BBB

Baarson, Alice A.

    1969             "A componential analysis of Papago kinship terminology." Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. 64 pp. [The first half of the thesis attempts to place Papago kinship terminology and social organization within a broader system of kinship classification. The second part analyzes Papago kinship terminology by two methods of componential analysis.]

Babbitt, Bruce

    1983             Images of Arizona. The best of Arizona art. In Images of Arizona. 1984 calendar, the best of Arizona art, selected by Bruce Babbitt, inside front cover. s.l., Hospice of the Valley. [In his introduction to this calendar illustrated with color photos, including three by Helga Teiwes of statues inside the church of Mission San Xavier, Babbitt observes, ANearly three hundred years ago (sic), Spanish missionaries erected a temple in the desert at San Xavier and decorated it with lavish frescoes and gilded images of their saints and martyrs.@]

Babcock, Barbara A., and Nancy J. Parezo

    1989             Daughters of the desert: women anthropologists and the Native American Southwest, 1880-1980. An illustrated catalogue. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Illus., refs., bibl. 241 pp. [Among the women anthropologists and other women who worked among Southwest Indians who are discussed here are Frances Densmore, Rosamund Spicer, Helga Teiwes, and Ruth Underhill, all of whom had field experience among the Papagos.]

Bachman. Jacob H.

    1995             The Audubon expedition of 1849: the diary of Jacob H. Bachman. In Gold rush desert trails to San Diego and Los Angeles in 1849, edited by George M. Ellis [Brand Book, no. 9], pp. 93-96. San Diego, San Diego Corral of the Westerners. San Diego, San Diego Corral of the Westerners. [Bachman was with Audubon (1906) when the latter was among the Papago Indians north of Zoñi, Sonora in 1849. Bachman adds a few details to Audubon's account of their time among Papagos between the 16th and 21st of September.]

Badertscher, Anita

    2004             Stories from Mission 2000. Revista, Vol. 38, no. 138 (Spring), p. 28. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. [Drawing on eighteenth-century mission records, Badertscher is able to reconstruct many details of the life of O=odham Estevan Tubacsam, an Indian who held many responsible positions at Mission Guevavi from 1748 until his death in April, 1763. He was married three times, all three of his wives dying before he did.]

Badertscher, Vera M.

    2002             Seeking an elusive lily, touring the town attic and visiting the plaza in beautiful downtown Ajo. Arizona Highways, Vol. 78, no. 4 (April), pp. 46-48. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This color-illustrated article about Ajo, Arizona, notes in passing that, "O'odham Indians in the area used copper to make body paint. Aau'auho, their word for >paint,= was transposed into Spanish as ajo, which means >garlic.=@ And there is a photo by Randy Prentice of "Old St. Catherine's Indian Mission, now home of the Ajo Historical Society Museum."]

    2003             Beauty or beast? A dazzling beaded skin covers the poisonous Gila monster, dubbed the Boris Karloff of the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79,. No. 1 (January), pp. 36-37. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article about the Gila monster concludes with a supposed Tohono O=odham myth concerning the animal: AIndians and animals were invited to attend the first saguaro wine festival. Of course, party-goers wore their best. Gila Monster, not wanting to be dowdy like some lizards, gathered bright pebbles and tossed them over his back, making himself a beautiful and durable coat.@]

Badger, Angeline

    1938             "An activity program for Indian children." Master of Arts/Education thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder. [The program was developed for the Tucson Indian Training School (the "Escuela") in Tucson, Arizona, for Papago and Pima children.]

Bagdikian, Ben H.

    1963             The invisible Americans. Saturday Evening Post, 236^th year, no. 45 (December 21-28), pp. 28-33. Philadelphia. [This survey of poverty in the United States includes a lead black-and-white photo of a flat-roofed, sun-dried adobe house with beds and a washing machine outside in the yard, two women seated on one of the beds, and a caption that reads, AArizona=s Papago Indians, their world destroyed by modern civilization, sit and wait B for nothing. They move beds outside to escape heat of adobe houses.@ The article includes a seven-paragraph account of 61-year-old Papago Indian José Chico. It tells about his two sons going to boarding school in New Mexico, and it makes the assertion that starvation is endemic among Papagos.]

Bahr, Donald M.

    1969             "Piman shamanism: the sicknesses." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. [This was published in 1974 with coauthors Gregorio, Lopez, and Alvarez as Piman shamanism and staying sickness (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press).]

    197- Piman ritual oratory, I. Three war orations [Research Paper, 2]. [Tempe], Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology. 109 pp. [The Piman war orations reprinted an analyzed here are from Russell (1908) and Lloyd (1911).]

    1971             Who were the Hohokam? The evidence from Pima-Papago myths. Ethnohistory, Vol. 18, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 245-266. Tucson, American Society for Ethnohistory. ["A corpus of 13 Pima-Papago myths is examined for historical evidence concerning the prehistoric Hohokam peoples in southern Arizona and concerning the origins of the buzzard moiety among Pimans. It is suggested that most myths involving the Hohokam express a death and rebirth ideology which may have been influenced by any of the four sources including diffusion from central Mexico, an actual Hohokam conquest, Spanish expeditions in search of Cíbola, and the Ghost Dance Movement."]

    1973             Psychiatry and Indian curing. Indian Programs, Vol. 2, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 1, 4-9. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [A lengthy discussion of "blowing," a form of Piman (Pima-Papago) curing.]

    1975a           Language policy and the birth of writing among Papagos. In Southwest languages and linguistics in educational perspective, edited by G. Harvey and M Heiser, pp. 327-339. San Diego, Institute for Cultural Pluralism, San Diego State University.

    1975b           Pima and Papago ritual oratory: a study of three texts. San Francisco, The Indian Historian Press. Illus., bibl., index. 121 pp. [A detailed look at Pima and Papago ritual oratory. Includes introduction; discussion of context, history, and style; text; and comments. This is a revision of Bahr (197-).]

    1977a           Breath in shamanic curing. In Flowers of the wind: papers on ritual, myth and symbolism in California and the Southwest [Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, no. 8], edited by Thomas C. Blackburn, pp. 29-40. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. [This discussion of the role of breath or of blowing in Piman curing is intended to be general for northern Pimans, i.e., Pimas and Papagos. It is based on Bahr's observations, experiences, and interviews among both Papagos and Pimas. Bahr sees blowing as the counterpart to the shamanic art of sucking.]

    1977b           On the complexity of Southwest Indian emergence myths. Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 33, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 317-349. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico. [Bahr contrasts the chanted versions of the Zuni emergence (or creation) stories with the prose versions of the Piman (Pima-Papago) creation stories, and concludes that the Piman texts are more complex.]

    1980             Four Papago rattlesnake songs. In Speaking, singing and teaching: a multidisciplinary approach to language variation [Anthropological Research Papers, no. 20] edited by Florence Barkin and Elizabeth Brandt, pp. 118-126. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University.

    1983a           A format and method for translating songs. Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 96, no. 380, pp. 170-182. , American Folklore Society. [The examples considered in this paper are four Papago "Butterfly songs" as sung by Manuel Havier of the village of Ak Chin.]

    1983b           Pima and Papago medicine and philosophy. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 193-200. Washington. Smithsonian Institution. [A discussion of the Piman "way" and of other "ways," and of shamanism and curing.]

    1983c           Pima and Papago social organization. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 178-192. Washington. Smithsonian Institution. [An overview of the subject, but one that does not take into consideration Pima and Papago kinship terms and their traditionally-associated behaviors.]

    1986             Pima-Papago -ga. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 52, no. 2 (April), pp. 161-171. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Bahr shows how the suffix -ga added to a noun indicates the alienability of the object to which the noun refers. He also discusses the enrichment of the Papago and Pima artifact vocabulary resulting from the arrival of Spaniards in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.]

   1988a            La modernisation du chamanisme pima-papago. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Vol. 18, nos. 2-3, pp. 69-81. Montréal, Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Humaines du Canada, Fonds-FCAR (Québec). [This concerns 20th-century Pima-Papago shamanism and the ways in which it has become "modernized."]

    1988b           Pima-Papago Christianity. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 133-167. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Bahr offers insightful analysis of Christianity as adopted by the Papago and Pima Indians in the second half of the 19th century, explaining the forms it has taken in the 20th century and dynamics of change from old forms of religious observance to new ones.]

    1991a           A grey and fervent shamanism. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, Vol. 77, pp. 7-26. Paris, Société des Américanistes, Musée de l'Homme. [This essay compares shamanic sung poetry among contemporary Pima/Papago, early 20th century Shoshone, and 16th century Aztecs. Owl songs rendered by Papago (Tohono O'odham) John Lewis of Gunsight, Arizona provide the Piman example, the most lengthy one in the essay.]

    1991b           Interpreting sacramental systems: the midewiwin and the wi:gita. Wicazo Sa, Vol. 7, no. 2 (Fall), pp. 18-25. Cheney, Washington, Indian Studies, Eastern Washington University; Davis, California, Native American Studies, University of California. [In taking a close look at the effects of the introduction of Christianity among non-Christian Indians, Bahr examines the seemingly native-based ceremonies of the midewiwin among the Chippewa and the wi:gita among the Tohono O'odham (Papago Indians).]

    1991c           La longue conversion des Pimas-Papagos. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 5-20. Montréal, Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Humaines du Canada, Fonds-FCAR (Québec). [A sketch of the long and slow process by which the Pima-Papagos became aware of and were stimulated or converted into Christianity, from the 1600s to the present. The entire issue of this journal is devoted to missionization.]

    1991d           Papago ocean songs and the wi:gita. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 539-556. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Presented and analyzed here are the texts (in O'odham and English) of eight songs sung by Papago Indian Jose Manol (aka Manuel Havier) and transcribed by Bahr in 1980. These songs are intended for the cure of "ocean's disease," but Bahr's analysis relates them to the analysis by Galinier (1991) of the meanings inherent in the wi:gita ceremony.]

    1992a           Oratory. In Dictionary of Native American literature, edited by Andrew Wiget, pp. - . Westport Connecticut, Greenwood Press.

    1992b           Translating Papago legalese. In On the translation of Native American literatures, edited by Brian Swann, pp. 257-275. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press. [This is a thoroughgoing discussion of a document referred to as "Tohono O'odham Education Standards October 1987" and which apparently was written in O'odham before being translated into English. Matters of exposition and translation are covered in depth. Bahr concludes that the document is a reflection of maintenance of boundaries between Desert Indian humans and nature, a system which "has great prestige and seems to be the source of much of the language."]

    1997a           Easter, keruk, and Wi:Gita. In Performing the renewal of community: indigenous Easter rituals in North Mexico and Southwest United States, edited by Rosamond B. Spicer and N. Ross Crumrine, chapter 8. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford, England, University Press of America. [Bahr compares and contrasts the Yuman keruk ceremony with the Vikita ceremony of the Tohono O=odham.]

    1997b           Pima-Papago (Tohono O=odham). In Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture, edited by Raul Oliver, pp. ___-___. New York and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

    2001             Bad news: the predicament of Native American mythology. Ethnohistory, Vol. 48, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 587-612. Durham, north Carolina, Duke University Press for the American Society for Ethnohistory. [Bahr observes that a local group of people called A:ngam (Willow Place), is a group that "actually belongs to the Papago or Tohono O'odham, not the Pima, but the Pima knew the story and used it in their war oratory. (The Pima and Tohono O'odham have about the same mythology.)"]

Bahr, Donald, editor

    2001             O=odham creation & related events as told to Ruth Benedict in 1927 in prose, oratory, and song. Foreword by Barbara Babcock. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Refs. cited, index. xxxvii + 227 pp. [Although most of these stories were collected from Gila River Pima informants, at least one, AKisto,@ was probably a Papago. Bahr refers to both Pimas and Papagos in some of his introductions to various sections of the book and the Papago country is credited in a story told by William Blackwater with having been the place where saguaros first began to grow in abundance.]

Bahr, Donald, and Susan Fenger

    1989             Indians and missions: homage to and debate with Rupert Costo and Jeanette Henry. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 31, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 300-321. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [This essay contrasts the 18th-19th century Franciscan mission program in California, and modern attitudes toward that program expressed by some Indians and other scholars, with the 19th-20th century program of Franciscan missionization among the Papago and Pima Indians. The authors conclude that the Pimans willingly accepted missionaries and many aspects of Christianity.]

Bahr, Donald; Joseph Giff, and Manuel Havier

    1970             Piman songs on hunting. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, no. 2 (May), pp. 245-296. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Society for Ethnomusicology. [Included are discussions of texts for Papago deer and cow songs as rendered by Manuel Havier. Lyrics only are presented.]

Bahr, Donald M.; Juan Gregorio, David I. Lopez, and Albert Alvarez.

    1974             Piman shamanism and staying sickness (Ká:cim Múmkidag). Foreword by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. 332 pp. [With the help of Papago shaman Juan Gregorio, Papago translator David Lopez, and Papago linguist Albert Alvarez, anthropologist and non-Papago Donald Bahr provides an introduction to the study of the Piman theory of sickness. The focus is on the concept of "staying sickness," diseases which "stay" (as opposed to "wander," as in contagious illnesses) and that are peculiar to Pimans and are not shared by other human beings. The table of contents includes: Introduction; Toward a Piman Theory of Sickness; The Nature of Ká:cim Sickness; The Duajida; The Ritual Cure; and Piman Shamanism and Ká:cim Sickness.]

Bahr, Donald M., and J. Richard Haefer

    1978             Song in Piman curing. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 22, no. 1 (January), pp. 89-122. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Society for Ethnomusicology. [Data refer to both Papago and Pima. Words are transcribed literally that are used in songs, transliterated into spoken Piman, and finally translated into English. The music is transcribed as well, and there is considerable discussion of the songs both in terms of culture and of music as such.]

Bahr, Donald M., and David L. Kozak

    1991             Pima-Papago. In Encyclopedia of World Cultures: North America, edited by D. Levinson and T. O'Leary, pp. 287-290. Boston, G.K. Hall. [An overview of the subject, one with the following headings: orientation, history and cultural relations, settlements, economy, kinship, marriage and family, sociopolitical organization, and religion and expressive culture.]

Bahr, Donald M.; Lloyd Paul, and Vincent Joseph

    1997             Ants and orioles: showing the art of Pima poetry. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press. Maps, illus. xiv + 205 pp. While the poetry being considered here was generated by Gila River Pimas, three Papago airplane songs and the dreaming of ancientness are appended.]

Bahr, Donald M.; Juan Smith, William Smith Allison, and Julian Hayden

    1994             The short swift time of gods on earth. The Hohokam chronicles. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. [An analytical introduction by Bahr sets the stage for presentation of a traditional Pima Indian creation narrative collected in 1935 by Hayden from Juan Smith as translated into English by Allison. Bahr's introduction generalizes for Pima/Papago.]

Bahr, Howard M.; Bruce A. Chadwick, and Robert C. Day

    1972             Introduction: patterns of prejudice and discrimination. In Native Americans today: sociological perspectives, edited by Hoard M. Bahr, Bruce A. Chadwick, and Robert C. Day, pp. 43-50. New York, Harper & Row. [Joseph, Spicer, and Chesky (1949) is cited concerning prejudicial attitudes of whites toward Papago Indians.]

Bahre, Conrad J.

    1987             Wild hay harvesting in southern Arizona casualty of the march of progress. The Journal of Arizona History, , Vol. 28, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 69-78. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Geographer Bahre mentions that Mexicans, Apaches, and Papagos used sickle, knives, and hoes to cut wild hay in the late 19th century. Preferred hay grasses were grama, galleta, sacaton, fingergrass, three-awn, millet, vine mesquite, and little bluestem.]

Bahti, Mark

    1985             Poetry, dance & song: Tohono O'otam ceremonials. Tucson Guide, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall/Winter), pp. 43-45. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [This overview of traditional Tohono O'odham religious beliefs and observances is accompanied by black-and-white reproductions of one illustration each by Henry Enos and Duke W. Sine.]

    1989             Arizona basketry. Tucson Guide, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 52-55. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Illustrated with color photos by Helga Teiwes, this is an overview of Indian basketmaking in contemporary Arizona, including basketry of the Tohono O'odham.]

    1990             "In the beginning ..." Native American creations myths & the oral tradition." Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 68-71. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Among the various Southwest Indian creation stories briefly discussed here is that of the O'odham.]

Bahti, Tom

    1970             Southwestern Indian ceremonials. Flagstaff, Arizona, KC Publications. Illus., bibl. 64 pp. [Papago traditions described on pages 50-53 include information on the origin myth, curing rites, saguaro wine festival, tcirkwena dance, and the chicken pull.]

    1971             Southwestern Indian tribes. Las Vegas, Nevada, KC Publications. Map, illus. 72 pp. [On pages 56-58 is a section dealing with the Papago. Two color photos, one of a Papago basketmaker and the other of saguaro fruits being harvested and three black-and-white photos, one of a calendar stick from Sil Nakya, provide the illustrations. Three of Ruth Underhill's publications are cited for suggested reading.]

Bahti, Tom, and Mark Bahti

    1997             Southwestern Indians: arts & crafts, tribes, ceremonials. Las Vegas, Nevada, KC Publications. Maps, illus., suggested reading, index. 215 pp. [Incorporates much of what is in Bahti (1970, 1971). Discussion here of Tohono O'odham in general as well as of afterworld, basketry, curing ceremonies, emergence legend, jewelry, painting, pottery, religious observances, and silverwork.]

Bailey, G.

    1858             Memorandum in reference to the Indians in Arizona Territory. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, Vol. 1, no. 2, part 1, 35th Congress, 2nd session [Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs], pp. 554-559. Washington, James B. Steedman, printer. [Bailey was a special agent with the U.S. Indian Department. His report to Commissioner of Indian Affairs C.E. Mix is dated November 4, 1858. On page 557, he writes: "Papagos allied with Pimo and Maricopas; occupy an unproductive tract of land west and southwest of Tucson; San Xavier del Bac is their principal village; population total of 1,890 of whom 734 are warriors; they are represented as being very poor and indeed destitute." A table on page 560 lists nineteen Papago villages, their captains, numbers of warriors, numbers of women and children, and the total population for each village.]

Bailey, L.R.

    1973             Indian slave trade in the Southwest, Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. xvi + 236 pp. [Mention is made (page 203) that Papago Indians were among the tribes whose children were taken as permanent captives by Western Apaches. There is also brief discussion of other Indians being taken captive by Northern Pimans in the eighteenth century (pp. 27-29).]

Bailey, L.R., editor

    1963             See Brady (1963) and Gray (1956b)

Baily, Wilfrid C.

    1950             A typology of Arizona communities. Economic Geography, Vol. 26, no. 1 (January), pp. 94-104. Worcester, Massachusetts, Clark University. [Page 96 mentions that the community of Barrio Libre in Tucson, Arizona is a mixed Papago, Yaqui, and Mexican neighborhood. The Papago Reservation is mentioned in passing on page 95.]

Bain, Johnny

    1975             The Old Pueblo. A pictorial history of Tucson, Arizona celebrating 200 years. Tucson, Arizona Daily Star. Illus. 52 pp. [This is a history of Tucson, Arizona, drawn and presented in comic-book style. Included is the story of the arrival of Father Eusebio Kino among the northern Pimans of San Xavier del Bac and Tucson in the late 17^th century, and Pima Revolt of 1751, and Zúñiga=s 1804 description of Mission San Xavier del Bac]

Baker, Betty

    1973             At the center of the world. Illustrated by Murray Tinkelman. New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc. Illus. 53 pp. [Here are six Papago myths written for children: Earth Magician; Coyote drowns the world; the killing pot; monster eagle; the killing of Eetoi; and the first war.]

    1977             Settlers and strangers. New York, Macmillan Publishing Company. Illus., index. 88 pp. [A book dealing with Native Americans of the desert Southwest. The chapter titled "Eetoi's People" (pp. 38-46) is about the Hohokam, Pima, and Papago. There is a photo on page 45 of a modern Papago saguaro harvesting camp near Ventana Cave, and other references to Papagos are scattered throughout.]

Bakker, Elna, and Richard C. Lillard

    1972             The great Southwest. Palo Alto, California, American West Publishing Company. Maps, illus., bibl. 238 pp. [There are mentions of Papagos on page 153 in connection with Father Francisco Garcés and on page 231 in connection with the 1971 proposal by the Indian Claims Commission to award the Papago Indians $27,190,000 on their land claims case as a just settlement.]

Baldonado, Louis [a.k.a. Luis Baldonado, q.v.]

    1959a           The dedication of Caborca. Kiva, Vol. 24, no. 4 (April), inside back cover. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is the translation by Father Baldonado of a document entitled, "Church of Caborca." He states, "It is further conclusive evidence that Caborca was modeled after San Xavier del Bac rather than the reverse ..., San Xavier having been completed at least by 1797."]

    1959b           Missions San Jose de Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac in 1774. Kiva, Vol. 24, no. 4 (April), pp. 21-24. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is Father Baldonado's translation of a report by Fray Antonio Ramos of his official visit to Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac in 1774 to explore the possibility of uniting missions and visitas and/or uniting several neighboring missions. Census figures for both missions are presented.]

