970s and 2000.] 2000c Tucson at the millennium. In Images: Tucson at the millennium, pp. iv-v.
[Tucson], s.n. [In reviewing the history of Tucson and environs, Fontana writes of
the arrival in 1692 of Father Eusebio Kino at the village of Wa:k and of the
O'odham population of Tucson in the 18th century. He further notes the continued
presence of the O'odham in the region.] 2002a Upkeep and endowment. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [1]. Tucson,
Patronato San Xavier. [In five paragraphs, Fontana explains the necessity of having
an endowment for continuing conservation efforts involving the church of San
Xavier del Bac.] 2002b The west bell tower. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, pp. [2]-[3]. Tucson,
Patronato San Xavier. [This is a detailed discussion of the history and purpose of
the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac, the tower in which all four of
the mission=s bells hang. The history of the use of bells in Christian observances is
outlined as well as the specific uses for these bells in the lives of the Tohono
O=odham in the village of Wa:k.] 2003a Interior maintenance and repair to be underwritten by endowment. Patronato
Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [6]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [This is about
an endowment fund being raised by the Patronato San Xavier whose interest will
allow the Patronato to pay for annual conservation upkeep on the interior of the
church. At this time, the two conservators working on annual maintenance are Tim
Lewis, a Tohono O=odham from San Xavier village, and his Spanish wife, Matilde
Rubio of Madrid, Spain.] 2003b What=s wrong with the bell towers? Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [2].
Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Three paragraphs explain the reason for the
scaffolding recently erected on the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac.
AThe present guess is that it will take about two years for each bell tower. But the
real answer is that it will take as long as needed to be sure the job is done right.@] Fontana, Bernard L., editor. See Brennan 1959 Fontana, Bernard L, and Hazel M. Fontana 1983 A search for the Seris, 1895. In Tales from Tiburón. An anthology of adventures in
Seriland, edited by Neil M. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 23-26. Phoenix,
The Southwestern Natural History Association. [This is an introduction to the field
diary entries by W J McGee for December 14-28, 1895, entries that recount
McGee's unsuccessful search for Seri Indians on Tiburón Island. The five Papago
guards and Papago interpreter Hugh Norris who accompanied McGee part of this
time are mentioned.] Fontana, Bernard L., editor, and Hazel M. Fontana, illustrator. See Brennan 1958 and 1991 Fontana, Bernard L.; J. Cameron Greenleaf, and Donnelly D. Cassidy 1959 A fortified Arizona mountain. Kiva, Vol. 25, no. 2 (December), pp. 41-52. Tucson,
Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated report discusses
the prehistoric occupation of Black Mountain on the southern edge of the San
Xavier Indian Reservation. Evidence for such occupation consists of long stone
walls, or trincheras, circular stone rings (perhaps sleeping circles), petroglyphs,
manmade trails, and Indian pottery.] Fontana, Bernard L.; J. Cameron Greenleaf, Charles W. Ferguson, and others 1962 Johnny Ward's Ranch: a study in historic archaeology. Kiva, Vol. 28, nos. 1-2
(October-December), pp. 1-115. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical
Society. [Maps, illustrations, and a bibliography accompany this lengthy essay. In
1959-1960 Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society members excavated the
ruins of an Anglo-American ranch house in southern Arizona dating between 1859
and 1903. Among many other objects, Piman (Papago) Indian pottery, stone, and
shell artifacts were recovered.] Fontana, Bernard L.; Rose E. Piper, Susan C. Spater, Felipe de Jesús Valenzuela, and Rosilda
Manuel [1991] 1992. Indians of Pimeria Alta / Los indios de Pimería Alta / Na:nko >i-ma:s
hemajkam >am Pimeria Alta. Nogales, Arizona, Pimeria Alta Historical Society.
30 pp. [This is a 1992 calendar featuring text and original art portraying O=odham,
Yaquis, Apaches, Opatas, and prehistoric Hohokam of the Pimería Alta. In
addition to texts and captions by the authors, for the O=odham there are drawings by
F.R. Juan (logo for Tohono O=odham Nation); Rea Ragatz (O=odham baskets);
Betty Plank (O=odham pottery); Leonard Chana (gathering mesquite beans); Carlos
S. Moyah (saguaro fruit gatherer); Janice Johnson (Sobaipuri roasting pit); Michael
Chiago (Tohono O=odham rain dance); and Virginia Todd (Tohono O=odham,
basket maker).] Fontana, Bernard L., and Edward McCain 2003 The hidden artwork of Mission San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79, no. 10
(October), pp. 18-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With
twenty-two color photos by Edward McCain, this article by Fontana illuminates
some of the painted and sculptured art of Mission San Xavier del Bac and provides
a very brief synopsis of the church=s history.] Fontana, Bernard L.; William J. Robinson, Charles W. Cormack, and Ernest E. Leavitt, Jr. 1962 Papago Indian pottery. Seattle, University of Washington Press. Map, illus., bibl.
index. 163 pp. [This is a detailed study of Papago pottery in all of its dimensions.
Not only material culture, but all aspects of Papago life become involved as the
authors consider the origin, evolution, use, and discontinuation of various pottery
forms. The table of contents includes Introduction; Pottery Studies in Papaguería;
Modern Papago Pottery; Time and Space Perspective; Implications from Papago
Pottery Design; and Conclusions. The volume is profusely illustrated.] 1988 Papago Indian pottery. New York, AMS Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 163 pp.
[A reprint of Fontana, Robinson, Cormack, and Leavitt (1962).] 1970 Techniques of pottery manufacture of the Papago Indians. In Culture shock, edited
by Philip K. Bock, pp. 179-193. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. [This is a summary
of Papago pottery manufacture techniques taken from the 1962 book by the same
authors, but without the accompanying photographs.] Fontana, Hazel M. 1960 [Pen-and-ink drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac]. Arizona and the West, Vol.
2, no. 2 (Summer), front cover. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press.
[Fontana's drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac decorates the cover of this
issue.] Fontana, Hazel M., transcriber, and Bernard L. Fontana, annotator. See McGee 2000 Forbes, Jack D. 1957 Historical survey of the Indians of Sonora: 1821-1910. Ethnohistory, Vol. 4, no. 4
(Fall), pp. 335-368. Bloomington, American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference.
[The Papagos are listed on pages 335 and 336 as Sonoran Indians who were only
indirectly affected by missionization. On page 350 the Sonoran Papagos are briefly
discussed. Other scattered references to Papagos exist throughout.] 1964 The development of the Yuma route before 1846. California Historical Society
Quarterly, Vol. 43, no. 2 (June), pp. 99-118. San Francisco, California Historical
Society. [This discussion of the overland route to California via the lower Gila
River makes passing mention of Papago Indians living in the region and of Papago
hostilities.] 1965 Warriors of the Colorado. The Yumas of the Quechan Nation and their neighbors.
Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus. bibl., index. xx + 378 pp.
[This history of the Quechan Indians of the lower Colorado River covers the period
from prehistoric times to the mid-19th century. It makes frequent mention of
Papago Indians. Consult the book's index.] 1979 The Papago-Apache treaty of 1853: property rights and religious liberties of the
O'odham, Maricopa, and other native peoples. Davis, Native American Studies,
Tecumseh Center, University of California. 32 pp. [Forbes refers to the Gadsden
Purchase of 1853, negotiated between the United States and Mexico without
consent or meaningful involvement of the Indians living with the area, as "the
Papago-Apache treaty." This is a lengthy argument, one based largely on law and
court decisions, concluding that Papagos and other Indians of the region should still
be allowed "to use" lands in southern Arizona claimed by the federal government.] Forbes, Jack D., and Howard Adams 1976 A model of "grass-roots" community development: the D-Q University Native
American language education project. Davis, University of California, Tecumseh
Center. Illus., bibl. iii + 41 pp. [One of the subjects of this booklet is the study
and teaching of the Papago language.] Forbes, Robert H. 1918 Preface. In Southwestern beans and teparies [Bulletin of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, no. 68], by George Freeman, pp. [i]-[ii]. Tucson, University of
Arizona, College of Agriculture. [Forbes notes: "While teparies are well known to
the natives of the Southwest, the Papagoes (meaning the beans people) even