Baldonado, Luis [a.k.a. Louis Baldonado, q.v.]

    1959             Mission San Xavier, Tucson, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 21, no. 3 (January), pp. 242-244. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Luis summarizes recent events at Mission San Xavier, including restoration of the convento wing (concerning which he gives details), archaeological excavation by Robinson and Fontana of an earlier site immediately adjacent to the mission on its west, and the celebration of the feasts of San Francisco de Asís and San Francisco Xavier.]

Baldwin, Charlene, and Jack Mount

    1991             Maps of the Pimería. Early cartography of the Southwest from the University of Arizona Library map collection. Tucson, The University of Arizona, The Arizona Humanities Council. Illus. 8 pp. [This is the catalogue for an exhibition of thirty-eight maps dating from 1556 to 1854 which purport to show the region which after 1687 came to be known as the APimería Alta,@ or land of the Northern (Upper) Piman Indians. Seven of these maps are shown here in black-and-white on a greatly-reduced scale. The exhibit was on display in the University of Arizona Library in September, 1991.]

Baldwin, Gordon C.

    1938             Indian tribes of Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 3, no. 6 (March), pp. 21-24. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Papagos are discussed in a very general way in three paragraphs on page 23.]

    1970             Indians of the Southwest. New York, Capricorn Books. Map, illus., bibl., index. 192 pp. [There are numerous scattered references here to many aspects of Papago culture. See pages 64-65, 68, 93-98, 101, 144-145, 148, 152-154, 164, 169, 171, and 177.]

Balthasar, Juan Antonio

    1754             Apostólicos afanes de la Compañía de Jesús, escritos por un padre de la misma sagrada religin de su provincia de Mexico. Barcelona, P. Nadal. 452 pp. [Published here anonymously, Book One of this work, concerning Nayarit, was written by Father José de Ortega, under whose name the book is listed in most catalogues and bibliographies. Father Balthasar, however, wrote the two following books, those that deal with the accomplishments of Jesuit missionaries Kino, Keller, Sedelmayr, and Consag, all of whom had an impact on the O=odham of the Pimería Alta.]

    1887             Historia del Nayarit, Sonora, Sinaloa y ambas Californias. Que con el titulo de AApostólicos afanes de la Compañía de Jesus, en la America Septentrional@ se publicó anónima en Barcelona el año de 1754. New edition, with a prologue by Manuel de Olaguíbel. México, Tipografía de E. Abadiano. ix + 564 + vi pp. [Essentially a re-edition, with added matter and a different title, of Balthasar (1754).]

    1944             Apostólicos afanes de la Compañía de Jesús, escritos por un padre de la misma sagrada religion de su provincia de Mexico. México, Luis Alvarez y Alvarez de la Cadena. Xxiv + 445 pp. [A third printing of Balthasar (1754).]

    1957             See Dunne (1957)

    1971a           Breve elogio del Padre Kino para que sirva siquiera de epitafio en su sepulchro hasta que mejor pluma saque a pública luz su admirable apostólica vida. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips and introductions to documents, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp.727-735. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Taken from Balthasar=s book on the efforts of the Jesuit missionaries in northern Mexico, Apostólicos Afanes, this excerpt is Aa brief account of Kino=s life and work (including that in the Pimería Alta between 1687 and 1711) with a penetrating analysis of their significance.@]

    1971b           Carta circular del Padre Provincial de México a los PP. Provinciales de la Asistencia de España en Europa. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp.709-726. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [This May 15, 1752 document, printed here in Spanish, is an appeal by Father Provincial Balthasar for more missionary manpower. In making the appeal he reviews the history of the Pimería Alta and Father Eusebio Kino=s role there as a pioneering missionary.]

    1986a           Carta del provincial al virrey. In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp. 259-261. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This letter was written in Mexico City August 16, 1752 by Father Balthasar, the Jesuit=s Mexican father provincial, to Viceroy Güemes y Horcasitas. In it he discusses the case of Father Ignacio Keller, a missionary who had served many years among the Northern Pimans, and the matter of the Jesuits= return to their mission stations in the aftermath of the 1751 Pima Revolt.]

    1986b           Información de los padres missioneros de la provincia de Sonora, como se hallan al acabar esta visita de el año 1744. In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp.197-209. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [These are brief evaluations of Jesuit missionaries serving in Sonoran missions in 1744, including the missions of Pimería Alta. For each it is noted whether or not they speak the local language. Included are fathers Ignacio Keller at Soamca, Jacobo Sedelmayr at Tubutama, Joseph Torres Perea at Caborca, and Gaspar Stiger at San Ignacio.]

    1986c           Respuesta al virrey ... . In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp. 267-282. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Father Provincial Balthasar, responding to an August 19, 1752 letter from Güemes y Horcasitas (1986), the Viceroy of New Spain, explains 1752 developments in the aftermath of the Pima Revolt and sets forth his objections to what he considered to be the dangerous conduct of Sonoran Governor Ortiz Parrilla in failing to punish the principal Northern Pimans responsible for the enormous amount of damage they had inflicted, including the killing of two missionaries and many Spaniards and Indian allies and the destruction of much property. This response was written in Mexico City on August 23, 1752]

    1986d           Visita de la provincia de Sonora hecha por el padre Juan Antonio Baltasar, visitador general de las misiones, en el año 1744. In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp.171-196. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This report of Father Balthasar=s visitation of 1744 includes brief descriptions of the Pimería Alta mission of Santa María Suamca and its visitas of San Pedro, Santa Cruz, Santiago, San Juan, San Andrés, San Thadeo, and San Dimas; Los Santos Ángeles de Guebavi and its visita of San Francisco Xavier del Bac; Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Caborca and its visitas at Pitiquito and Bisani; San Pedro and San Pablo de Tubutama and its visitas at Busani, Aquimuri, Arrisona, San Jago (Santiago) Salidi, Santa Teresa, Atil, Oquitoa, and the ranchería of Altar; San Ignacio and its visitas at Imuris and Magdalena; and Nuestra Señora de los Dolores and its visitas at Remedios and Cocóspera. The priest at each cabecera is named; the missions= furnishings, livestock, and other possessions are enumerated and evaluated; and an estimate is given of the number of Indian families in each jurisdiction.]

    1996             Apostólicos afanes de la Compañía de Jesús en su provincia de México. Edited by Francisco Javier Fluvía, with a prologue by Thomas Calvo y Jesús Jáuregui. México, Centro Francés de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Instituto Nacional Indigenista. Map. li + xi + 452 pp. [A fourth printing, with additions, of Balthasar (1754).]

    1997             Report of the most reverend father superior, provincial of the Company of Jesus. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 409-413, 426-428. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Father Balthasar writes Viceroy Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas, Conde de Revillagigedo, in January, 1752, proposing that Spanish troops be stationed somewhere between Tubutama and San Ignacio, that Don Juan Tomás de Beldarraín be placed in charge of them, and that Captain Luis (Oacpicagigua), as instigator of the 1751 Pima Revolt should not be given plaudits such as those offered him by the Governor of Sonora, Ortiz Parrilla.]

Bancroft, Hubert H.

    1886a           History of the north Mexican states and Texas. Vol. 1, 1531-1800 [The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 15]. San Francisco, The History Company. Maps. 773 pp. [Page 508: "Stone speaks of padres left among the Papagos at Kino's death; and other writers are wont to speak of the northern pueblos, particularly of Bac, as having been abandoned by their padres; but in fact that had never been any resident missionaries north of Cocóspera and Tubutama."]

    1886b           The native races. Vol. 1, Wild tribes [The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 1]. San Francisco, The History Company. Maps, bibl. 797 pp. [Papagos are described as a sub-branch of the Pueblo family. References are found on pages 529 (related to Pimas); 533 (houses); 534 ff. (houses); 539 (food, agriculture); 541 ff. (weapons); 545 (Papago salt trade and syrup manufacture); 549 (marriage arranged by parents or girl sold at auction among Papagos); 553 (Papago dread of coyote); 555 ff. (Papago courage).]

    1886c           The native races. Vol. 3, Myths and languages [The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 3]. San Francisco, The History Company. 719 pp. [On pages 75-77 there is a Papago coyote myth, and on pages 698-99 there is the Lord's Prayer written in a kind of phonetic English transliteration of Papago.]

    1889             History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888 [The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 17]. San Francisco, The History Company. Maps, bibl., index. 829 pp. [Mention of Papagos on pages 352-53 (Pimería Alta, mission settlements); 379 (conflicts with Spaniards); 381 (care for Mission San Xavier del Bac after 1828); 387, 401, 403 (aid Spaniards against Apaches); 404-05 (1840-41 war with Mexicans); 474 (Papagos allied with Mexicans against Apaches); 501 (in 1857 battle on Gila River); 550 (description of Papagos); 555 (Papagos as volunteer soldiers under John Mason); 559 (Papagos in 1871 Camp Grant massacre); 564 (treaty between Papagos and Apaches); 594 (Papagos' dependence on their crops); and 618 (reservation at San Javier). There are also many scattered references to mission San Xavier del Bac (consult the volume's index).]

Bandel, Betty

    1954             San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 30, no. 6 (June), p. 40. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a congratulatory letter to the editor about the April, 1954 article in Arizona Highways by Nancy Newhall, with photography by Ansel Adams, concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Bandelier, Adolph F.

    1890a           Final report of investigations among the Indians of the southwestern United States, carried on mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885 [Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, Vol. 3, part 1]. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Map, illus., bibl. 323 pp. [A brief ethnographic description of Papagos is on pages 250-52, including an account of burial customs as observed at San Xavier.]

    1890b           Final report of investigations among the Indians of the southwestern United States, carried on mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885 [Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, Vol. 3, part 2]. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [Page 470: AThe first attempt at building a church at San Javier appears to have been made in 1699; but the present church dates properly from the middle of the past century. (The oldest church books of the mission of San Javier in existence, when the present apostolic vicariate of Arizona was established, begin in 1720. Libro de Patrtidas, ms. Father Alexander Rapicani, was the first priest who made the entries.) In 1751 the mission was abandoned owing to the uprising of Pimas, and only reoccupied three years afterwards ... .@ {Bandelier was looking at church registers for missions and mission visitas of Tumacácori, Guevavi, and Calabasas rather than those for San Xavier B which were, and remain, missing.}]

    1970             The southwestern journals of Adolph F. Bandelier, 1883-1884. Edited and annotated by Charles H. Lange and Carroll L. Riley. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. 528 pp. [Bandelier visited Tucson, Arizona, and San Xavier del Bac from June 20 to June 27, 1884. He describes the Papago crypt burials at San Xavier and reports on Papago customs as related to him by Father Antonio Jouvenceau. He also notes Piman history based on an examination of colonial-period records (or notes on same) lent to him by Bishop Jean B. Salpointe.]

    1988             History of the colonization and missions of Sonora, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona to the year 1700. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 47-120. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Passing mention is made on page 85 of Papago Indians as living "in southern Arizona."]

Banham, Reyner

    1982             Scenes in America Deserta. Salt Lake City, Gibbs M. Smith, Inc./Peregrine Smith Books. Illus. 228 pp. [Writes Banham (p. 171): "The first (of three marvels near Tucson), historically, and the most renowned is Mission San Xavier del Bac, the 'White Dove of the Desert.' It is, without quibble, the most beautiful man-made object in America Deserta. Whoever dubbed it 'the Queen of Sonora' must have known that no one would dare quarrel." Banham's description of the mission and of a mass held there continue through page 178. He confuses Papagos, whom he does not mention, with Yaqui Indians.]

Banks, Leo

    1994             Legends of the lost. Bah, humbug! say historians of San Xavier's lost treasure. Arizona Highways, Vol. 70, no. 12 (December), pp. 52-53. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Repeated here is the outrageous story of the presumed "lost treasure of Mission San Xavier," and the "Esmeralda Mine." The treasure, silver, was supposedly mined by Father Eusebio Kino in the beginnings of the 18th century, a Tohono O'odham having shown him the silver deposit.]

    1997             The great chimichanga quest. Arizona Highways, Vol. 73, no. 9 (September), pp. 32-37. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A good discussion of the possible origins of the chimichanga, a deep-fried burro made with flour tortillas, includes the possibility, if not the probability, that the wheat flour tortilla was an O'odham invention. Tohono O'odham are mentioned specifically in the article.]

    1998             Legends of the lost: by recklessly kicking an old bean pot, George Sears lost a considerable fortune. Arizona Highways, Vol. 74, no. 10 (October), pp. 46-47. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a highly garnished version of a presumed Papago legend about Papagos' getting placer gold near Ajo to pay for supplies in Caborca; of Mexicans driving the Papagos out, only to be themselves driven out by Apaches; about Papagos using the power of a medicine man to be rid of the Apaches; and about the Mexicans' having left behind gold in an old bean pot. Pure hogwash, of course.]

    2002             Unfriendly fire. Arizona Highways, Vol. 78, no. 6 (June), pp. 20-23. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article about the Western Apache Eskiminzin and his killing of his friend Charles McKinney explains events leading up to McKinney=s murder, those principally involving the massacre of many of Eskiminzin=s relatives by Anglo, Mexican, and Papago men at Camp Grant in southern Arizona on April 30, 1871.]

Barbastro, Francisco A.

    1971a           Dos cartas del Padre Fr. Francisco Antonio Barbastro (1777 y 1781). In Sonora hacia fines del siglo XVIII [Documentación Histórica Mexicana, Tomo 3], edited with an introduction by Lino Gómez Canedo, pp.113-126. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Librería Font, S.A. [These are letters written by Father Barbastro to the Father Guardian of the College of the Holy Cross of Querétaro, the first, dated May 4, 1777, from the Pimería Alta mission of Santa Teresa, and the second, dated September 25, 1781, from the mission in Tubutama. In the first he acknowledges having been appointed president of the Pimería Alta missions and provides an overview of how he believes the missions of Caborca, Atil, Tubutama, San Ignacio, San Xavier del Bac, Saric, Cocóspera, and Tumacácori should be properly administered. ASome ministers think that their Indians know how to pray properly because they make so much noise in church, and I, too, was one of them. But on examining them individually I found that a third of them knew almost nothing.@

                             The second letter concerns A... the disastrous end of the two missions on the Colorado River and the martyrdom of their four ministers,@ including the death of Father Francisco Garcés who, in 1768, became the first Franciscan to serve at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1971b           Informe. In Sonora hacia fines del siglo XVIII [Documentación Histórica Mexicana, Tomo 3], edited with an introduction by Lino Gómez Canedo, pp. 49-92. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Librería Font, S.A. [This report was completed by Franciscan missionary Father Barbastro from Aconchi, Sonora on December 1, 1793. Father Barbastro served at the Pimería Alta mission at Tubutama from 1776 to 1783, and much of what he has to say to the Father Guardian of the College of the Holy Cross of Querétaro, to whom the report on the status of the Franciscan missions in the Pimería Alta is addressed, is based on those experiences. He writes that the region is called the Pimería Abecause all its inhabitants, Christian and gentile, belong to the Pima nation. Besides the eight missions it includes all the gentile population along the Gila River as well as those living between that river and the other that waters the missions of Saric, Tubutama, Atil, and Caborca. Even though these are regularly called Papagos, they are true Pimas and they speak the same language as the >Gileños= and those of these missions.@ He cites examples from experiences he had in the Pimería, including those at Tubutama, and contrasts what he considers to be the superior state of missions there than among the Opata Indians.]

Bardsley, William A.

    1957             Will science save the saguaro? Pacific Discovery, Vol. 10, no. 3 (May/June), pp. 24-29. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. [Included here is a photograph of a Papago woman filling a basket with saguaro fruit.]

    1958             Tubac. Little town with a big history. Ford Times, Vol. 50, no. 2 (February), pp. 14-15. Dearborn, Michigan, Ford Motor Company. [Bardsley=s three-paragraph account of Tubac, a community in southern Arizona, mentions that it was first Aa Pima Indian village built beside the Santa Cruz River unknown centuries ago.@ It became a Spanish presidio in 1752. Illustrated with two paintings by Ross Stefan.]

Bargas, Kita

    1985             Valiente! Heritage of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to statehood. Nogales, Arizona, Saxon Publications. Bibl., index. 271 pp. [Based entirely on secondary sources, the text mentions Papagos in connection with Father Eusebio Kino, the Pima Revolt, Father Francisco Garcés, and the Camp Grant Massacre.]

Barlow, J.W.; D.D. Gaillard, and A.T. Mosman

    1898             Report of the Boundary Commission upon the survey and re-marking of the boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande, 1891-1896. Senate Executive Documents, no 247, parts 1 and 2, 55th Congress, 2nd session. Washington, Government Printing Office. 56 and 240 pp. [Opposite page 51 in part 1 is a black-and-white photograph of "Old mission, San Xavier del Bac." References to Papagos in part 2 are on pages 20-23, where there is a description of the Papaguería along the U.S. and Mexican border: 20 ("...Baboquivari Peak, venerated by the Papagos as the abode of their God"); 21 (villages of Pozo Verde, Cobota, and Pozo de Luis, or El Vanori, are noted); 22 (half of Papago tribe said to live in Mexico; summer temporales; summer rains and farming; use of saguaro preserves, syrup, and intoxicating drink; drink made from "chilla" seeds; gathering acorns, mesquite beans, and grass seeds; peaceable disposition except for hatred of Apaches; men well armed and skillful hunters; appearance of women; honesty; belief in coming of Montezuma; houses built with doors facing east). Also see Humphrey (1987).]

Barnes, Mark R.

    1971             Majolica from excavations at San Xavier del Bac, 1968-1969. Kiva, Vol. 37, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 61-64. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a discussion of sherds, some dating from the late 17th or early 18th century, of majolica pottery excavated in 1968-69 at the site of the Espinosa church at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Sherds are shown in a black-and-white photograph.]

    1980             Mexican lead-glazed earthenwares. In Spanish colonial frontier research [Spanish Borderlands Research, no. 1], edited by Henry F. Dobyns, pp. 92-110. Albuquerque, Center for Anthropological Studies. [The archaeological fragments of Mexican-made lead-glazed earthenware pottery analyzed and described in this report came from excavations in Pimería Alta sites at Guevavi, Tumacácori, San Xavier del Bac, and Tucson.]

    1984             Hispanic period archaeology in the Tucson Basin: an overview. Kiva, Vol. 49, nos. 3-4 (Spring-Summer), pp. 213-223. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of Tucson's history from about A.D. 1690-1856 based on a study of artifacts, chiefly potsherds, excavated archaeologically in the area of the Tucson Urban Renewal project. Included here is considerable mention of Piman (i.e., Papago) ceramics and speculation on the nature of the relationships between Pimans and the new Hispanic population.]

Barnes, Will C.

    1935             Arizona place names. University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 6, no. 1, General Bulletin, no. 2. Tucson, University of Arizona. 503 pp. [This compendium of the origins and meanings of Arizona place names includes a great many found on the Papago Indian Reservation and elsewhere in the Papaguería. Not always accurate but often entertaining.]

    1936             Cattle in the New World. Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 1 (January), pp. 8-9, 15. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Barnes credits Father Eusebio Kino with the introduction of cattle to northern Sonora/southern Arizona, and he quotes Kino: "At San Xavier ... we killed six beeves of the three hundred they were sending me." And later in that year, 1700, he writes: "We gathered up at branding time and sent alive to (Baja) California about 700 head of beeves and 1,000 head of sheep."]

    1941             Apaches & longhorns. Los Angels, Ward Ritchie Press. Illus. 210 pp. [Writes Barnes (p. 21): "I made a trip (in 1880) to the wonderful old ruin of the San Xavier Mission, about nine miles from the city. It has since been rebuilt and restored, but even at that time the ancient, dilapidated place was most impressive in the beauty and dignity of its architecture. It was then inhabited by several Papago Indian families whose civil and religious needs were looked after by half a dozen aged padres in long, brown gowns. As restored, it is today undoubtedly one of the most beautiful and inspiring pieces of ecclesiastical architecture in the country."

                             Father Victor Stoner notes in his copy of Barnes's book, "In 1880 there were no more than 6 priests including Bp Salpointe in all Arizona -- and there was not one Franciscan -- and they would not have worn 'brown gowns' if there had been!"]

    1988             Arizona place names. Foreword by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map. v + 503 pp. [A re-edition of Barnes (1935), with the addition of a new foreword.]

Barney, James M.

    1936             Spook cities whisper of history. Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 8 (August), pp. 6-7, 19-21. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Among other places, the ghost mining town of Quijotoa on the Papago Indian Reservation is discussed (pp. 7, 19). Papago Indians "supplied milk and hay to the settlement."]

    1943             El Camino del Diablo. Arizona Highways, Vol. 19, no. 3 (March), pp. 14-19. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Presumed Papago big horn sheep-hunting encampments in the vicinity of the Tinajas Altas in southwestern Arizona are mentioned (p. 17).]

Barry, John W.

    1981             American Indian pottery. An identification and value guide. Florence, Alabama, Books Americana. 213 pp. [A very poor and partially incorrect four-paragraph description of Papago pottery in on page 190. Three color photos of Papago pots and one black-and-white photo of a Papago potter taken by Edward Curtis accompany the text.]