deriving their name from them, they seem not to have been mentioned before in the
horticultural literature."] Ford, Richard I. 1983 Inter-Indian exchange in the Southwest. In Handbook of American Indians, edited
by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 711-722. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of aboriginal Papago
involvement in trade in cotton, agave fibers, dried mescal sheets, saguaro fruit
products, wheat, tepary beans, and gourds (p. 712), as well as salt (p. 713). Papago
village entertainment is mentioned on page 717, and the development of friendly
relations via trade are mentioned on page 719. Papagos are mentioned elsewhere
throughout.] Ford, Rochester 1902(?) Tucson, Arizona. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. Illus. 16 pp. [Reprinted and
paper bound as a separate from Out West Magazine, September, 1902. Facing page
one there is a panoramic view of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier and
the plaza to its south taken from the slopes of what later became "Grotto Hill." It
shows a still-standing adobe row house that once formed part of the east side of the
plaza. No mention of San Xavier or of Papagos in the text.] Forrest, Earle R. 1929 Missions and pueblos of the old Southwest. Cleveland, The Arthur H. Clark
Company. Illus., bibl., index. 386 pp. [Includes mention that Papagos took part in
the Pima Revolt of 1751 (p. 234); Mission San Xavier del Bac is surrounded by a
Papago village (p. 248); Papagos cared for Mission San Xavier after departure of
the Spanish Franciscans (p. 251); articles from San Xavier Mission were secreted
by Papagos after the 1751 Jesuit expulsion (p. 252); and the name "Tucson" is of
Papago origin. Mission San Xavier del Bac is, mentioned on pages 234, 243, 248-253, 255, and 256, and there are two photos, one showing its exterior (facing p. 1)
and another its interior (p. 249).] 1962 Missions and pueblos of the old Southwest. Chicago, The Río Grande Press, Inc.
Illus., bibl., index. 386 pp. [A reprint of Forrest 1929.] Fortson, James R., compiler 1987 El Padre Kino. 300 años en la historia de Sonora [Papeles, no. 17]. México, D.F.,
J.R. Fortson y Cia, S.A. Maps, illus., bibl. [This printed folder contains eight
papeles, or papers, each individually formatted and designed to fold in a different
way, concerning various aspects of the life of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, the
pioneer European among Northern Piman Indians. Devoted to such topics as the
European setting in which Kino was born and grew up, the Spanish missionary
program, and mines and missions on the northern frontier of New Spain, one paper
(no. 5) is devoted to Father kino in New Spain, another (no. 6) to Father Kino as
diplomat and evangelist; and one (no. 8) to his burial in Magdalena, Sonora in 1711
and subsequent successful efforts to locate his grave and to memorialize him.] Foster, Jeanne [pseud., Jeanne Williams] 1984 Woman of three worlds. New York, Ballantine Books. 311 pp. [A novel about a
Southern girl who winds up at Fort Bowie in southeastern Arizona in the 1870s and
who is captured by Chiricahua Apaches. Details of the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre
of Apaches by Papago Indians and others are imagined on page 129.] Foster, Kennith E. 1978 The Winters Doctrine: historical perspective and future applications for reserved
water rights in Arizona. Groundwater, Vol. 16, no. 3 (May-June), pp. 186-191.
Worthington, Ohio, Water Well Journal Publishing Company for the Ground-Water
Technology Division of the National Water Well Association. [Mention is made of
Papagos' presentation before the U.S. Senate's Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs at which Papagos asserted that in 1974 they were irrigating only 1,840 acres
out of a potentially irrigable 1,000,000 acres on their reservation. Ground water
was identified as a potential water source.] Fowler, Catherine S. 1983 Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory. International Journal of American
Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 224-257. Chicago, University of Chicago
Press. [Focusing on words for plants and animals, use is made of linguistic data --
including that for Papago -- to arrive at a hypothetical "homeland" for speakers of
proto Uto-Aztecan languages. This putative homeland covers all of northern and
southeasternmost Arizona, southwesternmost New Mexico, and much of
northeastern Sonora and northwestern Chihuahua.] Fox, Francis J. 1966 Bibliography. In Father Kino in Arizona, by Fay J. Smith, John L. Kessell, and
Francis J. Fox, pp. 97-122. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. [Preceded
with a biographical sketch of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, including his pioneer
efforts in the Pimería Alta, this is a bibliography of published works by and about
Father Kino.] 1976 Laying the foundations for the Diocese of Tucson. The coming of Salpointe, 1866.