Barstow, Jean

    1972             The people. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2^nd edition by members of the faculty of the University of Arizona, pp. 71-82. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Pages 74-76 tell the reader that Papagos occupy three different reservations in the south-central part of the state; the sale of baskets provides substantial income; and 80% of working age Papagos in the late 1960s reported having difficulty with the use of English. There is also an 1894 black-and-white photo by William Dinwiddie of a Papago dwelling showing ollas and several Papagos outside.]

Barthel, Joan

    1977             We moved to the sunbelt. Family Circle, Vol. 90, no. 2 (February), pp. 18, 106-108. New York, The Family Circle, Inc. [An article about a family who moved from Missouri to Tucson, Arizona. There is a color photo on p. 18 showing the entire family standing in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Bartlett, John R.

    1853a           [Letter to Alexander H.H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior.] Senate Executive Documents, no. 6, 33rd Congress, special session [Report of the Secretary of the Interior], pp. 94-103. Washington, Robert Armstrong, public printer. [Letter is dated February 19, 1852, and was written from San Diego, California. In it Boundary Commissioner Bartlett notes on pages 97-98 that Papagos and other tribes which he names live in the country embraced by the states of Sonora and Chihuahua, and he states that Papagos have no dwellings north of the Gila River. He also notes that the Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas are friendly and well-disposed toward Americans.]

    1853b           [Letter to Alexander H.H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior.] Senate Executive Documents, no. 6, 33rd Congress, special session [Report of the Secretary of the Interior], pp. 120-122. Washington, Robert Armstrong, public printer. [This dispatch, no. 38, was written in San Diego, California on May 17, 1852. In it Bartlett lists various enclosures B not printed here B accompanying the dispatch. Among these, no. 4, was a Asketch of a reconnaissance from San Pedro Springs to Tucson, returning by way of the valley of San Xavier and Santa Cruz.@]

    1853c           [Letter to Alexander H.H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior.] Senate Executive Documents, no. 6, 33rd Congress, special session [Report of the Secretary of the Interior], pp. 143-147. Washington, Robert Armstrong, public printer. [Letter is dated August, 1852, and was written from El Paso del Norte, Texas. Bartlett notes (page 144), "On the south (of the Gila River) the first Indians met with are the Papagos, a half-civilized and friendly people, allied to the Pimos."]

    1854             Personal narrative of explorations and incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora and Chihuahua connected with the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission during the years 1850, '51, '52, and '53. Two volumes. New York, D. Appleton & Co. Maps, illus., index. 506 + 624 pp. [On September 10, 1851, Bartlett encountered an abandoned Papago camp with twenty or thirty houses (one of which is illustrated) in a site where Papagos had annually gathered "Maguay" (Agave spp.). It was said that in the preceding year, this place, which was northwest of Santa Cruz, Sonora, had been attacked by Apaches and that fifty Papago men, women, and children had been taken captive (Vol. 1, page 382).

                             On July 19, 1852, Bartlett reached Mission San Xavier del Bac, "... truly a miserable place consisting of from 80-100 huts, made of mud and straw, the sole occupants of which are Pimo Indians, though generally called Papagos. In the midst of these hovels stands the largest and most beautiful church in the state of Sonora," a church he then describes in some detail (Vol. 2, pages 298-300).) Bartlett observes that all the adobe houses on the plaza in front of the church are abandoned save for one, "which adjoins the church, is occupied by the only Mexican family in the place." He also observed the mesquite bosque just south of the mission.]

    1859             Charter and by-laws of the Arizona Land and Mining Company. Providence, Rhode Island, Knowles, Anthony and Company. Map. 26 pp. [On page 14 it is noted that the land belonging to the mining company "lies between the villages of Tucson and Tubac; and is immediately south of the ancient mission of San Xavier del Bac ... . These lands are included in what has long been known in Sonora, as the great 'Sopori Ranche,' or estate; and are bounded on the north, by the mission lands of San Xavier del Bac ... ." The location of San Xavier is given on the color map facing the title page.]

    1965             Personal narrative of explorations and incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora and Chihuahua connected with the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission during the years 1850, '51, '52, and '53. Two volumes. Chicago, The Rio Grande Press, Inc. [Reprint, with a new introduction by Odie Faulk, of Bartlett (1854).]

Barton, C. Michael; Kay Simpson, and Lee Fratt

    1981             Tumacacori excavations, 1979/1980. Historical archeology at Tumacacori National Monument, Arizona [Publications in Anthropology, no. 17]. Tucson, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. Map, illus., refs. xi + 133 pp. [Three separate reports included within this study concern excavations in different areas of the grounds of Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona. Piman Indian ceramic sherds were discovered throughout the excavations.].

Basauri, Carlos

    1940             La población indígena de México. Vol. 1. México, Secretaría de Educación Pública. 363 pp. [On pages 197-208 there is a discussion of Papago history, geographical distribution, census, language, physical anthropology, material culture, spiritual characteristics, economy, and social structure.]

Bash, Barbara

    1989             Desert giant: the world of the saguaro cactus. San Francisco, Sierra Club Books; Boston [etc. etc.], Little, Brown and Company. Illus. 28 pp. [Four of the pages in the children's book are devoted to the harvesting and use of saguaro fruit by the Tohono O'odham.]

Bashford, Levi

    1865             Report of Surveyor General's Office. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, 1864-65, Vol. 5., no. 1 [Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office], pp. 108-112, 145. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This July 4, 1864 report was written from Tucson, Arizona Territory, to J.M. Edmund, Commissioner of the General Land Office. The "Xanhavier" valley is listed along with eight other valleys in southern Arizona as having been cultivated to a greater or lesser extent until recently. In 1861 when U.S. troops were withdrawn from the territory, settlers were compelled to leave the settlements except Tucson and "Sanhavier" (p. 108). "The Papagos inhabit the country between the Gila and international boundary line, and are similar in nearly all respects to the Pimas" (p. 145). Papago settlements listed include Cumaro, Tecolote, Charco, Piriqua, Ocaboa, Cojate, Coca, Santa Rosa, Cahuavi, and Llano.]

Bashur, Rashid

    1980             Technology serves the people: the story of a cooperative telemedicine project by NASA, the Indian Health Service and the Papago people. Washington, D.C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Illus., bibl. iii + 110 pp. [About the telecommunications satellite known as STARPAHC that was used on the Papago Reservation for relaying medical data concerning Papago patients from the field.]

Bassett, Carol A.

    1990             Rebirth for ancient seeds. Arizona Highways. Vol. 67, no. 6 (June), pp. 36-41. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Note is made that "about 65 years ago, the Tohono O'odham raised about 14,000 acres of traditional crops. Today, fewer than 100 acres remain. Amaranth, Sonoran panicgrass, corn, squash, and more than a dozen varieties of beans -- crops that formed the basis of Southwestern agricultural heritage for more than a thousand years -- now exist in only a few tiny plots."]

Basso, Keith

    1979             History of ethnological research. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 9, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 14-21. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [Basso's review of the history of ethnology among Indians of the Southwest makes passing mention of Ruth Underhill's work among the Papagos.]

Bataille, Gretchen M., and Kathleen M. Sands

    1984             American Indian women telling their lives. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press. Bibl., index. ix + 209 pp. [Included here is a chapter (pp. 47-68) entitled "Maria Chona: an independent woman in traditional culture," about the Papago woman who was the subject narrator of Ruth Underhill's The Autobiography of a Papago woman (1936).]

Bauer, Rolf W.

    1971             The Papago cattle economy: implications for economic and community development in arid lands. In Food, fiber, and arid lands, edited by William G. McGinnies, Bram J. Goldman, and Patricia Paylore, pp. 79-102. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This essay provides a history and comparison of federal projects to develop a modern cattle industry for the Papago tribe and points out important social factors effecting the transfer of responsibility for program planning and implementation from professional administrators and technicians to Indian communities.]

Baur, Cyril

    1953             Halloween at Komalik. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33, no. 10 (December), pp. 152-53. Washington, D.C., The Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [This is about the October 31, 1953 dedication of the new chapel of St. Jude's at the village of South Komelik on the Papago Indian Reservation. It includes a detailed history of its construction and two photos, one of the church with Papago men and two friars standing in front of it and another of a Papago orchestra and pascola dancer performing, presumably at the dedication.]

    1962             St. Catherine's Indian mission, Ajo, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 24, no. 4 (October), pp. 205-06. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of St. Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Cyril reports on Franciscan missionary activities in Ajo and in the eastern districts of the Papago Indian Reservation. He discusses the Indian settlement in Ajo and its proximity to the open pit copper mine there and the organizing of Papago Boy Scout and Girl Scout troops for Ajo. He also writes about work done on the Ajo Indian church by the people.]

    1965             [Report on Franciscan missionary activity among Indians in the Diocese of Tucson .] Our Negro and Indian Missions, January, pp. 25-26. Washington, D.C., The Commission for Catholic Missions among the Colored People and the Indians. [This is a summary of mission work among the Papago Indians, including a discussion of the work being done at Daik, a village on the Gila Bend Indian Reservation.]

Bautista, Robert

    1972             Fading out. Sun Tracks, Vol. 1, no. 3 (Spring), p. 32. Tucson, Amerind Club of the University of Arizona. [A 14-line poem by a Papago concerning his sorrow at the impact of the white man on Papago culture.]

Bayham, Frank E., and Donald H. Morris

    1990             Thermal maxima and episodic occupation of the Picacho Reservoir dune field. In Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul E. Minnis and Charles L. Redman, pp. 26-37. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [The authors write, "Ethnographic accounts of both the Papago and Pima show their lives interwoven with the seasonal changes in light and temperature."]

Baylor, Byrd

    1972a           The Winner. Redbook, Vol. 138, no. 5 (March), pp. 85, 163, 166-168. New York, Redbook Publishing Company. [A fictionalized account about a Papago woman, a resident of South Tucson, winning a swimming pool in a drawing at the county fair. This became Chapter 3 of Baylor (1977).]

    1972b           Yes is better than no. McCall's Magazine, September. New York, The McCall Company. [A fictionalized account of the experiences of a Papago woman living in South Tucson, Arizona. This became the first chapter of Baylor (1977).]

    1973             A faint glow under the ashes. Redbook, Vol. 141, no. 3 (July), pp. 72-73, 121-123. New York, Redbook Publishing Company. [A fictionalized account of the relationship between a Papago woman living in South Tucson and her social worker. This became Chapter 4 of Baylor (1977).]

    1975             The desert is theirs. Illustrated by Peter Parnall. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.

                         Illus. 28 pp. [This is a children's book about Papago Indians, one that involves desert plants and animals, Papago mythology, and the traditional adaptation of Papagos to their desert surround.]

    1977             Yes is better than no. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 192 pp. [This is a superb novel about Papago Indians who have left their homes on the reservation to move to South Tucson.]

    1986             Hawk, I'm your brother. Illustrated by Peter Parnall. New York, Aladdin Books, Macmillian Publishing Co.; London, Collier Macmillan Publishers. Illus. 42 pp. [While not stated explicitly, the fictional hero of this book for young readers is a Tohono O'odham. Illustrations are of southern Arizona's Sonoran Desert.]

    1988             "Keep going! Your can make it!" Coyote and mesquite keep their deal. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 8 (August), pp. 50-51. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [In telling about a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service coyote reduction program on a game preserve east of the Baboquivari Mountains, Baylor tells the Tohono O'odham story of how coyote found the first mesquite tree and brought those sweet, ripe beans to the people.]

    1989             Queen of the night. A mother's love comes to bloom on a long desert journey. City Magazine, Vol. 4, no. 5 (May), pp. 50-51. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [The Tohono O'odham tale of the origin of the night blooming cereus is retold here.]

    1991             Yes is better than no. Tucson, Treasure Chest Publications, Inc. Illustrated by Leonard Chana. 240 pp. [This is a new edition, with illustrations by a Tohono O'odham artist, of Baylor (1977).]

    1992             Mrs. Domingo faces life in Tucson. In Arizona humoresque: a century of Arizona humor, edited by C.L. Sonnichsen, pp. 97-110.. Gretna, Louisiana, Pelican Publishing Company, Inc. [An excerpt from Baylor (1977).]

Baylor, Byrd, collector

    1976             And it is still that way. Legends told by Arizona Indian children. Santa Fe, Trails West. Illus. 83 pp. [This collection of folktales includes several told by Papago Indian children. In the introduction, Baylor tells how she conceived the idea of the book after visiting the elementary school in Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Bayman, James M.

    1992             Hohokam reservoirs and their role in the ancient desert economy. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 6, no. 4 (October), pp. 1-4. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Included in the discussion are prehistoric reservoirs situated along Santa Rosa Wash on the Papago Indian Reservation. Illustrated in a photo is a modern reservoir (charco) in the Baboquivari Valley near the village of Ali Chukson.]

    1995             The trade and manufacture of shell and obsidian in Classic Hohokam society. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 9, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-5. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Tohono O'odham oral traditions, including those involving going to the Gulf of California to gather salt, are briefly alluded to.]

Bayman, James M.; Manuel R. Palacios-Fest, and Lisa Huckell

    1997             Botanical signatures of water storage in a Hohokam reservoir. American Antiquity, Vol. 62, January, pp. 103-111. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology. [Say the authors: AInterpretations of seasonal water storage in prehistoric Hohokam reservoirs are often based in direct analogy with the historic Tohono O=odham (formerly called the Papago). This assumption of seasonal water storage is a hypothesis that should be tested rather than uncritically accepted by archaeologists.@]

Beadle, J.H.

    1873             The undeveloped West; or, five years in the territories. Philadelphia [etc. etc.], National Publishing Company. 823 pp. [Beadle lumps Pimas, Papagos, and Maricopas together, writing of them that Athey cultivate the ground with some skill, and in that fertile soil and warm climate produce immense crops of wheat, pumpkins, and melons. They are also well supplied with horses and cattle. They have always been friendly to the whites ... .@]

    1879             Western wilds and the men who redeem them. Cincinnati, Chicago, and Philadelphia, Jones Brothers & Company. Illus. 624 pp. [Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas are discussed on page 270. Note is made of the fact that Papagos participated in the Camp Grant Massacre.]

Beaff, Dianne E.

    1983             Arizona's secret pockets of life. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 11 (November), pp. 38-43, 46-47. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The assertion, probably incorrect, is made that the word "Sonoita" comes from the Papago word sonot, said to mean "place where corn will grow." It is far more likely the word derives from shon oidak, "springfield."]

Beals, Ralph L.

    1932a           The comparative ethnology of northern Mexico before 1750. Ibero-Americana, Vol. 2, pp. 93-225. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Tables are given here showing distribution of culture elements among various indigenous groups of the region. Refer to Key number 57, Pima Alta, which, in the absence of specific information, is assumed to include Papago, and to number 57a, Papago. References to Papago are found scattered throughout these tables.]

    1932b           Unilateral organization in Mexico. American Anthropologist, Vol. 34, no. 3 (July/September), pp. 467-475. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [It is said that Papagos and Pimas had paternal sibs that did not affect marriage (p. 472).]

    1934             Material culture of the Pima, Papago, and Western Apache. Berkeley, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Field Division of Education. Bibl. 45 pp. [A description of material culture of these groups with suggestions for museum display. Includes a brief overview of Papago culture as well as information on language, population, settlements, physical characteristics, environment, foods agriculture, and wild plants utilized (p. 12); animal foods (pp. 13-14); cooking (p. 14); houses (pp. 15-17); household utensils (p. 18); basketry (pp. 21-26); weaving (p. 27); other textiles (p. 28); pottery (p. 28); weapons (pp. 30-32); clothing and ornaments (pp. 333-36); minor manufactures and games (p. 36); and musical instruments and religious regalia (p. 37).]

    1935             Preliminary report on the ethnography of the Southwest. Berkeley, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Field Division of Education. Maps, bibl. 77 pp. [Papagos are mentioned as "rancheria peoples" (p. 76), and Beals refers readers to his 1934 book for further information on Papagos.]

    1943a           Cultural relations between northern Mexico and the southwest United States: ethnologically and archaeologically. In El norte de México y el sur de Estados Unidos. Tercera Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y Centro América, pp. 191-199. [It is noted that there are many cultural similarities between the Papagos and Pimas and the Tepehuanes of Mexico. "In view of the tentative evidence that Pima and Tepehuane may be little more than dialectic variations of the same language, the resemblances between the two groups may have most important historical implications which are worth further and detailed study."]

    1943b           Relations between Mesoamerica and the Southwest. In El norte de México y el sur de Estados Unidos. Tercera Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y Centro América, pp. 245-252. [It's mentioned here that modern Pima-Papago maize is similar to maize grown by the Southwest's prehistoric Basketmaker peoples, whereas after Pueblo II prehistoric times, the Puebloans abandoned the Papago-Pima kinds of maize in favor of types related closely to Mexican pyramidal types.]

    1974a           Cultural relations between northern Mexico and the southwest United States: ethnologically and archaeologically. In The Mesoamerican Southwest, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 52-57, 155-156. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam, Feffer & Simons, Inc. [A reprint of Beals (1943a).]

    1974b           Relations between Mesoamerica and the Southwest. In The Mesoamerican Southwest, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 58-63, 156. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; London and Amsterdam, Feffer & Simons, Inc. [A reprint of Beals (1943b).]

Beals, Ralph L., Robert Redfield, and Sol Tax

    1943             Anthropological research problems with reference to the contemporary peoples of Mexico and Guatemala. American Anthropologist, Vol. 45, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 1-21. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [It is asserted that little study has been done concerning Papagos living in Mexico, and that a suggestive problem would be the comparative study of Papago acculturation presented by two different national phases of dominant culture and by non-reservation (Mexico) and reservation (United States) living conditions (p. 4).]

Beaver, R. Pierce

    1979             The Native American Christian community: a director of Indian, Aleut, and Eskimo churches. Monrovia, California, Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center (MARC). 395 pp. [An exhaustive listing of churches among Indian communities in the United States. Churches and pastors among Papago Indians are on pages 59-61 (Assemblies of God, including one for Gila Bend); pp. 80-81 (Church of the Nazarene); pp. 147-53 (Roman Catholic Church); and p. 266 (United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.). A summary, including the fact that there are 11,580 members of the Roman Catholic Church among Papagos as contrasted with 362 members of the three Protestant denominations, in on page 366.]

    1988             Protestant churches and the Indians. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4, History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn, pp. 430-458. Washington, Smithsonian institution. [Mention is made of missions conducted among Papagos by the Presbyterian Church in 1904.]

Becker, D.M.

    1954             Music of the Papago. Smoke Signals, 6, no. 5, pp. 2-4. New York, Indian Association of America [?].

Beckwith, Kim

    1986             Ceramics. In Archaeological investigations at AZ U:14:75 (ASM), a turn-of-the-century Pima homestead [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by Robert W. Layhe, pp. 59-74. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Reported on here are prehistoric Hohokam and historic Pima Indian ceramics recovered archaeologically from the late 19th-century Pima homestead on the Gila River Indian Reservation. Data from Fontana, Robinson, Cormack, and Leavitt (1962) concerning Papago pottery are used by way of comparison and in the analysis of the Pima wares.]

    1987             Decorated ceramics. In The archaeology of the San Xavier bridge site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson, Basin, southern Arizona [Archeological Series, no. 171], edited by John Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 205-225. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This well-illustrated essay describes in detail the decorated earthenware ceramics excavated from the ruins of a Tanque Verde phase Hohokam site located on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

Beckwith, Mary

    1959             Life from the earth. Desert Magazine, Vol. 22, no. 1 (January), pp. 4-7. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine, Inc. [This ethnobotanical article discusses the supposed use by prehistoric Anasazi peoples of desert plants for food, dyes, medicines, etc. A photograph of a Papago woman storing shelled corn in an olla is on page 5.]

Beaff, Dianne E., and Charles W. Polzer

    1981             Padre Kino and the mission frontier. A retrospective. Arizona Highways, Vol. 57, no. 2 (February), pp. 22-29. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The histories of mission Tumacacori, Cocospera, and Magdalena are discussed, including the work of Father Eusebio Kino among the Piman Indians.]

Beaty, Janice

    1964             A giant dies. Desert Magazine, Vol. 27, no. 12 (December), pp. 13-14. Palm Desert, Desert Magazine. [An article about the problem of diseases and dying saguaros mentions that Papagos and Pimas use the ribs for house construction and for making saguaro-harvesting poles.]

Beckwith, Kim

    1987             Decorated ceramics. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson, Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 205-225. Tucson,. University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is an illustrated report on prehistoric (Hohokam) decorated ceramics excavated from a site on the San Xavier Reservation. Also described are intrusive wares from the Salado, Babocomari, and Cibola areas.]

Bee, Robert L.

    1981             Crosscurrents along the Colorado. The impact of government policy on the Quechan Indians. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, refs., index. xix + 184 pp. [Citing Castetter and Bell (1951), Bee writes that the Quechans (Yumas) "were also good friends with some of the Sand Papago groups" (p. 12).]

    1983             Quechan. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 86-98. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [The Papago term for Quechan, yu mi, is given on page 97.]

    1989             The Yuma. New York and Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers. Maps, illus., index. 111 pp. [Bee writes, "The Quechan (Yuma) sold war captives -- probably through Pima or Papago intermediaries -- and some Quechan were taken prisoner by other tribes and sold" (p. 40).]

Begay, Alice

    2000a           Devona Therese Lopez. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 28. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This is an interview with a twelve-year old Tohono O'odham girl from the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation. She indicates she would like to be a lawyer or doctor when she grows up. A black-and-white photo of her is included.]

    2000b           Pegi 'oig, nt o a 'ep m-nei. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, inside back cover. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [San Xavier District high school sophomore Begay, daughter of Thomas and Ella Begay, speaks positively of her experience in working to help produce the book San Xavier. Learning history ... making history.]

    2000c           Sherwin Antone. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 28. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This is an interview with twelve-year-old Sherwin Antone, a Tohono O'odham who is the son of Karen and Francisco Antone and who for four years (as of 2000) has been a member of the Black Mountain Singers in the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation. A black-and-white photo of him is included.]

Begay, Alice, and Alexandria Lopez

    2000             Making traditional shampoo with Patrick Franko. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 6-7. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [With two black-and-white photos of Franko included, this essay details how shampoo was traditionally made by Tohono O'odham from the plant they call 'U:d kogej i (a yucca). There are also five black-and-white photos of Franko taken from his family album that show him as a young man, both as a movie extra and in his U.S. Army uniform.]

Begay, Alice; Jamie Encinas, Shamie Encinas, Michael Enis, Daniel Franco, Alexandria Lopez, and Dawn Lopez

    2000a           Interview with Adam Andrews. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, pp. 26-27. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This is an interview with a young Tohono O'odham graduate of Arizona State University who at the time of the interview was working as an administrative assistant on the Central Arizona Project water project in the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation.]

    2000b           San Xavier. Learning history ... making history. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. Illus., glossary. 32 pp. [This is a gathering of brief essays, largely interviews by youth living in the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation with Tohono O'odham elders, leaders, and others living in the same community. It is accompanied by black-and-white photographs of both interviewers and interviewees as well as by other illustrations.]

Beikman, Helen M.; Gordon B. Haxel, and Robert J. Miller

    1995             Geologic map of the Tohono O'odham Indian Nation, southern Arizona. Denver, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey. [Includes text, bibliography, and 2 location maps. The scale of the map , printed on two sheets, is 1:125,000. Government Document no. I 19.91:I-2017.]

Belanus, Betty; Emily Botein, and Olivia Cadaval

    1996             Borders and identity. A resource guide for teachers / Identidad y fronteras. Une guía para maestros. [Washington, D.C.], Smithsonian Institution, Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies. Maps, illus., video. 205 + 46 pp. [This compilation is bound in a three-ring binder and includes a section by Jim Griffith (q.v.) As well as a quotation from and interview between Griffith and Tohono O=odham Blaine Juan (p. 45). Juan tells Griffith he=s from the village of Wo:g I-Huduñk (Woog E Hudungk), known to Awhite people@ as San Simon. Griffith asks him why he settled so close to the border with Mexico, to which Juan replies, AI guess the way I probably would answer that is it=s the white people who put the border there.@

                             On page 63 there is a photo by Griffith of Tohono O=odham buying picture frames in Magdalena, Sonora; on page 65, 67 Griffith explains how fiestas are publicized in the Tohono O=odham Nation, an explanation accompanied by his black-and-white photos of two O=odham chapels on the reservation. An entry on page 167 in an appendix describes the Tohono O=odham as ANative Americans who live in the Pimería Alta region. ... Today the Tohono O=odham live on land called the Papago Indian Reservation, set aside for their use and designated as such by the United States government. This land constitutes the Tohono O=odham Nation.@ There is also a transcript of the video which includes Griffith and Blaine Juan discussing Tohono O=odham on pages 189-191.]

Belderrain, Luis María

    1976             A pioneer remembers. In Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4], by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 72-79. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This is a 1792 report written by a Spanish officer who had spent much of his life in Sonora and who was well qualified to report to Sonoran Intendant-Governor Enrique de Grimarest on the province=s state of affairs as they were in 1750 and how those contrasted with affairs toward the end of the century. He recounts the effects of Apaches raids and pressures on the Piman communities of Santa María Suamca, Cocóspera, Remedios, Guevavi, Calabazas, Tumcácori, and (eastern) Sonoita. He says that the 1750 population of San Xavier del Bac and Tucson numbered some 400 families, a number reduced to 100 families by 1792, and he notes the abandonment of the San Pedro River villages by the Sobaipuri (O=odham) in A1768" (sic! 1762). He provides similar numbers for the reduction in size of the O=odham communities of San Ignacio, Imuris, Magdalena, Búsani, Sáric, Tubutama, Santa Teresa, Atil, Oquitoa, Pitiquito, Caborca, Bísani, and (western) Sonoita, attributing all of this to Apache depredations, with no mention of the devastating effects of epidemic diseases.].

Belding, Nancye; Tamara L. Sparks, and Guy H. Mills

    1974             Perspectives of adjustment: rural Navajo and Papago youth. Vol. 2. Minneapolis, North Star Research Institute. Maps. 135 pp. [Available from the National Technical Information Service (NITS) in Springfield, Virginia. This is the second of four final reports on a research program conducted for the U.S. Department of Labor. The object of the program was to optimize the benefits of youth projects for Navajo and Papago youth living on reservations and in rural areas of the Southwest. Factors that are significantly related to social and occupational adjustment of Navajo and Papago youth are discussed.]

Bell, Fillman C.

    1978             The two trails I walked. Sun Tracks, Vol. 4, pp. 69-72. Tucson, Amerind Club and Department of English, University of Arizona. [Fillman Bell's father was a Papago Indian and her father, Tom Childs, was Irish. This is an essay about her growing up in two worlds in southern Arizona. Six black-and-white photographs accompany the article, including pictures of her Indian grandmother and of her mother and some of her sisters.]

Bell, Fillman; Keith M. Anderson, and Yvonne G. Stewart

    1980             The Quitobaquito cemetery and its history. Tucson, National Park Service, Western Archeological Center. Map, illus., refs. cited. vii + 149 pp. [An archaeological and historical study of the Papago Indian cemetery at Quitobaquito in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. The National Park Service restored the graves in the cemetery and sponsored an oral historical study to gain information concerning the people buried in the graves. Translations of the interviews with western Papagos (HiaCed O'odham) are published here, and they provide a wealth of historical and ethnographic data concerning these comparatively unknown people.]

Bell, J. Douglas

    1970             Lakeshore -- a new star in Papago land. Indian Programs, Vol. 1, no. 4 (Winter), p. 5. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [This is about the Lakeshore copper deposit discovered on the Papago Indian Reservation in 1966 and now under development by the Hecla Mining Company.]

Bell, James G.

    1932             A log of the Texas-California cattle trail, 1854. Edited by J. Evetts Haley. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, no. 4 (April), pp. 290-316. Austin, The Texas Historical Association. [A description of Mission "San Goubel" (Mission San Xavier del Bac) is on pages 313-14. He describes the natives as APima Indians,@ saying there were around a hundred of them and that they Alive in small round huts of wheat-straw, with an opening one-third the size of a small door, and used for this purpose. ... The natives dress pretty much as other Indians, one-half the body naked. Some were engaged in making red earthenware and used the ox-chip for baking. Their principal food is wheat and is ground by some preparation, probably like Indian corn. ... I saw the poor Indians attending service. They seemed to me they needed something besides spiritual food. The women are dirty-looking, hair worn just below the shoulders, same as the men, and although called civilized, are very low in the scale of intelligence.@]

Bell, Jan

    1988             Tohono O'odham wire baskets. American Indian Art Magazine, Vol. 13, no. 4 (Autumn), pp. 48-57. Scottsdale, Arizona, American Indian Art, Inc. [An excellent illustrated article about wire baskets fashioned by Tohono O'odham males since the 1940s. The baskets are made with a coil-without-foundation technique.]

Bell, Jessica

    1988             Why we're all related. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 4 (April), p. 39. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [A report on research being carried out by Douglas Wallace, a biochemist at Emory University, which indicates that 43% of the Pima and Tohono O'odham of southern Arizona carry a genetic code found otherwise only in Asia.]

Bell, William A.

    1869             New tracks in North America: a journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a southern railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. Two volumes. London, Chapman and Hall. Maps, illus. 564 pp. [See annotations for Bell (1870) and Colton (1870). Pagination varies between this two-volume edition and the later one-volume editions.]

    1870             New tracks in North America: a journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a southern railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. Second edition. London, Chapman and Hall. Maps, illus. 564 pp. [Included here is a brief discussion of Papagos and their territory (pp. 175-77); mention of Papagos living at San Xavier (pp. 341-42); and an account of Bell's travels in the Sonoran portion of the Papaguería (pp. 346, 348, 355-56). Opposite p. 341 is a woodcut illustration entitled, "Babuquivari (sic) Peak in the Papago Country," one which shows a Papago woman harvesting pitahaya (organ pipe cactus) fruit. Mission San Xavier del Bac is mentioned on p. 177 and is described on pages 333-34. Also see Colton (1870).]

    1871             New tracks in North America: a journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a southern railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. New York, Putnam. Map, illus. lxix + 564 pp. [A reprint of Bell (1870).]

    1965             New tracks in North America: a journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a southern railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. Albuquerque, Horn and Wallace, Publishers. Map, illus. 564 pp. [Reprint of W.A. Bell (1870), with a new foreword by Robert O. Anderson.]

Bell, Willis H., and Edward F. Castetter

    1937             The utilization of mesquite and screwbean by the aborigines in the American Southwest. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, whole number 314, Biological Series, Vol. 5, no. 2 (October 1), Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, 5. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Bibl. 55 pp. [Scattered references throughout to Papagos' use of mesquite and screw bean: Anza and Velarde note their use of mesquite beans (p. 16); terms for mesquite and screw bean (p. 19); general use (pp. 23-24); bean beer (p. 33); mesquite gum for gourd masks (p. 34); boiled bean juice for medicine (p. 37); inner bark of mesquite used for medicine (p. 38); mesquite wood used in implements for games (p. pp. 38-39); mesquite wood used to heat juice used in Viikita ceremony (p. 40); mesquite fiber in baskets (p. 42); and cradles (p. 44).]

    1941             The utilization of yucca, sotol, and beargrass by the aborigines in the American Southwest. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, whole number 372, Biological Series, Vol. 5, no. 5 (December)), Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, 7. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Bibl., 74 pp. [Scattered references throughout to Papagos' use of these plants: two species of yucca present in Papago country and their use of these plants (p. 15); yucca in baskets (p. 34); yucca cordage in houses (p. 40); yucca as soap (p. 56); uses of sotol (pp. 59-60); beargrass in basketry (p. 62); and Papagos mentioned in summary (p. 65).]

Belvin, B. Frank

    1955             The tribes go up. A study of the American Indian. Atlanta, Home Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention. Map. 111 pp. [This discussion of Baptist missionary work among American Indians has discussion of such efforts among the Papagos (pp. 105-09). These efforts began in April, 1941 when the reservation was visited by Rev. F.C. Frazier. As of the book's writing, there were forty-two members of the Baptist church on the reservation.]

Bendell, H.

    1872a           Report of the Arizona Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, 1871-72, 1, Vol. 3, part 5, 42nd Congress, 2nd session [Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs], pp. 762-768. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report, written August 22, 1871 in Arizona City, Arizona Territory, is addressed to E.S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Page 767: He observes that the Papagos are scattered over both sides of the U.S. and Mexico border; Dr. R.A. Wilbur has been assigned temporary agent; government wants to determine if Papagos are willing to settle on a reserve; stock raising is their specialty; large number of Papagos live outside Tucson; they are a self-sustaining industrious, and well-behaved people; there are a few Papagos living on the Gila reserve who are employed by the Pima.]

    1872b           Report of the Arizona Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1872, pp. 311-316. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report, written September 1, 1872 in Prescott, Arizona Territory, is addressed to Frances A. Walker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Included in the report concerning Papagos are the following: "The Mohaves, Pimas, and Papagoes are progressing as favorably as could be expected and I do not anticipate any trouble from them" (p. 312); Papagos and Superintendent Wilbur; nearly all Papagos speak Spanish; recommends establishment of a reservation; Papagos around Tucson and Mission San Xavier del Bac; Papagos as a tribe are still powerful, though much scattered; and government assistance in agriculture and other areas are recommended (pp. 313-14).]

Bender, Marvin L.

    1969             Chance correspondence in unrelated languages. Language, Vol. 45, no. 3 (September), pp. 519-531. Baltimore, The Linguistic Society of America. [An examination of the sound correspondence between unrelated languages. Lists of a hundred items in twenty-one languages are used to arrive at the conclusion that the presence of more than two solid CVC sound-meaning correspondences in languages believed to be unrelated raises a strong possibility that more than chance is involved. Papago was selected to represent the Uto-Aztecan linguistic group in North America.]

Benedict, Ruth F.

    1932             Configuration of cultures. American Anthropologist, Vol. 34, no. 1 (January-March), pp. 1-27. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [A brief description of the Papagos' ceremonial purification rite following the killing of an enemy is on page 16.]

Bennett, Wendell C., and Robert M. Zingg

    1935             The Tarahumara: an Indian tribe of northern Mexico. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. Illus., bibl., index. xix + 412 pp. [Relying largely on data from Carl Lumholtz (1912), the authors write about Papagos with respect to basketry (pp. 88-90); running down deer (p. 113, note 2); saguaro fruit harvest and feast (pp. 150-51); mud-and-wattle jacales (pp. 152-53); promiscuity and wife-exchange as part of the social drinking pattern (p. 361); use of lizard effigies (p. 369); basket containing an idol before which people dance (p. 374); Pima-Papago sub-area of northwest Mexico (p. 378); birth and marriage ceremonies (p. 379); desertion of house after death of an occupant, and simple sib or moiety organization (p. 380); and a discussion and tabular analysis of culture traits of Uto-Aztecan speakers of Sonora, including Papagos (pp. 391-92, 394).]

    1976             The Tarahumara: an Indian tribe of northern Mexico. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press, Inc. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 30 + xix + 412 pp. [A reprint of Bennett and Zingg (1935), with the addition of new illustrations and prefatory materials written by publishers Robert McCoy and John Strachan; Jesuit missionaries Luis Verplancken, Ricardo Robles, Carlos Díaz Infante, and Gilberto Chacón; and anthropologist Thomas Hinton.]

Bentley, Jeffrey W.

    1987             Water harvesting on the Papago Reservation: experimental agricultural technology in the guise of development. Human Organization, Vol. 46, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 141-146. Wakefield, Rhode Island, Society for Applied Anthropology. [In the 1970s, six water-harvesting ponds of various kinds were installed at different locations on the Papago Indian Reservation. Only one of these ponds remained in use at the time of the author's study. He presents six case studies to assess reasons for the failures (and one success), and suggests that experiments such as this which are presented to Indians in the guise of economic development may do long-term damage to a trust relationship between researcher and client population.]

Bents. Doris W.

    1949             "The history of Tubac, 1752-1948." Master's thesis, Department of History, the University of Arizona, Tucson. 238 pp. [There are scattered references throughout to Papago Indians and to San Xavier, all of them relating to the Spanish and Mexican periods.]

Berg, Lawrence E., and Virginia L. London

    1975             Evaluating the G index. Springfield, Virginia, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Services. 27 pp. [Results of the field testing of the G index, which measures the potential avoidable impact of a specific disease or condition on a disadvantaged population, among the Papago population in Arizona. It was found that Papago Indians are considerably worse than the U.S. population in terms of intestinal infections, but are slightly better in hypertensive conditions.]

Berger,. John M.

    1893             Report of farmer, Papago Reservation. In Sixty-second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1893, pp. 117-119. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report was written August 14, 1893 at the San Xavier Reservation and is addressed to C.W. Crouse, U.S. Indian Agent. This annual report on the San Xavier Papago Reservation contains summary information on population, occupations, religion, schools, new industries, sanitation, sanitary conditions, road repair, bridge building, crops and agriculture, illegal activities, livestock roundup, and other areas.]

    1895             Report of Papago subagency. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1894, pp. 108-111. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report was written August 28, 1894, and is addressed to J. Roe Young, U.S. Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago. Discussed in summary fashion are the location of the San Xavier Reservation and its allotted and unallotted lands; population; day school; two classes of Indians on the reservation: those who have always lived there and those who have moved there recently; dress; health care; farming, including the need for seed and farm implements; crops; woodcutting and sale of wood in Tucson; problems regarding sales of liquor to Papagos; lack of government supplies; problems Papagos have on their reservation Pimas do not have on theirs; government neglect; progress made; and the need for purchases to improve livestock.]

    1896             Report of the farmer in charge of San Xavier Reservation. In Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1896, Vol. 2, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 117-118. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This, the sixth of Berger's annual reports, was written at the San Xavier Reservation and is dated August 28, 1896. It is addressed to J. Roe Young, U.S. Agent for Pimas and Maricopas. There are historical and statistical data here concerning the reservation, including acreage; allotted and unallotted lands; population; farming; improvements; wood cutting; pottery manufacture; stock raising; day school; road improvement; Papago and Mexican crime; health, including smallpox; and the need for farming implements.]

    1897             Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Reservation. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1897. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 109-110. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's seventh annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation and addressed to H.J. Cleveland, U.S. Indian Agent, is dated September 10, 1897. It is focused entirely on San Xavier and includes discussion of lands, some of which are totally unfit for settlement; population; farming; crops; problems concerning sale of crops; allottee and land improvements; problems with flooding and fence repair; road construction; day school; lack of farm implements; and sanitary conditions.]

    1898             Report of farmer in charge of Papagoes. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1898. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 128-129. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's eighth annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation and addressed to E. Hadley, U.S. Indian Agent, is dated September 3, 1898. It deals exclusively with the San Xavier Reservation and includes information on population; allotted land; farm land; flood problems; copper mining; farming; land improvement; day school; religion; crime; improved conditions and health; new purchases by Papagos; and problems connected with twenty-five Papagos who went into Sonora, Mexico, to recover cattle and horses that were theirs.]

    1899                                     Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Papagoes. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1899. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 164-166. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's ninth annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation and addressed to Elwood Hadley, U.S. Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago, is dated August 15, 1899. Discussed are location and size of reservation; population; religion; farming; crops; improvements; flood problems; day school; care of sick; sanitary conditions; vaccination of children; behavior of Papagos; problems with illegal liquor sales; and progress made by San Xavier allottees.]

     1900                                    Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Papagoes. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1900, pp. 199-200. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's tenth annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation, Pima Agency, Arizona and addressed to Elwood Hadley, U.S. Indian Agent, is dated August 18, 1900. Discussed here are land allotments, population, crops, rainfall, water problems, flooding, need for government assistance, day school (to which a new room was added), sanitary conditions, use of medicine men, and construction of public roads and fences.]

    1902                                     Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Papago. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, no. 5, 57th Congress, 1st session [Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1901. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs], part 1, pp. 188-190. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's eleventh annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation and addressed to Elwood Hadley, U.S. Indian Agent for the Pima, Maricopa, and Papago, is dated August 17, 1901. Included here is information on population; the first allotting done and census taken in 1890; farming; crops; problems and damage resulting from flooding of the Santa Cruz River; water development; day school; Papagos working for the railroads in Arizona, California, and Texas; conduct on the reservation; Papagos living outside Tucson; problems with "nomadic" Papagos living outside of Tucson.]

    1903                                     Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Papago. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, no. 5, 58th Congress, 2nd session [Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1902. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs], part 1, pp. 167-169. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's twelfth annual report, written at the San Xavier Reservation and addressed to W.A. Jones, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, is dated August 28, 1902. Note is made that the San Xavier Reservation and all Papago villages were separated from the Pima Agency and placed in Berger's care on April 19, 1902. He gives population figures and provides information on farming (1,200 acres under cultivation); crops; fence building; work in Tucson; problems with a (non-Indian) female faith healer; Papagos in villages in southwestern Pima County; San Xavier Mission day school and other schools; health and sanitary conditions; smallpox; and Papagos working for railroads in Arizona and New Mexico.]

    1904                                     Report of farmer in charge of San Xavier Papago. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, no. 5, 58th Congress, 2nd session [Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1903. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs], part 1, pp. 441-442. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's thirteenth annual report, written at Tucson, Arizona and addressed to W.A. Jones, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, is dated November 25, 1903. It covers population; morality; dress; farming; stock raising; railroad work; problems dealing with Papago faith healers; $2,000 spent improving and continuing irrigation work on the San Xavier Reservation; court of Indian offenses; road work and fence repair; school at San Xavier del Bac; sanitary conditions; and problems involving the illegal sale of liquor.]

    1905                                     Report of farmer in charge of Papago. In Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for 1904. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, part 1, pp. 148-150. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Berger's fourteenth annual report was written at Tucson, Arizona on September 24, 1904. It includes information on the Papago population under his jurisdiction; general conditions; farming failure due to drought; crops; irrigation; purchase of farm equipment; pottery manufacturing and basket making and sales in Tucson; stock raising and farming by off-reservation Papagos; employment in railroad work; educational facilities; religion; burial and marriage practices; problems with liquor and gambling; sanitary conditions; construction of new houses, jail, road, and fence; and recommendation that two new day schools be established.]