Brand Book, no. 3, pp. 257-264. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Father
Fox provides a brief Aearly history of the Catholic Church in Arizona,@ including
mention of the activities of Father Eusebio Kino and other missionaries among the
Northern O=odham. He also notes that a Jesuit, Father Charles E. Messea, was
briefly stationed at Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1864 and he observes there was
an unsuccessful attempt by Vicar Apostolic Jean Baptiste Salpointe to place a Mr.
Vincent at San Xavier as teacher sometime after 1866.] Francisco, Alan 1982 Rope twister. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 8. Topawa,
Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Drawings and a brief text describe the device
used by Papagos to twist horse hair into rope.] Francisco, Anna 1946 Eeetoy and hawka. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and
compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, pp. 38-39. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training
School. [This is the Tohono O=odham story of the killing of Ho=ok, the cruel
woman, by burning her in a cave.] Francisco, Colleen 1999 Funeral. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by
David Gale, p. 56. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [A 16-year-old
Baboquivari High School Tohono O'odham student uses poetry to describe that part
of a wake when mourners file by the casket of a deceased person to pay their
respects.] Francisco, Jefford 1997 Sustaining a tradition of plant stewardship. Bajada, Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 1. Tucson,
U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. [This is a brief discussion
of the traditional regard for plants by the Tohono O'odham; of the need for plant
studies on the reservation; and of the fact that six species of plants on the
reservation "have sensitive status." Mention is also made of the use of the sweet
fruit of the saguaro as a food source.] Francisco, Shiela 1982a The lady and the caveman. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p.
12. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Eleven-year-old Francisco is from
Ventana village on the Papago Reservation. [This is a delightfully fanciful story
about a woman gathering clay for pottery who encounters a "ghost or something"
living in a cave. The creature helps her by digging clay for her and ultimately
agrees to abandon his cave dwelling and to live with her family.] 1982b [Untitled; petroglyphs.] Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 29.
Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [These are drawings of petroglyphs that
originated in the imagination of Francisco. Her drawings are interpreted by
Vavages (1982c).] Francisco, Shiela; Henrietta Valenzuela, and Angelo Patricio 1982 Naming ceremony. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 15.
Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [These three Papago middle school
students recount the traditional manner in which a medicine man gives a newborn
child a name.] [Franco, Chepa] 1980 Elder brother (a Papago odyssey). As told to A.C. Navarro. Cortaro, Arizona,
A.C. Navarro. 57 pp. [A story as told by Chepa Franco, a Tohono O'odham of the
San Xavier Reservation, one which combines elements of Papago, Christian, and
other European, Plains Indians, and other mythologies, all blended together through
the medium of her splendid imagination.] Franco, Daniel 2000a Black Mountain Singers. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by
Alice Begay and others, p. 23. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima
Arts Council. [Franco explains that the "Black Mountain Singers are a pow-wow
drum group from San Xavier who started in June 1995." They started with twenty
singers, but now (2000) have thirteen between the ages of eight and twenty. The
group has traveled to South Korea as well as to Hawaii, California, New Mexico,
and all over Arizona. Franco is a member of the Black Mountain Singers. A black-and-white photo of the group accompanies the essay.] 2000b Pegi 'oig, nt o a 'ep m-nei. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by
Alice Begay and others, p. 32. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima
Arts Council. [Franco, a Tohono O'odham, writes that he attends Desert View High
School and will be a senior in the fall of 2000. He contributed most of the drawings
used to help illustrate San Xavier. Learning history ... making history.] Franco, Jeré 1994 Beyond reservation boundaries: Native American laborers in World War II.
Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 242-254. Tucson, The
University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Among the post WWII
laborers profiled is Thomas Segundo who, after the war, twice served as chairman
of the Papago Indian Tribe of Arizona. Segundo's wartime experiences in San
Francisco working for the Pacific Bridge Company are discussed. He specifically
notes the lack of prejudice directed at him as an American Indian.] Franklin, B.J. 1896 Report of the Governor of Arizona. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior
for 1896, Vol. 3, pp. 207-346. Washington, Government Printing Office. [A
section titled "Depredations of the Nomadic Papagoes" contains a lengthy
discussion complaining about the cattle stealing propensities of the Papagos.
Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas are grouped together here under the generic
"Papago" term (pages 252-255).] Frantz, Joe B. 1974 Southwest collection. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 77, no. 3 (January),
pp. 399-414. Austin, Texas State Historical Association. [A one-paragraph
discussion (p. 403) of the Arizona State Museum and National Park Service
archaeological project along the Santa Rosa Wash near Chui chu (sic) on the
Papago Indian Reservation.] Franzoy, Corey, and Associates, and Harza Engineering Company 1983a Environmental assessment for the Ak-Chin Community on-reservation irrigation
development program, phase II, Pinal County, Arizona. Tempe, Arizona, Franzoy,
Corey and Associates. Illus. Various paging. [The title is the abstract. The Ak-Chin Community is comprised largely of Tohono O=odham. This report was
prepared for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and submitted by the Ak-Chin
Community.] 1983b Small reclamation loan application report and feasibility study, phase II
development for Ak-Chin Indian Community, Maricopa County, Arizona.. Tempe,
Arizona, Franzoy, Corey & Associates. Maps. Various paging. [The title is the
abstract.] Franzoy Corey, Engineers and Architects 1988 Papago water supply, San Xavier District, Tohono O=odham Nation: environmental
assessment of the San Xavier farm rehabilitation project. Phoenix, Arizona,
Franzoy Corey, Engineers & Architects. Maps, illus., bibls. ca. 390 pp. [Water
supply, water distribution, flood control, and other environmental aspects connected
with delivery of Central Arizona Project water to the cooperative San Xavier Farm
on the San Xavier Reservation are the subjects addressed in this report.] Frary, I.T. 1926 Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona. The Architectural Record, Vol.
60, no. 4 (October), pp. 376-378. New York, F.W. Dodge Corporation. [Four
photos and a brief account of the history and architecture of Mission San Xavier del
Bac. Papago Indians are not mentioned, but three Papago children are in the photo
at the bottom of page 377.] Fratt, Lee 1981 Tumacacori plaza excavation, 1979 [Publications in Anthropology, no. 16].
Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western
Archeological and Conservation Center. Map, plans, illus., appendices, refs. xii +
269 pp. [Archaeological excavations in the plaza of Mission Tumacácori, an
eighteenth-century Spanish mission which served a community of Northern Piman
Indians, yielded 8,798 sherds of Aindigenous@ pottery, nearly all of them Piman in
origin. Fratt=s report also contains a brief Asite chronology@ Tumacácori, 1691-1930s (pp. 11-13).] 1986 Tumacacori National Monument: archeological assessment and management
recommendations. In Miscellaneous historic period archeological projects in the
Western Region [Publications in Anthropology, no. 37], compiled by Martin D
Tagg, pp. 41-74. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,
Western Archaeological and Conservation Center. [This study of the archaeological
remains of Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona, with detailed plans of the site,
includes a review of previous archaeological work here. Emphasis is on
architectural features of this 18th-century mission founded for the Northern
O=odham, but it is noted that the cultural material assemblage is comprised chiefly
of Piman ceramics.] Fredericksen, Hazel 1970 He-who-runs-far. New York, Young Scott Books. Illus. 249 pp. [The fictional
story of Papago Red Deer, a Papago Indian boy brought up in a little village on the
Papago Reservation in Arizona. It includes a portfolio of pen-and-ink drawings by
artist John Houser.] Freedman, Robert L. 1976 Native North American food preparation techniques. Boletín Bibliográfico de
Antropología Americana, Vol. 38, núm. 47, pp. 101-159. México, Instituto
Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia. [Includes data from
Thackery and Leding (1929) on the preparation of buds of the chollas Opuntia
versicolor and O. echinocarpa (p. 123) and of saguaro syrup (p. 148).] Freeman, George F. 1912 Southwestern beans and teparies. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station,
no. 68, pp. 573-619. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Included here are mention of
Papago corn, beans, pumpkins, and squash (p. 573); samples of beans from Papago
villages for experimentation (p. 575); Papago name for the common frijole (p. 576);
Papagos and the tepary bean (pp. 582-583); and other scattered references.] 1913 The tepary, a new cultivated legume from the Southwest. Botanical Gazette, Vol.