Berke, Arnold

    1998             Annual preservation awards. Preservation, Vol. 50, no. 6 (November/December), pp. 66-69. Washington, D.C., National Trust for Historic Preservation. [One of the awards went to the Patronato San Xavier and Mission San Xavier del Bac for conservation being carried out in the church=s interior as well as work on the exterior being overseen by Tucson architect Robert Vint.]

Bernard, R.B.

    1955             Best basket weavers. Desert Magazine, Vol. 18, no. 9 (September), p. 29. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [A letter to the editor in which Bernard asserts that the Pomo Indians of northern California made the best baskets, while the baskets "made by the Papagos, Pimas and Hopis are among the poorest Indian baskets of the West."]

Bernstein, Alison

    1991             American Indians and World War II: toward a new era in Indian affairs. Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Illus., bibl., index. 247 pp. [Mention is made of Pia Machita and the Papago draft resisters (pp. 27-28); Papago draftees having to stay in a local jail before being shipped to basic training and before the tribe voted funds to put them up in hotels (p. 43); wartime employment of Papagos in the copper mine at Ajo (p. 71); roles of Papago veterans, including that of Tom Segundo (pp. 135-136); and Papagos' protesting federal termination for other tribes (p. 173).]

Betancourt, Julio L.

    1978a           An archaeological synthesis of the Tucson Basin: focus on the Santa Cruz and its river park [Archaeological Series, no. 116]. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. [Summarized here is archaeology previously carried out within the region of the Santa Cruz River Park area as well as on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Papagos are also included in a discussion of the region's history. Betancourt believes there is "good evidence to suggest a genetic linkage between the Pima/Papago groups encountered by the Spanish in the 17th century and the prehistoric Hohokam" (p. 20).]

    1978b           Cultural resources within the proposed Santa Cruz Riverpark Archaeological District, with recommendations and a management summary [Archaeological Series, no. 125]. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. xi + 113 pp. [This is a report on archaeological resources along the Santa Cruz River from the southern boundary of the San Xavier Indian Reservation to Ruthrauff Road north of the City of Tucson. Historic sites with Papago materials in them are included.]

    1987             Historic channel changes along the Santa Cruz River, San Xavier Reach, Southern Arizona. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 1], by Mary L. Heuett, Skip Miller, Julio L. Betancourt, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., section 2B. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Accompanied by excellent 1882, 1888, and 1891 maps of the area around Martinez Hill and Mission San Xavier, maps showing the locations of the Berger and Trojel houses, and drawing on documented historic sources, Betancourt discusses the history of the Santa Cruz River where it flows through the San Xavier Indian Reservation. He examines the pre-entrenchment conditions in the San Xavier Reach, perennial versus intermittent flow, evidence for discontinuous gullies prior to the main episode of entrenchment, historic accounts of floodplain vegetation in the San Xavier Reach, arroyo-cutting in the Tucson Basin and its effects on the San Xavier Reach, and prehistoric Hohokam floodplain agriculture and riverine settlement patterns and their potential relevance for the historic record.]

Biagini, Emilo

    1974             Culture precolombiane del Nord-America; differenziazovi regionali e loro fattori geografici. Terra America, Anno 10, n. 31-32 (Luglio-July), pp. 47-58. Genova, Italy. [Written in Italian, in this article Papagos are referred to as one of America's pre-Columbian cultures (p. 54). Their subsistence is described as marginal agriculture and hunting-gathering, and their geographical province appears on a map on page 51.]

Bieber, Ralph P., editor

    1938             Exploring Southwestern trails [Southwest Historical Series, Vol. 7]. Glendale, California, The Arthur H. Clark Company. [Included here is ACooke=s journal of the march of the Mormon Battalion, 1846-1847." Cooke was the commander of the Mormon Battalion that passed through southern Arizona en route to California from New Mexico. A note is made of Mission San Xavier del Bac B although Cooke=s battalion did not visit it, and there is a photograph of the mission accompanying the text.]

Bigda, Susan

    1990             Broken monuments -- lost memories. In National parks of northern Mexico, by Richard D. Fisher, pp. 89-92. Tucson, Sunracer Publications. [This essay about the Pimería Alta of northern Sonora provides thumbnail sketches of the history of its Piman missions, histories accompanied by black-and-white photographs of Mission Caborca and Mission San Ignacio and by a map showing the mission communities. The history of Mission San Xavier del Bac is also outlined.]

    1994             Broken monuments -- lost memories. In National parks of northern Mexico, by Richard D. Fisher, revised edition, unpaged. Tucson, Sunracer Publications. [Identical with Bigda (1990).]

Bigelow, John, Jr.

    1958             On the bloody trail of Geronimo. Edited and annotated by Arthur Woodward. Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. Maps, illus., index. 237 pp. [Mentioned here are Papagos and the mission at Tumacacori (pp. 169-71); a Papago family on its way to hunt or gather herbs in the country around Benson and the movements of Papagos in general (pp. 199-200); special travel arrangements between Papagos and other Southwest tribes and Southern Pacific, and Papagos trading of baskets and pottery between Yuma and Tucson (p. 231); and a line drawing of a Papago Indian by Frederic Remington (p. 171).]

Bigham, Barbara J.

    1980             Saguaro, king of the cactus. National Wildlife, Vol. 18, no. 2 (February-March), pp. 40-46, inside back cover. Vienna, Virginia, National Wildlife Federation. [Color photos by Michael Collier include three showing Papagos harvesting saguaro fruit. Text makes passing mention of the Papago saguaro harvest.]

Bikerman, Michael

    1965             "Geological and geochemical studies of the Roskruge Range, Pima County, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [A large portion of the Roskruge Mountains is contained within the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1968             The geology of the Roskruge Mountains. A brief summary. In Southern Arizona guidebook III, pp. 183-191. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [A large portion of the Roskruge Mountains lies within the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Bird, Lois B.

    1985             "The reflection of personal experience in the writing of Papago Indian children." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 284 pp. [This study of the nature and extent to which third grade Papago Indian children, seven boys and ten girls, use their personal experiences in their writings revealed a significant difference between the boys and girls in the extent to which they utilize their real life experiences in their writing.]

Birney, Hoffman

    1930             Roads to roam. New York and Chicago, A.L. Burt Company. Illus. 305 pp. [This first-person narrative of a 7,250-mile car trip made in the summer of 1928 and beginning in Tucson, includes photos of Mission San Xavier del Bac, "Old Papagos," and a Papago "isolation hut" (between pp. 12-13). There is a general discussion of San Xavier and Papagos, including mention of Father (Tiburtius) Wand, O.F.M. The author decries calling the mission the "White Dove of the Desert" (pp. 20-24).]

Bishop, Ronald L.

    1987             Ceramic paste compositional chemistry: initial observations of variation in the Tucson Basin. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson, Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix E, pp. 395-408. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is a report on the chemistry of ceramic paste in earthenware pottery of the prehistoric Hohokam Tanque Verde and Rincon phases excavated in a site on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Bishop, William H.

    1883a           Across America. Harper's Monthly Magazine, Vol. 46, no. 394 (March), pp. 489-504. New York, Harper & Brothers, Publishers. [Papagos are referred to on page 504 where the author describes Mission San Xavier del Bac and its surrounding inhabitants. Two engravings, one on page 496 showing the front of the mission, and another on page 503 showing the interior, are included.]

    1883b           Old Mexico and her lost provinces: a journey in Mexico, southern California, and Arizona by way of Cuba. New York, Harper & Brothers. Illus. 509 pp. [Pages 505-09 include a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac and its surrounding Papago inhabitants as well as two engravings of the church, one of its exterior and the other of its interior.]

    1888             Mexico, California and Arizona, being a new and revised edition of Old Mexico and her lost provinces. New York, Harper & Brothers. Illus., index. 569 pp. [As in Bishop (1883b), on the same pages.]

    1983             Across Arizona. In Out West, edited by Karen Dahood. Tucson, Tucson Public Library and the Arizona Historical Society. [Separate from Bishop (1883a), pages 489-504, including the engravings of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Black, John A.

    1890             Arizona - the land of sunshine and silver, health and prosperity; the place for ideal homes. Phoenix, Republican Book and Job Print. 143 pp. [Mission San Xavier del Bac and nearby Papagos are mentioned on pages 83-84.]

Black and Veatch

    1984             Investigation of electric power supply and gas utility services: Santa Cruz Properties, Inc., planned community in the San Xavier District, Papago Indian Reservation [Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona], Appendix XXII. 49 pp,. + appendices. [Detailed discussion of possible electric and gas distribution system for the proposed non-Indian planned community on the southeastern segment of the San Xavier Reservation.]

Blaine, Peter, Sr.

    1981             Papagos and politics. As told to Michael S. Adams. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. Maps, illus., notes, index. 145 pp. [Peter Blaine, Sr., second chairman of the Papago Indian Tribal Council, was born about 1902. This is a book of his personal reminiscences and reflections on Papago life and tribal politics from the time of his birth through 1970, with emphasis on the years between 1932 and 1943.]

Blaine, Peter, Sr., and Michael S. Adams

    1980             Pete Blaine goes to Washington. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 21, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 189-20. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Blaine discusses his involvement in keeping the Papago Indian Reservation open to mineral entry during the Great Depression. The article is accompanied by photos of Blaine, Jose X. Pablo, Bernabe Lopez, the Vekol Mine, Isabella Greenway, John Collier, Henry Ashurst, and Michael Adams.]

Bleibtreu, Carol

    1993             Along the way: a very special journey to Mission San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 69, no. 5 (May), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a kind of fantasy story about a woman out horseback riding in the Santa Cruz River bed when she encounters a man hiking who says he's a priest on his way to say Mass at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Bleser, Nicholas J.

    1976             [Untitled.] In Touch, no. 16 (November), pp. 14-15. Washington, D.C., National Park Service, Division of Interpretation and Visitor Services. [This is about a program being carried out at Tumacacori National Monument involving the hiring of Papago basket makers to teach three-day courses in Papago basketry to non-Indians. There are two photos, including one of a Papago basket maker and her two non-Indian students. "Everyone," writes Bleser, "who attended stated that they had come not to learn a craft, but to learn more about Papago culture through their basketry and through working with the instructor."]

    1984             Tumacacori National Monument patio garden guide / Tumacácori Monumento Nacional guía del jardin. Spanish translation by Carmen V. de Prezelski; edited by T.J. Priehs and Carolyn Dodson. Illus. 40 pp. s.l., Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. [This guide to the plants grown in the garden at Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona quotes Jesuit missionaries writing in the 18^th century about the medicinal and food uses of some of the plants now growing here that were made by Indians, no doubt by O=odham. Among these are the ocotillo, herbs, quince, fig, smooth prickly pear, Santa Rita prickly pear, and mesquite.]

    [1989]          Tumacacori: from ranchería to national monument. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus., reading list, glossary, chronology. 46 pp. [This is a beautifully illustrated and written summary of the history of 17th-century founded Mission Tumacacori in southern Arizona, a church which from its beginnings in 1691 until its abandonment by the Indians in 1848 served the Pimans (O'odham) of the middle Santa Cruz River Valley.]

    1991             Kino tricentennial celebration. PAHS Newsletter, February, pp. 3-4. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [A summary of the celebration at Mission Tumacacori of Father Kino's arrival there in 1691 includes a recapitulation of events, including native dances performed by Tohono O'odham from Big Fields under the direction of Danny Lopez. Bleser's talk given on this occasion, one which summarizes Kino's career among the Northern Pimans, is printed here.]

Blevins, Winfred

    1979             The world's first solar villagers are waiting to see. Smithsonian, Vol. 10, no. 8 (November), pp. 157-158, 160-167. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Associates. [Ten color photos illustrate this article about Schuchuli ["Chickens, but better known as "Gunsight"], a village on the Papago Indian Reservation whose electrical power comes chiefly from a solar-powered generator installed under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).]

Bliss, Wesley L.

    1952             In the wake of the wheel: introduction of the wagon to the Papago Indians of southern Arizona. In Human problems in technological change, edited by Edward H. Spicer, pp. 23-32. New York, Russell Sage Foundation. [This is about changes in the lives of Papagos living in the village of Choulic among whom the wagon was introduced, partly as a result of a deliberate program inaugurated by the U.S. Indian Department in the second half of the 19th century. Included is a presentation of the theoretical problem, the outcome of the program, and an analysis. Initially, wagons were given to people willing to build adobe houses, but by ca. 1900, when this case study begins, wagons could be obtained by applying to the agent.]

Bloomquist, Dick

    1978a           Casa Grande to Quijotoa. Desert Magazine, Vol. 41, no. 7 (July), pp. 36-38. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [Here is a short word tour of this northern segment of the Papago Indian Reservation, including a photo of the Santa Rosa School and of the Santa Rosa Valley.]

    1978b           Quitobaquito. Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 4 (April), pp. 40-43, 45-46. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Several photos accompany this article about this oasis spring in southwestern Arizona in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. There is considerable mention throughout of Papagos' historic connection to the spring.]

Boas, Franz

    1917             The origin of death. Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. 30, no. 118 (October-December), pp. 486-491. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and New York, The American Folk-Lore Society. ["The Papago say that a Worm wanted to die, and that death was introduced as a result of a discussion in which it was said that the world would be too small if everybody continued to live" (p. 488).]

Boggs, Stanley H.

    1936             "A survey of the Papago people." Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, illus., bibl. 139 pp. [A descriptive ethnographic survey touching on salient features of Papago culture. Subject headings include: Introduction (geographical environment, neighboring peoples); Origin and History of the Papago; Life and Customs of the Papago (religion, mythology, influence of Christianity, ceremonials, music , games); Occupations (cattle raising, hunting, pottery, basket making); Physical Anthropology (general appearance, skeletal material, measurement of skulls, observation of skulls, measurement of bones of the body, conclusion on physical types); and Conclusions.]

Bohrer, Vorsila L.

    1970             Ethnobotanical aspects of Snaketown, a Hohokam village in southern Arizona. American Antiquity, Vol. 35, no. 4 (October), pp. 413-430. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology. [Mention is made of Papagos' parching of seeds, use of cholla buds, use of mesquite seeds, and gathering of walnuts.]

Bohrer, Vorsila L.; Hugh C. Cutler, and Jonathan D. Sauer

    1969             Carbonized plant remains from two Hohokam sites, Arizona BB:13:41 and Arizona BB:13:50. Kiva, Vol. 35, no. 1 (October), pp. 1-10. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [The sites are on the Papago Indian Reservation. Plant remains are compared with plants used by Papagos.]

Bolanos= Studio

    1907             An Indian home, Santa Cruz district. University of Arizona Monthly, Vol. 8, no. 5 (March), facing p. 261. Tucson, Students of the University of Arizona. [This is a black-and-white photograph of a portion of a house, of a yard, and of four Papagos sitting in the yard on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River with Sentinel Peak (A-Mountain) in the background.]

Boler, Francis M., and Michael Baer

    1981             Principal facts for gravity stations in the Ajo 1° x 2° quadrangle and the Papago Indian Reservation, southwest Arizona. Open File Report, no. 81-993. [Denver?], U.S. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey.

Bolinder, Gustaf, and Johnny Roosval

    1946             Förteckning över huvuddelen av de utställda fotografierna jämate inledningar. In Ibero-Amerikanska Arkitektur Utställningen, pp. 50-109. Stockholm, Svenska Tryckeriaktiebolaget. [A photographic survey of colonial-period churches in Latin America includes a 19th-century photograph of the south elevation of the façade of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 63). This volume is a catalogue of an exhibit of photographs of Latin American colonial-period churches that was displayed in Sweden.]

Bolognani, Bonifacio

    1960             Dalle Dolomiti all'Arizona. Biografia di P. Eusebio Francesco Chini, Gesuita Trentino, pionere scopritore missionario in Arizona. Sherbrooke, Canada, Edizioni Paoline. Maps,. illus., bibl. 256 pp. [A biography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer European in the Pimería Alta who arrived among the Northern Pimans in 1687. The illustrations include black-and-white photos of missions San Xavier del Bac, Tumacacori, and San Ignacio.]

    1983             Padre e pionere. Eusebio Francesco Chini, S.J., missionario, scrittore, geografo [Collana di Pubblicazioni della Biblioteca Dei Padri Francescani Trento, 13]. Trento, Edizioni Biblioteca PP. Francescani. Maps, illus., bibl. 432 pp. [A revised and longer version of Bolognani (1960).]

Bolton, Herbert E.

    1911             Father Kino=s lost history, its discovery and its value. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, Vol. 6, pp. 9-34. New York, Bibliogaphical Society of America. [This is about Bolton=s discovery of the manuscript of Father Eusebio Kino=s book-length account of his pioneering missionary work in the Pimería Alta, Favores celestiales ... (Kino 1919).]

    1917a           The early explorations of Father Garcés on the Pacific slope. In The Pacific Ocean in history, edited by H. Morse Stephens and Herbert E. Bolton, pp. 316-330. New York, The Macmillan Company. [Included here are summaries of two trips made by Fr. Francisco Garcés, O.F.M., in the southern and southwestern portions of the Pimería Alta in the years 1770-71 and 1774. Among other places, he visited Saric, Caborca, and Sonoita.]

    1917b           The mission as a frontier institution in the Spanish-American colonies. American Historical Review, Vol. 23 (October), pp. 42-61. Washington, D.C., American Historical Association. [This is the seminal essay on the topic of the mission, as distinguished from civil, political, or military institutions, as an institution used by Spain in its efforts to establish hegemony over its possessions in America. Historian Bolton sets forth the manner in which missionaries and missions operated within the framework of Spain=s expansion, and in doing so he draws on an example of the routine of mission life in Sonora under the Franciscans, quite possibly in the Pimería Alta.]

    1930             An outpost of empire [Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 1]. Berkeley, University of California Press. Maps, illus., index. 529 pp. [This is the introductory volume of a five-volume set concerning the expeditions of Juan Bautista de Anza to Alta California in 1774 and again in 1775-76. This is a summary of these expeditions in Bolton's own words. Later volumes, edited and translated by Bolton, contain the documents generated by members of these expeditions. References to Papagos concern their territory and its description (pp. 78-79); their presence at Arivaipa (p. 82); presence at Quitovac and Sonoita (pp. 83-84); camped at water tanks in the Cabeza Prieta range during the dry season (p. 91); belief concerning desert bighorn sheep horns (p. 92); the deserted Papago camp of Oit Par (pp. 94-95, 130, 250); Northern Pimans wearing garments of sayal obtained from Spaniards and Papagos (pp. 263-64); and Papagos and Pimas maintaining peace with Yumas (p. 296). References to the Papaguería are on pages 78-79, 82, 84-85, 93-94, and 486, and to San Xavier del Bac on pages 45-46, 64, 68, 188, 247-48, and 493.]

    1932             The padre on horseback. A sketch of Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., apostle to the Pimas. San Francisco, The Sonora Press. Illus. 90 pp. [As the title indicates, this is a brief biography of Father Kino, the pioneer Jesuit missionary among the northern Piman Indians.]

    1936             Rim of Christendom. A biography of Eusbeio Francisco Kino. New York, The Macmillan Company. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 644 pp. [This is the definitive biography in English of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino, the Italian-born priest who became the vanguard of European culture among the Northern O'odham, including Tohono O'odham. References to both Papagos (although Kino never used that term) and Pimas, as well as to mission San Xavier del Bac, are scattered throughout. Consult the volume's index.]

    1939             The mission as a frontier institution in the Spanish-American colonies. In Wider horizons of American history, by Herbert E. Bolton, pp. 107-148. New York, D. Appleton-Century. [This is a reprint of Bolton (1917b).]

    1940             El incansable jinete: bosquejo de la vida del p. Eusebio Francisco Kno, S.J. apóstol de los Pimas. México, Buena prensa. [Translation into Spanish of Bolton (1932).]

    1960a           The mission as a frontier institution in the Spanish-American colonies. Introduction by John A. Carroll. El Paso, Texas, Academic Reprints, Inc. 24 pp. [This is a separately-printed and bound reprint of Bolton (1917b).]

    1960b           Rim of Christendom. A biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino. New York, Russell & Russell. Maps, illus., bibl., index. [A reprint of Bolton (1936).]

    1963             The padre on horseback. Introduction by John F. Bannon. Illus. xvi + 90 pp. [A reprint, with an added introduction by Father Bannon, of Bolton (1932).]

    1964             Kino in Pimería Alta. In Bolton and the Spanish borderlands, edited with an introduction by John F. Bannon, pp. 212-225. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [This is an excerpt from Bolton=s introduction to Kino (1919, 1948), the portion summarizing the career of Jesuit missionary Francisco Kino in the Pimería Alta. In addition to citing instances of Kino=s positive dealings with Northern Pimans, and specific mentions of mission San Xavier del Bac, Tumacácori, and San Ignacio, Bolton observes: AKino found Pimería Alta occupied by different divisions of the Pima nation. Chief of these were the Pima proper, living in the valleys of the Gila and Salt Rivers, especially in the region now occupied by the Pima Reservation. The valleys of the San Pedro and the Santa Cruz were inhabited by the Sobaipuris, now practically extinct people, except for the strains of their blood still represented in the Pima and Papago tribes. West of the Sobaipuris, on both sides of the international boundary line, were the Papagos, or the Papabotes, as the early Spaniards called them.@]

    1967             The mission as a frontier institution in the Spanish-American colonies. In Wider horizons of American history, by Herbert E. Bolton, pp. 107-148. Notre Dame, Notre Dame University Press. [This is a reprint of Bolton (1939).]

    1976             The padre on horseback. A sketch of Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., apostle to the Pimas. [Berkeley], Friends of the Bancroft Library. Map, illus. 90 pp. [A reissue of Bolton (1932).]

    1984             Rim of Christendom. A biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino. Foreword by John L. Kessell. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xviii + 644 pp. [With a foreword by John Kessell, this is otherwise a reprint of Bolton (1936).]

    1986             The padre on horseback. A sketch of Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., apostle to the Pimas. Introduction by John F. Bannon. Chicago, Loyola University Press. xiii + 84 pp. [A slightly altered version of Bolton (1963), one printed in softcover.]

Bolton, Herbert E., translator and editor

    1916             See Kino (1916)

    1919             See Kino (1919; 1948)

    1930a           Anza to Bucareli; Tubac, May 2, 1772. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 3-7. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Juan Bautista de Anza. in this letter to Viceroy Antonio Bucareli y Ursua, refers to Father Garcés as being engaged in the ministry at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1930b           Anza to Bucareli; Tubac, March 7, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 57-67. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Anza writes that the Yumas and Quiquimas could be "controlled" by the Spaniards although they are better armed and warlike, "like the Papagos and Pimas of the Jila (Gila), among whom the Spaniard may now live and be served as long as he may wish" (pp. 63-64).]

     1930c          Anza to Bucareli; Santa Olaya, February 28, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 117-120. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Anza expects this letter to be sent from Santa Olaya, near the mouth of the Gila River, to the nearest villages of the Papagos and Pimas from which it will be forwarded (p. 117). He discusses Papago and Pima influence among the Yuma (p. 119).]

     1930d          Anza to Viceroy; Mexico, November 20, 1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 383-394. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Anza writes that the Papago tribes intervenes between the Spanish settlements on the one hand and the Indian nations along the Gila and Colorado rivers on the other (p. 388).]

    1930e           Anza's complete diary, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. xiii-130. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Anza traveled through the Papaguería from January 22 through February 5, 1774, describing both place and people (pp. 15-33). He notes that Captain Palma of the Yuma Indians maintained commerce and communication with the Papagos and Pimas (p. 71); either a Papago or Pima was among the Cocomaricopa (p. 122); Papagos or Pimas were camped near San Simón y Judas de Upasoitac due to a great famine and drought in their country (p. 124); and sixty Papago families were living at Aquituni, west of Picacho Peak (p. 128).

                             Anza camped at San Xavier del Bac on January 8, 1774 (p. 2), and passed through the village at San Xavier on May 26 of that year (p. 129).

                             Also see Montané Martí 1989.]  

    1930f            Anza's diary from Tubac to San Gabriel, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 131-212. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Papagos and the Papaguería are described on pages 146-61. Similarities between Papagos and Pimas and a description of the Papaguería (p. 147); farming at Quitovac, and an estimated Papago population of 2500 (p. 148); gathering and use of salt (pp. 152-53); Papagos camp near water tanks in the Cabeza Prieta mountain range in dry seasons (p. 155); and Anza meets a Papago man and his family returning from the Gila and Colorado rivers who warns him of a plan to attack his expedition (pp. 156-57). Anza camped at the ford of San Xavier del Bac on January 8, 1774 (p. 135).]

    1930g           Anza's diary, 1775-1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 3, The San Francisco colony, pp. xix-200. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Brief mentions of Papagos are found on pages 23 (note 1) and 189-90 (Papagos report Apache attacks on Caborca and neighboring villages). Anza observes it's easier to reach the Gila following the Santa Cruz than via the Papaguería (p. 10), and he mentions San Xavier del Bac on pages 7-9 and 12. It is where in 1775 they held funeral services for a woman who had died at Canoa giving birth to a child. There is a black-and-white photo of the south elevation of the church, convento wing, and mortuary chapel of Mission San Xavier del Bac facing p. 16.]

    1930h           Anza's return diary, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 213-244. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Anza says, "The Cocomaricopas are better armed, a custom which they received from the Pimas or Papagos" (p. 236); he writes that Papagos or Pimas had abandoned their country because of a great drought and were camped at San Simón y Judas de Upassoitac (p. 238); and sixty families of Papagos were living at La Aquituni, west of Picacho Peak (p. 242).

    On May 26, 1774, Anza "passed through the pueblo of San Xavier del Bac, which has forty families of the same tribe ('Pima'), and is the head of the foregoing Pueblo" (Tucson).]

    1930i            Areche to Bucareli; Mexico, October 12, 1772. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 12-24. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Joseph Antonio de Areche, the royal fiscal, observes that Father Francisco Garcés, minister of Mission San Xavier del Bac, is to accompany Juan Bautista de Anza on a journey of exploration to open communication by land from Sonora to the port of Monterey in Alta California (p. 12).]

    1930j            Arriaga to Bucareli; Aranjuez, May 12, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 77-78. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Julián de Arriaga refers to Fr. Garcés's three journeys among the "heathens," visiting the Papagos, Gileños, Opas, etc.]

    1930k           Bucareli to Arriaga; Mexico, April 26, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 77-78. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Bucareli refers to Fr. Garcés as the missionary at San Xavier del Bac and notes he is sending a copy of Fr. Garcés's diary.]

    1930l            Bucareli to Arriaga; Mexico, January 27, 1775. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 53-54. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Bucareli refers to Father Garcés's three journeys during which he visited Papagos, Gileños, Opas, and other tribes (p. 53).]

    1930m          Council of war and royal exchequer; Mexico, September 9, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 82-93. Berkeley, University of California Press. [This report is signed by Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli and others. It is asserted that Papagos and Gila River Pimas are two tribes among whom Spaniards could now live and be served (p. 87). Juan Bautista de Anza is cited as suggestion that "to avoid the bad road between Sonora and the Yumas ... it might go by way of El Atil to the Pápagos and the last Cocomaricopas, and thence by way of the Yumas to that place (San Diego)" (pp. 89-90). Mention is made of Fr. Garcés's journeys begun at San Xavier del Bac, where he is minister (pp. 83, 87-88).]

    1930n           Crespo to Bucareli; Santa Gertrudis del Altar, December 15, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 238-248. Berkeley, University of California Press. [This is a report by the Governor of Sonora concerning a potential exploration from Monterey, Alta California, to New Mexico. Crespo suggests the expedition go by way of San Xavier del Bac (p. 241).]

    1930o           Diary of an expedition to Monterey by way of the Colorado River, 1775-1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 4, Font's complete diary of the second Anza expedition, pp. xi-534. Berkeley, University of California Press. [This is Father Pedro Font's full-length diary of the 1775-76 Anza expedition to California. There are references to San Xavier del Bac on pages vii, 7, 15, 26-28, and 32. Font notes that "Papaguería" means Papago country (p. 26); he halts at Oytaparts, site of a Papago-Pima village destroyed by Apaches (p. 30); he reaches Cuitoa, an abandoned Papago village of some 30 huts (p. 32); Font and Fr. Garcés are accompanied by the Papago governor of Cojat (p. 43); Gileños obtain sayal from Papagos (p. 49); Yumans and Cajuenches maintain peace and commerce with Papago and Pima (p. 51); and Yumas and Papagos take war captives, known collectively as Nixoras, to Altar to sell as slaves (p. 513).]

    1930p           Díaz's diary from Tubac to San Gabriel, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 245-290. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Fr. Díaz passed through the Papaguería with Anza between January 22 and February 8, 1774 (pp. 250-63). He observes there were a few families of Papagos "under the rule of a governor living at San Luis de Quitobac" (p. 252); thirty families were living in the vicinity of San Marcelo de Sonoitac, where a revolt had occurred in 1751 (p. 253); they meet a Papago at Sonoitac mission on February 5 who warns of a possible attack on their expedition by Yumas (p. 257); an expedition messenger, accompanied by Papagos and Yumas, discounts rumor of attack (p. 258); writes, "As far as this Gila River extends, the tribe of the Pápagos, of whom a considerable portion live on its banks from the junction of the Colorado clear to the Apache frontier." He says their population, which includes the Gileños on the river, is estimated at about 2500 (pp. 259-60); he describes in detail Papagos living in the mountains between El Carrizal and the Gila River (pp. 260-62).]

    1930q           Díaz's return diary, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 296-306. Berkeley, University of California Press. [The expedition arrived at the village of San Xavier del Bac on May 25, 1774. Díaz writes of the "heathen" Pimas on the Gila River that they "are of the same qualities as the reduced Pimas, with whom and with the Pápagos, Opas, and Cocomaricopas they have close relations" (pp. 304-05).]

    1930r           Eixarch's diary of his winter on the Colorado, 1775-1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 3, The San Francisco colony, pp. 309-382. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Fr. Garcés set forth on the road for Caborca, by way of the Papagos, on January 12, 1776 (p. 338); a Pima Indian was to set out from the Colorado River on February 11, 1776 "for Sonóytac of the Pápagos" (p. 352); March 3, 1776, "Tomorrow ... I shall set out for the presidio of Altar, in company with Captain Pablo, directing my route by way of the Pápagos, who are now friendly with the Spaniards" (p. 364); and on March 9, he arrived at San Luis de Quitobac, a village of Papagos (p. 366). He observed the "great poverty" of the village (p. 367).]

    1930s           Font's short diary of the second Anza expedition, 1775-1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 3, The San Francisco colony, pp. 201-308. Berkeley, University of California Press. [On October 30, 1775, the expedition was met north of Tucson by the governor of the Papago villages of Aquituni and Cuitoa (p. 213). On the return trip to Horcasitas in 1776, the expedition abandoned the Gila route to cross the Papaguería, the itinerary of which is described on pages 302-05.

                             Mission San Xavier was visited in October, 1775, where Font borrowed a compass (p. 205) and where he participated in the burial of a woman who died giving childbirth at Canoa (pp. 211-12).]

    1930t            Garcés and Díaz to Bucareli; Ures, March 21, 1775. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 276-290. Berkeley, University of California Press. [These two friars assert that the Gila River Pimas are the group who are able to restrain the Papagos in any attempted uprising (p. 280). They assert that should presidios be placed where new regulations call for their locations that Tubac, Tumacacori, Calabazas, San Xavier, and Tuquison (Tucson) would be without protection (p. 288).]

    1930u           Garcés to Bucareli; Tubac, March 8, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 68-76. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Writing about the roads to San Diego and Monterey from Sonora, Garcés suggests that, "especially if a large train is taken, one might go by El Atil of the Papagos" (p. 72).]

    1930v           Garcés's diary from Tubac to San Gabriel, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 309-360. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Garcés set out from Mission San Xavier del Bac on January 6, 1774 (p. 310). He went to California via the Papaguería, which he describes and discusses in some detail (pp. 310-17). Of the Papagos, he estimates their numbers at just under 4000, saying many of them have moved either to settled villages (pueblos) or to the Gila and Colorado rivers (p. 319). He says they harvest sufficient provisions and have necessary water, that they wear clothing, and have an abundance of Moqui (Hopi) blankets. He also asserts that the Western Papagos are hostile to the Quiquimas but are "ancient friends" of the Yumas, while the eastern Papagos are allied with the Gila Pimas (pp. 319-21).]

    1930w          Garcés's diary of his detour to the Jalchedunes, 1774. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 2, Opening a land route to California, pp. 373-392. Berkeley, University of California Press. [On July 9, 1774, Father Garcés arrived at Pozo Amargo, a place a day's journey northeast of San Xavier del Bac, described as an asylum for Papagos in the vicinity when their pools of water dried out (p. 390). Garcés arrived at his home mission of San Xavier on July 10, 1774 (p. 390).]

    1930x           Palma to Bucareli; Mexico, November 11, 1776. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 365-376. Berkeley, University of California Press. [This petition from Yuma leader Salvador Palma, penned for him by Juan Bautista de Anza, emphasizes the general alliance between Yumas and Papagos and between Yumas and many other tribes. He says that Yumas are at peace with the Papagos and that Papagos and Yumas were friends and "relatives" (pp. 367, 375).]

    1930y           Sastre to Bucareli; San Miguel de Horcasitas, October 19, 1772. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 33-40. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Sonoran governor Matheo Sastre, based on what he has heard of journeys by Father Garcés, says there are three places in the Papaguería where missions could be placed and where it would be possible to pasture horses and cattle and raise a few crops (p. 34). He notes the location of Mission San Xavier, saying Apaches have almost destroyed it (p. 33), and he says of Father Garcés, whom he does not mention by name, that, "moved by a higher impulse, with no other provision than a little pinole, a little chocolate, and a few strips of jerked beef, and with no other escort than his guardian angel, has made three journeys" (into Papago and Pima country) (p. 34). He writes that the Gileños speak the same language as the Papagos (p. 35).]

    1930z           Sastre to Bucareli; San Miguel de Horcasitas, January 21, 1773. In Anza's California expeditions, Vol. 5, Correspondence, pp. 47-49. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Sastre refers to Father Garcés's 1771 journey from Mission San Xavier del Bac that took him west across the entire Papaguería to its farthest village (p. 48).]

Bolz, Peter, and Ann L. Davis

    2000             From the Kunstkammer to the Museum für Völkerkunde: the eventful history of the early North American Indian collection of Berlin. American Indian Art Magazine, Vol. 25, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 34-45. Scottsdale, American Indian Art, Inc. [In 1881 Johan Adrian Jacobsen received a commission from the Kunstkammer Museum in Berlin to collect Indian objects in North America. In 1883 he collected about 180 objects from the Pima, Papago, Yuma, Apache and Pueblo Indians for shipment to Berlin. Also see Jacobsen (1884; 1977).]

Bomberry, Victoria

    1986             San Xavier: leasing for three generations? Native Self-sufficiency, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1, 3-5, 16. Forestville, California, Native Self-sufficiency. [About a proposed long-term development lease for the San Xavier Reservation, a lease which, if approved, would ultimately lead to more than 100,000 non-Indians living on the reservation. The article, critical of the proposal, raises issues of economics, law enforcement, water, and more.]

Bommersbach, Jana

    1996             A '96 wish list for Arizona. Phoenix Magazine, Vol. 31, no. 1 (January), p. 8. Phoenix, MAC America Communications, Inc. [Writes Bommersbach: "I wish everyone in the state would vow this year to visit San Xavier, the Spanish mission outside Tucson that's being restored to its original beauty -- the most significant restoration ever attempted in the United States, ranking right up there with the restoration of the Sistine Chapel in Rome."]

Bonne, Charles-Marie R.

    1965             Le Nouveau Méxique, avec la partie septentrionale de l=ancien, ou de la Nouvelle Espagne. In Kino and the cartography of northwestern New Spain, by Ernest J. Burrus, plate 17. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [This is, according to Father Burrus, Bonne=s Atracing of Kino=s 1710 map of Lower California, New Navarre (Pimería Alta), New Mexico and part of Texas.@ The region of the Pimería Alta is not shown in very much detail, with only few of the Northern Piman Indian missions shown.]

Bonnerjea, Biren

    1963             Index to bulletins 1-100 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, with index to Contributions to North American Ethnology, introductions, and miscellaneous publications. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 178. Washington, United States Government Printing Office. [Consult page 314, "Papago," for Papago entries -- nearly all of them to Hrdlicka (1908) and Densmore (1929).]

Booth, Peter M.

    1991a           Cactizonians: the Civilian Conservation Corps in Pima County, 1933-1942. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 32, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 291-332. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Included is a good summary of CCC activities among Papagos and on the Papago Indian Reservation during the Great Depression (pp. 306-10). The program, controlled on the reservation by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, commenced in 1933 and was open to all male Papagos.]

    1991b           "The Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona, 1933-1942." Master's thesis, Department of History, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Selected bibliography. 234 pp. [A chapter on "The Indian CCC" (pp. 88-122) includes information regarding the CCC program on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    2000             ACreation of a nation: the development of the Tohono O=odham political culture, 1900-1937.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 460 pp. [AThis dissertation analyzes the creation of the Papago Tribe out of several independent Tohono O=odham pueblos or village-complexes. Specifically, the study looks at the development of O=odham political culture from the turn-of-the-century, through 1916 when the reservation was established, to 1937 when the O=odham organized a tribal government.@]

    2001             AIf the cattle are going to die, let them die@: Tohono O=odham and the New Deal conservation. In Trusteeship in change: toward tribal autonomy in resource management, edited by Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton, chapter 5. Boulder, University Press of Colorado. [This is an examination of efforts by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to effect a reduction of livestock on the Papago Indian Reservation in the 1930s.]

Bothe, M. Bernaleen

    1996             One hundred years among the Pima people. Westfriars, Vol. 30, no. 6 (August), pp. 11-12. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Printed here is an excerpt from the doctoral dissertation of Sister M. Bernaleen, OSF, about the Franciscans' takeover of St. Mary's Church in Phoenix in 1896 and their missionary work among the Pima Indians. Added to her excerpt is a note crediting Father Walter Holly with the belief that "many of the Catholic Pimas are really Tohono O'odham, their cousins. ... The Native Americans living at Santa Cruz, near Komatke, are descendants of the O'odham from Sonoita, Mexico. ... An old O'odham village used to stand where the mission cemetery is today. It is thought that these brought with them Spanish hymns and prayers used today throughout the desert."]

Bourke, John G.

    1876-89       [Extracts from diary.] See Sutherland (1964).

    1891a           General Crook in the Indian country. Century Magazine, Vol. 41, no. 5 (March), pp. 643-660. New York, The Century Company. [Crook writes, AThe Pimas (helping the American troops fight Apaches) were of no account whatever. My judgement was that they were cowardly, and anxious to kill women and children, just as their brothers the Papagoes had done at Camp Grant massacre (in 1871), and having such a religious cast of mind that the killing of one imposed upon the whole party the duty of returning to their own villages, there to undergo a protracted purgation from the defilement.@]

    1891b           On the border with Crook. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. Illus. 491 pp. [Brief mention of Papagos as follows: use of earthenware water jars at Camp Grant made by Papagos living at San Xavier (pp. 13, 40); prehistoric ruins near Camp Grant on San Pedro River possibly related to ancestors of Pimas and Papagos (p. 21); Baboquivari a sacred peak of the "gentle Papagoes" (p. 55); Papagos described as "honest, laborious, docile, sober, and pure," with only one white man, Buckskin Aleck Stevens of Cambridge, Mass., having been allowed to marry into the tribe (p. 65); Bishop Salpointe established a school among Papagos at San Xavier (pp. 77-78); Papago involvement in the Camp Grant massacre of 1871 (p. 104); and mention of a Papago revolt in the Spanish colonial period (p. 122). Bourke also writes of "the white, glaring roof of the beautiful mission ruin of San Xavier del Bac" (p. 55), and he says that even in California there is no church "superior, and there are few equal, to San Xavier del Bac, the church of the Papago Indians, ... . It needs to be seen to be appreciated, as no literal description, certainly none of which I am capable, can do justice to its merits and beauty" (p. 97).

                             Bourke, an army officer, served with General George C. Crook in Arizona from 1870 to 1875 and again in 1884-86.]

    1892             On the border with Crook. 2nd edition. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. Illus. 491 pp. [Reprint of Bourke (1891).]

    1895             The folk-foods of the Rio Grande Valley and of northern Mexico. Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. 8, no. 28 (January-March), pp. 41-71. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin, and Company. [Bourke asserts that the Pimas, Opatas, Papagos, and other Indians used to make "a kind of effervescent beer from (mesquite) beans, but this does not seem to be in much demand of late years" (p. 50). He also writes, "The ripening of the pitahaya in Arizona used to signal ... for the downcoming from the mountains of bands of Apache Indians, who gathered the dainty feast and at the same time made war upon their hereditary enemies, the Pimas and Papagoes" (p. 52).]

    1951             On the border with Crook. Columbus, Ohio, Long's College Book Company. Illus. 491 pp. [Reprint of Bourke (1891).]

    1962             On the border with Crook. Chicago, Rio Grande Press, Inc. Illus. 491 pp. [Reprint of Bourke (1891).]

    1969             On the border with Crook. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press, Inc. Illus., index. 508 pp. [A reprint of Bourke (1891) with the addition of an index.]

    1971             On the border with Crook. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. Illus. 491 pp. [Reprint of Bourke (1891).]

Bowden, Charles

    1977a           Killing the hidden waters. Austin, University of Texas Press. xii + 174 pp. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 174 pp. [Much of this book concerns the adaptation made by Papago Indians to their Sonoran Desert environment and to subsequent impacts on both the environment and on Papagos by Spaniards and Anglos moving into the region. Most of the illustrations are photos taken in Seri and Papago country during the 1894 and 1895 W J McGee expeditions in the Sonoran Desert.]