56, no. 5 (November), pp. 395-417. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
[This illustrated article concerns agricultural tests conducted at the Arizona
Experiment Station using tepary bean seeds obtained from plants grown on the
Papago Reservation. Brief references to Papagos are on pages 395-398.] 1915 Papago sweet corn, a new variety. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station,
no. 75, pp. 452-467. Tucson, University of Arizona. [This is an illustrated report
on Papago sweet corn, a new variety developed by cross-breeding strains of Squaw
or Indian corn on the Papago Reservation in 1910.] 1918 Southwestern beans and teparies. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station,
no. 68 (revised). Tucson, University of Arizona College of Agriculture. [This is an
updated version of Freeman (1912), with Papago mentions left intact.] Freeman, Merrill P. 1915 A vocabulary of the Papago and Pima language. s.l., s.n. [This is a three-page
reprint of an article which appeared in the Arizona Daily Star on May 9, 1915,
concerning a Papago or Pima vocabulary of about 3,000 words that was compiled
by Captain F.E. Grossman. A copy is in the library of the Arizona State Museum,
Tucson.] 1939 The City of Tucson and its foundation and origin of its name. Introduction by
Victor R. Stoner. Tucson, Acme Printing Company. Illus. 11 pp. [This
handsomely-printed essay B a newly-printed version of a 1912 pamphlet B goes into
some detail concerning the Papago origin of the name, ATucson.@ He writes that
Papago interpreter Hugh Norris told him the name in Papago is Styook-zone, and
that it translates as Aat the foot of, or base of, a black hill.@ Freeman also discusses
the location of the original Piman village, drawing on material from the writings
and maps of Father Eusebio Kino.] Freese, Alison 1993 [Commentary.] American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp.
143-150. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California.
[Brief mention is made of the assertion by a modern historian, Ramón Gutiérrez,
that the cultures of the Yuma, Pima-Papago, and Pueblos on the eve European
conquest were more similar than dissimilar -- a viewpoint with which Freese takes
exception.] French, David H., and Kathrine S. French 1996 Personal names. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C.
Sturtevant, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 200-221. Washington,
Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of the fact that Papago nicknames
include stereotype (p. 202); that name givers among Papagos had some supernatural
authority (p. 204); and that Papagos proscribed against using the names of the dead
out of respect for the deceased's kin as well as out of fear of the dead.] French, E.B. 1862 Letter of the Second Auditor of the Treasury, transmitting accounts ... from persons
charged .. with the disbursement of monies ... for the benefit of the Indians, from
July 1, 1860, to June 30, 1861. Senate Executive Documents, no. 31, 37th Congress,
2d session, Vol. 4. Washington, Government printing Office. [Pages 207-208
include an abstract of accounts and disbursements by John R. Walker, agent in
charge of the Pima and Papago tribes. A little more than $2,000 was spent in the
last two quarters of 1860, most of it in salaries for the agent, interpreter, and a
blacksmith at San Xavier. This volume is 1121 in the serial set.] Freundlich, Carol 1994 Contemporary kiva. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 86-89,
91, 93. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [This is about the new Southside
Presbyterian Church in Tucson designed by architects Robert Vint and Jody Gibbs,
a church which at the beginning of the century was primarily Aa community mission
and school for the Tohono O=odham living in the area.@ The new structure includes
Aa traditional Tohono O=odham crotched-post gate made of live ocotillo by Ed
Kisto,@ himself a Tohono O=odham. The gate is shown in a color photo.] Frick, Paul S. 1954 "An archaeological survey in the central Santa Cruz Valley, Southern Arizona."
Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, bibl. 138 pp. [This is a study
of scattered surface archaeological sites and collections along the Santa Cruz River
in southern Arizona between Tubac in the south and Sahuarita in the north. The
survey was done in an area where in historic times there was a fairly concentrated
O'odham population.] Frisbie, Charlotte J. 1977 Music and dance research of southwestern United States Indians. Past trends,
present activities, and suggestions for future research. Detroit Studies in Music
Bibliography, no. 36. Detroit, Information Coordinators, Inc. [A history and
discography, Papago music and musical instruments are mentioned throughout.
Listed are extensive recordings of Papago music in the Lowie Museum of
Anthropology in Berkeley, California, and 3.5 hours of music recorded by Ruth
Underhill on file in the Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University,
Bloomington.] Frisbie, Theodore R. 1976 Open forum: ceramic typology. Pottery Southwest, Vol. 3, special supplement.
Albuquerque, Albuquerque Archaeological Society. 12 pp. [Passing mention is
made that a study of Papago Indian pottery was made by Fontana and others, one
that helps "provide a wealth of available data which have direct archaeological
bearing on typology." (p. 7).] 1986 The mystery of Veteado Mountain anthropomorphs and related matters. In By
hands unknown: papers on rock art and archaeology in honor of James G. Bain
[Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico], edited by Anne Poore, pp.
61-78. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press for the Archaeological Society of New
Mexico. [There is a brief discussion here of the Papago man-in-the-maze design on
Papago and Pima baskets. He cites DeWald (1954) concerning a Papago version of
the man-in-the-maze.] Fritz, Gordon L. 1989 The ecological significance of early Piman immigration to southern Arizona. The
Artifact, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 51-109. El Paso, El Paso Archaeological Society. [This
illustrated essays sets forth Fritz's views concerning possible prehistoric Hohokam
and historic Piman Indian relationships in northern Sonora/southern Arizona and
what may have happened between ca. A.D. 1450 and the end of the 17th century.
He does not believe there is any significant connection between the two groups.] Froebel, Julius 1856-57 Aus Amerika, Erfahrungen, Reisen and Studien. Two volumes. Leipzig, Dyksche
Buchhandlung. [This is the original, German version of Froebel (1859). His travels
in the Santa Cruz Valley are in the second volume.] 1859 Seven years' travel in Central America, northern Mexico, and the Far West of the
United States. London, Richard Bentley. Illus. [Froebel was in southern Arizona
during the second half of 1854, just after the region became a part of the United
States and before 1863 when the region became part of a territory labeled
AArizona.@ He spent a few days at the "Pima" community of San Xavier and
describes his visit is some detail, including a brief mention of the church (pp. 499-502). He describes Papagos' weaving of cloth, describes their arrows, their use of
saguaro fruit, etc. An engraving of Mission San Xavier del Bac is the book's
frontispiece.] 1861 A travers l>amerique. Three volumes. Translated from the German by Emile
Tandel. Paris, E. Jung-Treuttel; Brussels, A. Lacroix. 358 pp. [This is the French
translation of Froebel (1856-57). His Santa Cruz Valley travels are in the third
volume.] Frontain, Dick 1968 San Xavier del Bac: a living mission. Tucson, Los Amigos. Illus.40 pp. [Illustrated
with large numbers of black-and-white photographs taken by the author, chapter
titles are, AAn Architect Views San Xavier,@ AA History,@ AIndian Festivals at San
Xavier,@ AThe Day of the Dead,@ ASan Xavier Fiesta,@ AThe Present and the Future,@
and AA Reading Guide.@] 1972 San Xavier del Bac: poem of the desert. Introduction by Ted De Grazia. Tucson,
Los Amigos. Illus. 36 pp. [The book=s chapters, written as poems, are AThe
Desert,@ AThe Creatures,@ AThe Step,@ APadre Kino,@ AThe Robes of Black,@ AThe
Followers of Francis,@ ALife at San Xavier, 1887,@ AThe Desert Peoples,@ ALife at
San Xavier, 1972,@ ADeath at San Xavier,@ and AA Saint for All Seasons.@ Profusely
illustrated with black-and-white photos by the author, including pictures taken
elsewhere in Papago country than at San Xavier.] 1989 San Xavier del Bac: a living mission. In Cababi, edited by Robin Payne and others,
front cover, pp. 75-79. Tucson, PIma Community College. [Excerpted from
Frontain (1968). The front cover of this collection of poetry and prose by Pima
College students is a color photo by Frontain of the west-northwest elevation of the
church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The photo was taken when an ocotillo fence
surrounded the outlines of the Jesuit church built by Father Alonso Espinosa ca.