    1977b           Killing the hidden waters. History according to the Covered Wells stick. Outside, December, pp. 51-55. San Francisco, Rolling Stone. [Excerpts from Bowden (1977a), including the addition of black-and-white photos taken in the late 19th or early 20th centuries not included in the book. An image of a Papago calendar stick is used to divide paragraphs.]

    1984             The Sierra Pinacate. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 11 (December), pp. 40-45. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made of the use of the Pinacate area of northwestern Sonora by Sand Papagos, including the Sand Papago hermit named Juan Caravajales, the last Indian inhabitant of these mountains.]

    1985a           Killing the hidden waters. Austin, University of Texas Press. xii + 174 pp. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 174 pp. [A softcover reprint of Bowden (1977).]

    1985b           The Santa Catalinas. Arizona Highways, Vol. 61, no. 9 (September), pp. 28-37. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Bowden mentions that the Catalina Mountains take their name from a Papago village once north of Tucson and that in 1697 was named "Santa Catalina Cuitchibaque" by Father Eusebio Kino, S.J.]

    1986             Blue desert. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. 179 pp. [This collection of essays has one devoted entirely to Papago Indian Michael Rios and the latter's involvement in opposing the proposed Santa Cruz Properties development on the south half of the San Xavier Reservation (pp. 69-84). Scattered mention of Papagos elsewhere, e.g. Tom Childs and his Papago wife, who made pottery, and Papagos' use of the area now within the Cabeza Prieta Game Range.]

    1987a           Frog Mountain blues. Photographs by Jack W. Dykinga. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map. illus., bibl. 165 pp. [This book about the Catalina Mountains next to Tucson, Arizona, takes note of the fact that its hghest peak, Mount Lemmon, is called "Frog Mountain" by Papagos (p. 120). Bowden also recounts the story of Navitcu from the Papago creation story (pp. 120-21) and reprints a Papago song from the salt pilgrimage (p. 145).]

    1987b           Going to the black rock. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 325-29. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Bowden writes about a visit he made to the Pinacate Mountains ("Black Rock") in northwestern Sonora with Julian Hayden; about Hayden; and about Hayden's discussing the Tohono O'odham vikita ceremony.]

    1987c           Staying put: Chico Shunie is the Sand Papago who refused to come in from the heat. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 1 (January), pp. 31-33. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [With black-and-white photos by Bill Broyles, this is an article about an elderly Papago man who all his life had lived hermit-like in a wattle-and-daub house west of Ajo in what is now the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge. It is based on a visit to his home and an interview with him.]

    1987d           Tucson days and nights. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5 (May), p. 61. Tucson,. First City Publications, Inc. [This series of mini-essays includes one about a man who makes his living by selling appliances on the Tohono O'odham Reservation and who each month goes to the reservation to cash government checks, extracting monthly payments due him at large interest rates.]

    1989             The importance of being nothing. National Parks, Vol. 63, nos. 9-10 (September-October), pp. 26-31. Washington, D.C., National Parks and Conservation Association. [With color photos by Jack Dykinga, this is an article about the Pinacates of northwestern Sonora, one that makes mention of the Sand Papago Indians who used to frequent the region. Tom Childs is quoted concerning Sand Papagos and his friend, the Papago "hermit" named Caravajales.]

    1992             The Sonoran Desert. Photographs by Jack W. Dykinga. New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Illus.167 pp. [Bowden writes about Chico Shunie, the Sand Papago who lives west of Ajo (pp. 19, 21); about a Tohono O'odham giving a talk on the Tohono O'odham reservation about tribal prophecy (p. 81); about a Tohono O'odham horse song recorded by Ruth Underhill (p. 82); about the Tohono O'odham belief that "ants literally created the world by fabricating a ball of resin from a creosote bush" (p. 84); about Kitt Peak on the Papago Indian Reservation (pp. 104-106); and about the Papagos' monster legend of Quitovac (p. 107).]

    1993             The heat treatment: what kind of fool would sit in the desert counting sheep in June? A hot one. In Counting sheep: 20 ways of seeing desert bighorn, edited by Gary P. Nabhan, pp. 124-131. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Bowden talks about theories on why sheep bones were burned and left in piles by Native Americans, and he quotes others concerning Papago customs in this regard.]

    1998             Going to the black rock. In The Sierra Pinacate, by Julian D. Hayden, pp. 2-8. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Bowden (1987b).]

    1999             Leave something behind. Esquire, Vol. 132, no. 6 (December), pp. 92-93, 164. New York, Hearst Communications, Inc. [In writing about the Pinacates of northwestern Sonora and adjoining Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwestern Arizona, Bowden makes passing mention of the mythical creator of the Tohono O'odham, I'itoi, and his cave in Pinacate Peak.]

Bowden, Henry W.

    1981             American Indians and Christian missions. Studies in cultural conflict. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press. 255 pp. [The assertion is made in passing that, "The Hohokam trekked west, becoming ancestors to historic tribes known as the Pima and Papago."]

Bowden, Jocelyn J.

    1969             "Private land claims in the Southwest." LL.M. thesis, Southern Methodist University, Ft. Worth, Texas. [One chapter is devoted to the Nicolás Martínez Land Grant on the San Xavier (Papago) Reservation (pp. 1992-1996).]

Bowe, Patricia

    1963             James Mitchell Barney: historian of historians. Arizoniana, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 28-34. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. [James Barney, a Stanford engineering graduate and self-taught historian who for many years published historical articles in Phoenix, Arizona newspapers, was born in Arizona on October 22, 1874. His father was a direct descendant of one of the signers of the Mayflower compact; his mother was a Papago Indian.]

Bowen, Ruby

    1938             Queen of the desert night. Papago legend of the desert queen. Desert Magazine, Vol. 1, no. 8 (June), pp. 10-11, 35. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [This article includes a supposed Papago story about the origin of the night blooming cereus. It is accompanied by a photo of the plant whose caption says its fruit "is relished by the Papagos."]

    1939             Saguaro harvest in Papagoland. Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 8 (June), pp. 3-5. El Centro, Desert Publishing Company. [An excellent discussion of the harvesting, preparation, and use of saguaro fruit. Includes a discussion of Papago legends and some discussion of the "tiswin" (wine) made from the fruit. Much of the information was gathered at San Xavier. Illustrated.]

Bowen, Thomas

    1973             Seri basketry: a comparative view. Kiva, Vol. 38, nos. 3-4 (Spring-Summer), pp. 141-172. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Seri basketry is compared to that of neighboring tribes, including a fairly detailed comparison with that of the Papago Indians.]

    1983             Seri. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 230-249. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of Seri borrowings and other dealings with neighboring Papagos in Sonora (p. 232).]

    2000             Unknown island. Seri Indians, Europeans, and San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. xxxi + 548 pp. [Mention is made of W J McGee's 1894 expedition to study Papago Indians (p. 226); of Papago involvement on the side of Mexicans in a campaign against Seri Indians in 1904 (pp. 256, 258); and of possible Tohono O'odham burial crypts in the Tucson Basin.]

    2002             Not by design: the Arizona State Museum=s 1966-67 survey of the Trincheras Culture. Kiva, Vol. 68, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 5-22. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Among other topics, Bowen writes about the involvement of archaeologist William Wasley in the 1966 discovery of the remains of Father Eusebio Kino, S.J., in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Father Kino, who died and was buried in Magdalena in 1711, was the pioneer European to work among the Northern O=odham.]

Bowers, Janice E.

    2003             Frequently asked questions about the saguaro. Tucson, Western National Parks Association. Map, illus. 18 pp. [One of the questions is, AHow do Native peoples use the saguaro?@ The answer given is that O=odham collect fruits as they ripen using a long pole made of saguaro ribs lashed together. They eat the fruit fresh or make jam and syrup. AThey also grind the seeds into a nutritious flour and reconstitute the dried pulp in water for sweet drinks. The O=odham consume saguaro wine, made from fermented syrup, during a ceremony meant to encourage summer rains.@ The note is accompanied by a color photo taken overhead by Thomas Wiewandt of an O=odham woman harvesting the fruit.]

Bowie, William L.

    1963             "The Bowie report concerning the Papago case and related documents, 1918-1919." Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Land Division. Washington, D.C., General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, The National Archives. Microfilm. Four volumes. 1536 pp. [This enormous document touches on almost every aspect of Papago history, geography, and political and social organization. It was compiled by an attorney who did field work among the Papago in 1918-19 and who examined every conceivable kind of historic document relating to Papagos. The effort was made on behalf of the United States pursuant to its defense of Papago lands in the legal case entitle, "The Pueblo of Santa Rosa, Plaintiff, vs. Franklin Knight Lane, Secretary of the Interior and Clay Tallman, Commission of the General Land Office, Defendants." Also see Cook 1973.]

Bowman, J.N., and Robert F. Heizer

    1967             Anza and the northwest frontier of New Spain [Southwest Museum Papers, no. 20]. Highland Park, Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. Maps, illus, refs. xix + 182 pp. [While primarily about the discovery and reburial of remains in the church at Arizpe, Sonora that at the time (1963) were presumed to have been those of Juan Bautista de Anza, the book includes documents and other materials relating to Anza, including mention of Papago Indians in a petition by Anza reprinted here on page 50 from Thomas (1932: 366). In this document, Anza writes of himself, "he pacified in Sonora the Papaga nation of more than three thousand rebels, causing the death of their general."]

Box, Michael J.

    1869             Capt. James Box's adventures and explorations in new and old Mexico. New York, James Miller, Publisher. 344 pp. [Box writes that Papagos frequent Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California for fishing (p. 257); he says the country north of Port Lobos in Sonora is settled principally by Papagos (pp. 261-62); and he asserts that the Mexican government has employed Papagos to hunt down the Apache (p. 262). He offers a description of Papago villages in Sonora (pp. 262-67), and he says Mission San Xavier is under the entire control of Papagos who own it and who farm its lands (p. 325). He describes the church of San Xavier and says the Papagos keep it in good repair (p. 325).]

Boy Scouts of America

    1959             Indian lore. Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, no. 3358. Irving, Texas, Boy Scouts of America. [This booklet states that the Hohokam and Mogollon peoples "fled" ca. A.D. 1400 to be replaced in the desert by Piman (Pima and Papago) Indians. There is general information on Piman settlement patterns, subsistence, family life, and religion (pp. 43-44). It says of Papagos specifically that they "were left to farm their wheat, raise their cattle, and trade with the Mexicans for almost two hundred years. But they, too, went to reservations and their way of life suffered. They suffered the worst in the great drought of the thirties, but now, after accepting government arrangements and organizing themselves, they, too, are making a comeback" (p. 45).]

Boyer, Jim

    1993             Event of the month. More than 20,000 celebrate the founding of Mission San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 69, no. 4 (April), p. 47. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The festival, held annually since 1951, became a non-event in 1993 when the sponsoring organization, the Tucson Festival Society, had to cancel it for financial reasons. The article appeared before it was known it was going to be cancelled.]

    1997             In the bat cave lay bags heavy with golden nuggets. Arizona Highways, Vol. 73, no. 6 (June), pp. 46-47. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This tells about the fruitless search by the author for an abandoned mine somewhere in the Baboquivari Mountains where in 1875 an elderly Papago was said to have found bags of gold nuggets.]

Boyer, Mary

    1930             "The peoples -- the Spaniards, the Indians, the Americans -- and nature in the literature of Arizona." Master's thesis, College of Education, University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 107 pp. [It's observed that Father Kino established Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 9), and a sonnet about the mission is on page 10. There is an excerpt from a novel by Will H. Robinson, The Witchery of Rita, which is set at Mission San Xavier (p,. 11); Kino's presence at San Xavier is mentioned (p. 20); and there are excerpts here from Caroline M. Hughston's (1910) The Shrine in the Desert in which the influence of Mission San Xavier in the lives of the Papagos is stressed.]

Boyer, William

    2004             San Xavier artwork. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A letter to the editor in which the writer praises the article by Bernard Fontana (2003) with photographs by Edward McCain on the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac that appeared in the October, 2003 issue of Arizona Highways as an Aabsolute masterpiece.@]

Brace, Martha A., and Nancy J. Parezo

    1984             The Arizona State Museum. American Indian Art Magazine, Vol. 10, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 24-31. Scottsdale, American Indian Art, Inc. [Includes mention of collections of Papago basketry and pottery in the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.]

Brackett, A.G.

    1869             Arizona territory. Western Monthly, Vol. 1, no. 3 (March), pp. 167-172. Chicago, Reed, Browne & Company, Publishers. [A brief discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac includes the observation: "The Papago Indians who live near Mission San Xavier del Bac try to keep it up but they have no regular pastor and there is no one to take an interest either in the church or in the Indians themselves."]

Bradley, Charmaine L.

    1990             ACreativity differences between reservation and urban Native Americans.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station. 131 pp. [AThe purpose of this study was to compare creativity test scores and academic achievement of reservation and urban Native Americans and to examine the influence of home environmental conditions and enrollment in a Native American history or art course on the creativity of Native American students. Subjects for the comparative study were 150 eleventh grade students representing twenty-one different tribes,@ Papago among them.]

Bradt, George M.

    1980             Quitobaquito, past and present. Desert Magazine, Vol. 43, no. 1 (February), pp. 42-45. Palm Desert, California, Cactus Paperworks, Inc. [An outline history of this desert oasis now in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument speaks of Sand Papagos coming here and being dispersed in the 1850s as a result of the California Gold Rush.]

Brady, Erika; Maria La Vigna, Dorothy S. Lee, and Thomas Vennum

    1984             The federal cylinder project: a guide to field cylinder collections in federal agencies. Vol. 1. Introduction and inventory. Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, American Folklife Center. [Among the listings are cylinders of Papago music recorded in 1920 by Frances Densmore and at an unknown date (although possibly in 1897 of Jose Lewis Brennan) by John N.B. Hewitt.]

Brady, Peter R.

    1897             [Letter to Captain J.H. Whitlock, Commanding Officer, Tucson, Arizona, datelined Tucson, March 15, 1863.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 354. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Brady gives information on the cost of obtaining supplies, especially grain, in the Sonoran towns B onetime mission communities for O=odham B of Buzani, Saric, Tubutama, Atil, Oquitoa, Pitiquito, and Caborca.]

    1963             The reminiscences of Peter R. Brady of the A.B. Gray railroad survey, 1853-1854. In The A.B. Gray Report [Great West and Indian Series, Vol. 24; Western Survey Series, Vol. 2], edited by L.R. Bailey, pp. 162-231. Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. [This reminiscence was first published serially in the Arizona Daily Citizen, June 7-21, 1898, as "Early Days on the Frontier of Texas, Arizona and California." In it, Brady refers to "an old Mexican with one eye by the name of Lucas, of San Xavier, who died a few years ago ..." who had been a scout for the Mexican military garrison in Tucson (p. 210). He also gives a detailed account of a journey made by him in 1854 from Quitovaquito and Agua Dulce on the Camino del Diablo to Adair Bay at the head of the Gulf of California, one in which he describes the campsites, seasonality, personal appearance, food, and food preparation (including the sand root) of the "sandy Indians," or Sand Papagos or HiaCed O'odham (pp. 216-21).]

Brady, Ralph H.

    1925             "The Franciscans in Pimería Alta." Master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 177 pp. ["Pima-Papago revolt, Apache raids, Mission activities."]

Brain, Belle M.

    1904             The redemption of the Red Man: an account of Presbyterian missions to the North American Indians of the present day. New York, Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. vi + 147 pp. [Included is a discussion of Presbyterian missionary activity among the Papago Indians.]

Brandon, William

    1961             The American Heritage book of Indians. Edited by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. [New York], American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. [The assertion is made on pages 111, 116, and 122 that Papagos are or may be the descendants of the Hohokam. Papagos are discussed superficially on page 397, and on page 396 there is an 1894 photo by William Dinwiddie of a Papago woman at San Xavier with a burden basket.]

Brandt, Herbert

    1951             Arizona and its bird life. Cleveland, Ohio, The Bird Research Foundation. Map, illus., index. 723 pp. [The great mesquite forest that was once on the San Xavier Reservation is described, as is its bird life, on pages 71-76. Scattered mention of Papago Indians and the San Xavier and Papago reservations occurs throughout. Consult the volume's index.]

Braniff C., Beatriz

    1990             The identification of possible elites in prehispanic Sonora. In Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul E. Minnis and Charles L. Redman, pp. 173-83. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [Braniff notes a sharing of style in designs found on petroglyphs in a trincheras site in western Sonora with those of Hohokam, Pima, and Papago, suggesting a "shared common ideology."]

Branson, Oscar T.

    1983             Papago Indian coloring book. Tucson, Treasure Chest Publications. 30 pp. [The text is by Branson; the drawings are by Connie Asch.]

Brazza, Countess di (Cora Slocomb)

    1896             An American idyll. Boston, The Arena Publishing Company. Illus. 243 pp. [A fictional account of a "scientist"working among the Pima Bajo (Lower Pima) Indians of Sonora, although the "Pimas" become rather generalized for all Pimans. The book's many pen-and-ink illustrations by the author are often based on William Dinwiddie's 1894 photographs taken during the W J McGee expedition from San Xavier del Bac to Seri Indian country and return through the Baboquivari Valley in the Papaguería. Others are drawings of Pima and Papago artifacts in the U.S. National Museum. Dinwiddie's help is acknowledged by the author.

                             A set of "explanatory notes" (pp. 205-42) offers an historical and ethnographic outline of Piman Indians, with a concentration on the Papagos. Included, for example, are details on Piman pottery making (pp. 219-22) and various uses made of the saguaro (p. 229). The author describes, and illustrates in one drawing, what she says is a Pima "harvest feast" (pp. 134-40, 206), but it is rather more like a Tarahumara ceremony than a Piman one and is quite unlike the Papago vikita ceremony.]

Breazeale, Edward L.; Robert A. Greene, and L.J. Kantor

    1941             Blood groups of the Papago Indians. Journal of Immunology, Vol. 40, no. 2 (February), pp. 161-162. Baltimore. [Presented here are results of blood typing of 600 "full-blooded Indians," all presumably Papagos. Type "O" occurred among 93.83% (563), and type "A" among 6.17% (37). There were no "B" or "AB" types, suggesting to the authors "racial purity and that marriages between Papagos and other races have been rare." At the time of their study, 1940, it was estimated there were about 7,000 Papagos.]

Breazeale, James F.

    1951             My calendar stick. Compiled by Edward L. Breazeale. s.l., s.n. [This mimeographed publication includes a section called, "The pictographs of the great South-west" (pp. 98-101), one with a brief discussion of baskets made by Papagos at Santa Rosa village on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Breckenfeld, Donald J.

    1999             Soil survey of the Tohono O=odham Nation, Arizona: parts of Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal counties. Washington, D.C., United States Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 350 pp. [There are 91 maps here on 46 folded sheets, maps that indicate the types of soil on the Tohono O=odham Nation.]

Brennan, John P.

    n.d.              20,000 feet over history [American Airline Historical Series, book no. 1]. s.l., s.n. Map, illus. 40 pp. [A brief history of Tucson (pp. 29-30) includes mention of the Piman Indians and Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Brennan, Jose Lewis

    1958             "Gold placer of Quijotoa." Edited by Bernard L, Fontana; illustrated by Hazel M. Fontana. Tucson, Bernard L. Fontana and Hazel M. Fontana. 15 pp. [Mimeographed and with linoleum block prints, this is a fairy tale adventure of a young Papago man who uses money given him by his father to give to a girl rather than to buy a cow or horse. Basically European in form, the story includes elements of Papago folklore and is set entirely in the Sonoran Desert. Brennan was himself a Papago.]

    1959             Jose Lewis Brennan's account of "customs and other references." Edited by Bernard L. Fontana. Ethnohistory, Vol. 6, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 226-237. Bloomington, Indiana, American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference. [This is an account of Papago customs with respect to their warfare with Apache Indians. It was written by a Papago Indian in 1897.]

    1991             Gold placer of Quijotoa, Arizona. Edited and introduced by Bernard L. Fontana; illustrations by Hazel M. Fontana. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 459-474. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [With a new introduction, this is a published version of Brennan (1959), with the same illustrations. Also see Carnes (1991).]

Brenneke, Gerard

    1934             Maricopa Indians finally seek fold. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 14, no. 4 (Fall), p. 79. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Father Gerard's article about Franciscan missionary work among the Maricopa Indians on the Gila River Indian Reservation alludes two Father Arnold's two day schools for 120 Papago Indians.]

Bret Harte, John

    1980             Tucson: portrait of a desert pueblo. Woodland Hills, California, Windsor Publications. Map, illus., bibl., index. xiii + 186 pp. [There are a few mentions here, as well as illustrations, of Papago Indians and of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Consult the index under AIndian Tribes: Papago,@ and ASan Xavier del Bac, mission at.@ In general, Papagos are paid brief attention in this Aportrait@of Tucson, a chronologically-arranged history.]