1756.] Frost, Earnie 1998 The ride home. In A good Cherokee, a good anthropologist, edited by Steve
Pavlik, pp. 355-365. Los Angeles, University of California, American Indian
Studies Center. [This is the hilarious saga of getting the body of a deceased
anthropologist, Robert Thomas, from where he died in Texas to the San Xavier
Reservation. Mention is made of Thomas=s two sons by his former Papago wife
and of the fact that his remains were cremated and his ashes deposited in various
places.] Frost, Tom 1997 Friars' forum ... Westfriars, Vol. 31, no. 1 (February), p. 9. San Juan Bautista,
California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [A Franciscan missionary on the
Papago Indian Reservation presents his answer to the question asked of him by
another Franciscan, "Why do you stay where you are? You only have funerals out
there. No one wants to come there."] Frye, Josie 1999 Is it "I am" or "my name." In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native
Americans, edited by David Gale, pp. 57-58. Washington, D.C., National Museum
of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster.
[Frye, a 17-year-old Baboquivari High School student, reflects in this poem on the
fact that her name, Josephine, is a white woman's name, while her Indian name is
Spotted Feather. "Not just my name it's who I am."] Fuchs, Estelle, and Robert J. Havighurst 1973 To live on the earth. American Indian education. Garden City, New York, Anchor
Press/Doubleday. 390 pp. [A survey of American Indian education based largely
on studies completed in 1971, one of which includes an overview of education on
the Papago Indian Reservation excluding San Xavier and Gila Bend (pp. 64-76).] Fuchs, M. 1979 Provider attitudes toward STARPAHC - telemedicine project on the Papago
Reservation. Medical Care, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 59-68. Philadelphia, etc. etc.,
Lippincott. Fulbright, Tom 1968 Cow-country counselor. New York, Exposition Press. 196 pp. [These are the
personal reminiscences of a Pinal County, Arizona lawyer. There are scattered
mentions throughout of Papago Indians, usually in connections with Papagos'
drinking or dancing (see pp. 37-38, 65, and 111).] Full, Roy P. 1970 An appraisal of the mineral resources in the lands acquired by the United States
from the Papago Indians as decided September 10, 1968 and October 1, 1969
before the Indian Claims Commission. Two volumes. Salt Lake City, R.P. Full.
Maps. [The title is the abstract. The report was submitted as Indian Claims
Commission docket no. 345, PLF. EXH no. F-1.] Fuller, Nancy 1991 Ak-Chin Him-Dak -- a new model for community management opens to public.
CRM, Vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 36-37, 43. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. [An illustrated article tells
about the June 29, 1991 opening of the new cultural resources museum/center on
the Pima/Papago Ak Chin Reservation. It is said to be "the first museum in the
United States to be established on the ecomuseum concept," a place where
"identification, preservation, study and interpretation (are) conceived as a tool for
cultural survival and generation during a time of profoundly changing tribal
lifestyles."] Fuller, Wallace H. 1982 Papago children. In Arizona anthem, edited, designed and compiled by Blair
Morton Armstrong, p. 417. Scottsdale, Arizona, The Mnemosyne Press. [A six-stanza poem describing the appearance and demeanor of Papago Indian children.] Furman-Berg, Katherine 1995 Close-up business interview: Ned Norris, Jr. Tucson Lifestyle, November, pp. 60-61. Tucson, Steven E. Rosenberg. [A black-and-photo of Tohono O'odham Ned
Norris, Jr. accompanies this article about him, one which emphasizes his role as
manager of the Tohono O'odham Nation's Desert Diamond Casino on the San
Xavier Indian Reservation. Some of his life's story is told here as well.]