Bretall, Robert M., editor

    1972             Religion. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2^nd edition by members of the faculty of the University of Arizona, pp. 343-354. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [It is asserted here in a brief overview of Papago religion that it centered around the worship of nature (p. 344); it is observed that a network of Catholic missions extends throughout Papago lands (p. 346); and there is some discussion of Latter Day Saints and Papagos (p. 349). A black-and-white photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac is on page 346.]

Bretting, Peter K.

    1981             AA systematic and ethnobotanical survey of Proboscidea and allied genera of Martyniaceae.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington. 457 pp. [This is a broad study of various floral and cultural aspects of devil=s claw, the plant used by Papago basket makers for the black element in their coiled basketry. AInterpopulational variation in P. Parviflora ssp. Parviflora, grown by Indians in the southwestern United States for basketry fiber, was analyzed intensively. Taxometric analyses indicated that a domesticated variety, var. Hohokamiana, has evolved. Its fruit and seed were changed significantly by human selection. ... The complex interrelationship between the domesticate and the Pima-Papago suggests a long association. Apparently other Indians brought the domesticate into cultivation relatively recently.@]

Bretting, Peter K., and Gary P. Nabhan

    1986             Ethnobotany of devil's claw (Proboscidea parviflora ssp. parviflora: Martyniceae) in the Greater Southwest. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 226-237. Banning, California, Malki Museum, Inc. [Included here is a thoroughgoing discussion of the uses made by O'odham, especially by the Papago and especially in basketry, of the devil's claw plant. Also discussed are the differences between the domestic and wild forms of the plant and of the Papagos' possible role in the domestication process.]

Brew, Susan A., and Annick George

    1979             Archaeological surveys of Stanfield Road in Pinal County and Cowlic Road in Pima County, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. 76 pp. [The survey along the Cowlic Road right-of-way on the Papago Reservation disclosed four archaeological sites, all four apparently prehistoric.]

Brew, Susan A., and Bruce B. Huckell

    1987             A protohistoric Piman burial and a consideration of Piman burial practices. Kiva, Vol. 53, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 163-191. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This report concerns excavation of the skeletal remains of a middle-aged male, presumably a Northern Piman. It is greatly enlarged by a survey of the literature and other known facts concerning Northern Piman -- including Papago -- customs with regard to disposal of the dead. Excellent article.]

Briggs, Lloyd V.

    1932             Arizona and New Mexico, 1882; California, 1886; Mexico, 1891. Boston, privately printed. Illus. 282 pp. [Briggs visited Mission San Xavier del Bac on April 23, 1882. He describes the mission and discusses that Papagos who live on the reservation (pp. 21-28). On April 25, he again visited the reservation, this time describing Papago houses (pp. 38-39); food (p. 39); "superstitions" and burial customs (pp. 39-40); marriage customs (pp. 40-41); and population, religion, and the "origin" of the Papagos (pp. 41-42). One photo shows the west and northwest walls on the interior of the west transept (facing p. 26); another is of what is described as an "olive-wood candlestick, 16th century" that was in the church until 1882 (facing p. 28); and a photo of the southwest elevation of the mortuary chapel, church, and east convento wing taken in 1921 (facing p. 39).]

                             Briggs describes Papago women walking to town carrying ollas to sell, and he says his guide and interpreter on the San Xavier reservation was William Troiel, who had lived there since 1878, who was married to "an Indian of unusual refinement," and who had visited San Xavier in 1856 as a soldier with Major Enoch Stein and four companies of U.S. Dragoons.]

    1966             Arizona and New Mexico, 1882; California, 1886; Mexico, 1891. New York, Argonaut Press, Ltd., for University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. Illus. 282 pp. [Reprint of Briggs (1932).]

Brinckerhoff, Sidney B.

    1967             The last years of Spanish Arizona, 1786-1821. Arizona and the West, Vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 5-20. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made that in 1797 Gila River Pimas were bringing captured Apaches to Tucson, "and leaving them with the Papagos as slaves." Brinckerhoff also notes that it was Father Juan Bautista Velderrain, O.F.M., who began construction of the church at Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1783 and who died there in 1790. He further mentions that in 1820 Father Juan Baño from San Xavier baptized sixty-seven peaceful Apaches who had settled near Tucson.]

Bringas de Manzaneda y Encinas, Diego M.

    1977             Friar Bringas reports to the King: methods of indoctrination on the frontier of New Spain, 1796-97. Translated and edited by Daniel S. Matson and Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., index 177 pp. [This is a major treatise on the methods used by Franciscans in the efforts to make Spanish Christians out of the Northern Piman Indians, Papagos included.]

Brinkman, Grover

    1997             The White Dove of the Desert -- miracle on a river. Mountain States Collector, July, p. 15. [This is a brief history of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Bronitsky, Gordon

    1985             The protohistoric Pimans of southeastern Arizona: a review of history, archaeology and material culture. In Southwestern culture history: collected papers in honor of Albert H. Schroeder [Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 10], edited by Charles H. Lange, pp. 139-151. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press. ["Papagos" are considered to be among the protohistoric Pimans. Bronitsky leans toward the view that Pimans are the direct descendants of the prehistoric Hohokam, although he stops short of totally committing himself to that view.]

Bronitsky, Gordon, and James D. Merritt

    1986             The archaeology of southeast Arizona: a class I cultural resources inventory [Cultural Resource Series, no. 2]. Phoenix, Arizona State Office of the United States Bureau of Land Management. Maps, illus., refs. xviii +523 pp. [This discussion of the prehistory, protohistory, and history of southeastern Arizona includes considerable data relating to the region's Piman material culture. There is also consideration of the Hohokam-Piman continuum question and the impact of Spanish incursion on Pimans, especially on the former Piman residents of the San Pedro River Valley. Pimans of the Santa Cruz River Valley are discussed as well.]

Brophy, Frank C.

    1970             The mystery of San Xavier del Bac. Arizona Highways, Vol. 46, no. 3 (March), pp. 20-35, 44-47. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one that begins with the arrival there in 1692 of Father Eusebio Kino, .S.J. Brophy mistakenly assumed there were three, rather than two, churches at San Xavier. He concludes his history with the restoration work done on the mission between 1905 and 1908 by Bishop Henry Granjon. The article is lavishly illustrated with color and black-and-white photos by Ray Manley, Ansel Adams, Dick Frontain, Jack Breed, Josef Muench, and Jeffrey Kurtzeman. Included is an excellent aerial view of the mission by Manley.]

Brown, Arthur T.

    1968             An architect views San Xavier del Bac. In San Xavier del Bac: a living mission, by Dick Frontain, pp. 5-8. Tucson, Los Amigos. [An architect who writes that, ASan Xavier del Bac is truly one of the great architectural gems of this hemisphere,@ recalls seeing it and the nearby Papago Indians for the first time in 1936. He briefly describes the church, but erroneously buys into the possibility that Athe domes were built by filling the church with sand, laying up the masonry, and then removing the sand,@ ignoring the fact that that much weight would explode the walls.]

Brown, Bryan T.; Lupe P. Hendrickson, R. Roy Johnson, and William Werrell

    1983             An inventory of surface water resources at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Technical Report, no. 10. San Francisco, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region; Tucson, The University of Arizona. [There is scattered mention throughout of the use by Sand Papagos of various water resources within the boundaries of the monument. See, for example, pages 17, 39, 44, 76, and 80.]

Brown, Cecil H.

    1977             Folk botanical forms: their universality and growth. American Anthropologist, Vol. 79, no. 2 (June), pp. 317-342. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association. [A discussion of such folk botanical life-form terms as "tree," "bush," "vine," and "grass" includes Papago terms as taken from the Papago-English dictionary by Saxton and Saxton (1969).]

Brown, David E.

    1972             The status of desert bighorn sheep on the Papago Indian Reservation. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions, Vol. 16, pp. 30-35. Las Vegas, Nevada, Desert Bighorn Council. [In 1972, Brown estimated that no more than fifty desert bighorn sheep remained alive on the Papago Indian Reservation, although he assumed that the bighorn (Ovis canadensis) inhabited most, if not all, the mountain ranges on the reservation.]

Brown, F. Lee, and Helen M. Ingram

    1987             Water and poverty in the Southwest. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, notes, index. 226 pp. [About half the book, chapters 9-16, are devoted to a study of the Tohono O'odham Nation's water history, water rights, and prospects for economic and political use of their water.]

Brown, Jeffrey L.

    1967             An experiment in problem-oriented highway salvage archaeology. Kiva, Vol. 33, no. 2 (December), pp. 60-66. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Brown concludes that the artifacts from a stone tool assemblage from an archaeological site near Carmen in southern Arizona range in time from ca. 2,000 B.C. to recent Papago.]

Brown, K.S.; B.L. Hanna, A.A. Dahlberg, and H.H. Strandskow

    1958             The distribution of blood group alleles among Indians of southwest North America. American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 10, no. 2 (June), pp. 175-195. Baltimore, American Society of Human Genetics. [While Papagos were not included in the authors= original sample, there are several references to them. They write that Pueblo groups have a higher frequency of blood type "A" than do Papagos and others (p. 180); Papagos are included in a table showing ABO allelic frequencies of Southwest Indian populations (p. 181); and Papagos have a significantly lower frequency of allele Ia, type A blood, than do Pima (p. 187).]

Brown, K.S., and R.S. Johnson

    1970             Population studies of southwestern Indian tribes III. Serum protein variations of Zuni and Papago Indians. Human Heredity, Vol. 20, pp. 281-286. Basel, Switzerland, and Munchen, New York, S. Karger. ["Data on four polymorphic serum proteins: group specific, haptoglobin, albumin, and transferrin are reported for the Zuni and Papago Indians tribes. The relationship between tribes of the southwestern part of North America suggested by these data are discussed briefly."]

Brown, Lonna

    1963             Father Garces. In Explorations [Arizonac 1963], unpaged. Tucson, Devilaire, Sunnyside High School. [This is a four-page sketch by a high school student of the life of Father Francisco Garcés, O,.F.M., the first Franciscan assigned to Mission San Xavier del Bac (1768). The author writres, AWhen Father Garces arrived at the mission he found much evidence of neglect. The Pimas were lazy and had stopped practicing their religion.@]

Brown, Virginia B.

    1968             A review of the activities of the public health nurses of the Sells Service Unit. Tucson, Division of Indian Health, Health Program Systems Center. [AAn analysis of the activities and interaction patterns of the Public Health Nursing operations of the Sells Service Unit is presented. Areas discussed include services provided, scope of services, location of services, and the communication and interaction patterns within the PHN sub-system and among the various sub-systems of the total health delivery system. This analysis presented an itemized breakdown of nursing activities revealing the large amount of time (almost 20%) spent in travel to provide nursing service on the Papago Reservation. The need for a more precise routine reporting system was indicated in this study.@]

Brown-Kampen, Catherine

    1978             The maze of life design of the Pima-Papago. Masterkey, Vol. 52, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 67-70. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [This is a discussion of the meaning of the maze design among Pima and Papago as told to the author by a Papago living in Tempe, Arizona. Accompanied by a photo of a Papago basket with a "man-in-the-maze" design, this interpretation is best described as "one person's opinion."]

Browne, J. Ross

    1864-65       A tour through Arizona. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. 29, no. 173 (October), pp. 553-574; no. 174 (November), pp. 689-711; Vol. 30, no. 175 (December), pp. 22-33; no.176 (January), pp. 137-150; no. 177 (February), pp. 283-293; and no. 178 (March), pp. 409-423. New York, Harper and Brothers. [Illustrated with engravings from Browne's field drawings and paintings, this classic account of a visit made to southern Arizona and northern Sonora in 1864 includes many references to Papagos and to Mission San Xavier del Bac. Browne credits Papagos as those most adept at killing Apaches and says that for little pay they would be willing to protect U.S. soldiers against Apaches; he describes Papagos as living around Mission San Xavier; and he offers a drawing of "Captain Jose, Papago chief." A version of his painting of the south-southeast elevation of the mission and the plaza in the foreground is also printed here as an engraving.]

    1868             Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Harper and Brothers. Illus. 535 pp. [The first half of this book consists of a reprinting, with only slight and unimportant alterations, of Browne (1864-65).]

    1869             Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Harper and Brothers. Illus. 535 pp. [Identical to Browne (1868).]

    1871a           Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Harper and Brothers. Illus. 535 pp. [Reprint of Browne (1868).]

    1871b           Reisen und Abenteuer im Apachenlande. Three volumes. Illus. 486 pp. Jena, H. Costenoble. [A german translation of Browne (1868).]

    1880             Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Harper and Brothers. Illus. 535 pp. [Reprint of Browne (1868).]

    1950             A tour through Arizona, 1864, or adventures in the Apache country. Limited edition. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes. Illus. 292 pp. [The Arizona and Sonora portions of Browne (1868).]

    1951             A tour through Arizona, 1864, or adventures in the Apache country. Trade edition. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes. Illus. 292 pp. [The Arizona and Sonora portions of Browne (1868).]

    196-?            Tour through Arizona. Tombstone, Arizona, Tombstone Nugget Publishing Co. Illus. [Facsimile reproduction of Vol. 29, no. 173 (October) pp. 553-574 and of no. 174 (November), pp. 689-711 of Browne (1864-65).]

    1973             Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Arno Press. Illus. [Facsimile reproduction of Browne (1968).]

    1974a           Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, 1864. Re-edition, with introduction, annotations, and index by Donald M. Powell. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., index. xv + 297 pp. [This is a reprinted version, one with annotations and index, of the Arizona and Sonora portions of Browne (1869). Consult the index for Papago and San Xavier entries.]

    1974b           Adventures in the Apache country: a tour through Arizona and Sonora, with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. New York, Promontory Press. Illus., 535 pp. [Reprint of Browne 1871a.]

Browne, Lina F.

    1969             J. Ross Browne. His letters, journals & writings. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press. xxi + 419 pp. [In a letter written to Lucy Browne from San Xavier del Bac on February 19, 1864, Ross Browne says the mission is "... one of the most beautiful and picturesque edifices to be found on the North American continent" (pp. 293-94). This letter continues on pp 298-300. In other letters written from the Pima villages on March 10 and March 14, 1864, he tells of the escort of eight Papagos Indians who traveled with Browne and Charles Poston from Tucson to the Pima villages on the Gila River (p. 300). And in a letter written to Lucy Browne from Ft. Yuma on March 29, 1864, he says Jaeger agreed to pay Browne $500 for sketches Browne drew of Jaeger's "Pecacho" mine in the Papago country. And also here (p. 301), there is a quote from Browne (1864-65) noting the irony of the Mexicans', having driven Papagos from their homes, now having to seek protection of Papagos against Apaches. Browne asserts that Papagos always beat Apaches in fights.]

Brownell, Elizabeth R.

    1986             They lived in Tubac. Tucson, Westernlore Press. Illus., bibl., index. 284 pp. [This is chiefly a history of the Anglo period of the history of Tubac, a place that got its beginnings as a European community in 1752 when Spaniards established a presidio at this southern Arizona location. There is, however, a brief history of the Jesuit and Francisco missionary period of the region, and Papagos are specifically mentioned in connection with Mission San Xavier del Bac and with the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre in which Papagos were among those who killed a large group of Apache Indians.]

    1991             The presidio of Tubac. In Voices from the Pimería Alta, pp. 8-13. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This summary of the Spanish and Mexican-period history of Tubac, Arizona, alludes to Mission San Xavier del Bac as well as to the Pima Revolt of 1751 which led to the 1752 founding of the Spanish presidio at Tubac.]

Browning, Sinclair

    1982             Enju. The life and struggle of an Apache chief from the Little Running Water. Flagstaff, Northland Press. 154 pp. [A semi-fictionalized account of Eskiminzin, the Apache head of the band attacked in the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre. The role of the Papagos in the massacre is included.]

Broyles, Bill

    1982             Desert thirst. The ordeal of Pablo Valencia. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 357-80. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Pablo Valencia was a Mexican prospector who lost his way in the desert in the vicinity of the Tinajas Altas Mountains in southwestern Arizona in 1905. His plight was reported on in detail by W J McGee, and Broyles mentions that McGee was camped at the Tinajas Altas at the time in the company of a Papago camp-manager named José (p. 358).]

    1988             Desert archaeology: an interview with Paul H. Ezell, 1913-1988. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 398-449. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [A lengthy and well-annotated interview in which Ezell discusses, among many other topics, Tom Childs and the Sand Papagos.]

    1989             Cabeza Prieta: an austerely beautiful 860,010-acre refuge for Sonoran Desert wildlife. Arizona Highways, Vol. 65, no. 11 (November), pp. 4-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Included in this article is a note that, "Only the so-called Sand Papago Indians successfully lived here, and all but a handful of them moved away early in this century."]

    1993             The Devil's Highway. Arizona Highways, Vol. 69, no. 2 (February), pp. 4-13. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mentioned in this essay on the Camino del Diablo are the trek made here in 1699 by Father Eusebio Kino, founder of missions to the Piman Indians (including Mission San Xavier del Bac), and the Tohono O'odham prayer to I'itoi: "Please stop the wind."]

    1996a           Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: where edges meet. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps., illus., further reading. 64 pp. [Pages 45-47 tell about the use and occupancy by Tohono and Hia-Ced O'odham of the area that in 1996 was encompassed by the boundaries of this national monument. Included are four photos of O'odham harvesting and preparing saguaro fruit; one of construction of a rectangular brush house; and one of two women with large burden baskets. Emphasized here is the nature of the cooperative relationship between the O'odham and these Sonoran Desert surroundings.]

    1996b           Surface water resources for prehistoric peoples in western Papaguería of the North American south-west. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 33, pp. 483-495. New York, Academic Press. [This paper lists and quantifies perennial and intermittent water resources in the western Papaguería that would have been available to prehistoric as well as historic Hia-Ced O'odham and Areneños/Pinacateños.]

    2003             Our Sonoran Desert. Tucson, Rio Nuevo Publishers. Map. Illus. 75 pp. [This lavishly color-illustrated overview of the Sonoran Desert includes a reproduction of the mid-nineteenth century color lithograph based on a delineation by Arthur Schott (here wrongly attributed to Nathaniel Michler {1859}) of Papago women harvesting organ pipe cactus fruit. Broyles also lists northern O=odham groups, including the Tohono O=odham and Hia-ced O=odham as among the Alikely@ descendants of the Hohokam. He says Tohono O=odham do some farming but prefer ranching, and he notes that the first European explorers in the region encountered Tohono O=odham.]

    2004             Sonoran Desert National Monument. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80. No. 2 (February), pp. 20-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With spectacular color photos by Jack Dykinga, this is about a national monument created in southern Arizona in January 2001 that includes land formerly utilized for hunting and gathering by Gila River Pimas and Tohono O=odham. Opines Broyles: AAnd, there are too few (place) names from the Pima, Maricopa or Tohono O=odham languages@ on the maps.]

Broyles, Bill, and Richard S. Felger

    1997             El Gran desplobado. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 39, nos. 3-4 (Autumn-Winter), pp. 303-04. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [Writing about the need for conservation measures to preserve the wilderness and other qualities of the "Grand Desert" country of southwestern Arizona, northwestern Sonora, and northeastern Baja California, the authors observe: "Governments of Mexico, the United States, and the Tohono O'odham Nation profess to care."]

Bruchac, Joseph

    1992             Waw Giwulk: the center of the basket. Parabola, Vol. 17, Summer, pp. 52-53. Mt. Kisco, New York, Tamarack Press for the Society for the Study of Myth and Traditions. [AWaw Giwulk@ is Baboquivari, the peak that represents the center of the Tohono O=odham universe.]

Bruckner, Janice S.

    1993             AThe human subtalar joint: a theme on variation.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 195 pp. [This study concerns a joint that enables the foot to convert from a mobile, shock absorbing structure to a rigid, propulsive lever. This study included, among many other skeletal and living subjects, sixty-one living subjects from the Tohono O=odham Nation of Arizona.]

Bruder, J. Simon

    1975             Historic Papago archaeology. Anthropological Research Papers, no. 9, pp. 271-337. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. [Also see Goodyear (1975). The Papago archaeology discussed here is that of sites in the northwestern quadrant of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1977             Changing patterns in Papago subsistence strategies: archaeology and ethnohistory compared. Kiva, Vol. 42, nos. 3-4 (Spring-Summer), pp. 233-256. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of 28 archaeological sites, presumably Papago in origin, located in the south end of the Slate Mountains in the Sif Oidak District of the Papago Indian Reservation. Analysis focuses on the saguaro harvest camps. The archaeological data, combined with historical and ethnographic information, suggest that saguaro harvest camps have survived to the present while smaller camps established for collection of other kinds of wild food resources disappeared about 1915. Three maps, a photo of saguaro fruit collection equipment, and a plan of a saguaro harvest camp accompany the text.]

    1991             A look at archaeological-ethnobotanical collaboration in Hohokam studies. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 189-205. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Bruder quotes James (1987) who, in turn, quotes Castetter and Underhill (1935), that, "among the Papago, deer were hunted only by men who were considered specialists in this activity" (p. 198).]

Bruhn, Jan G.

    1971             Carnegiea gigantea: the saguaro and its uses. Economic Botany, Vol. 25, no. 3 (July/ September), pp. 320-329. Lawrence, Kansas, Society for Economic Botany. [There is a lengthy discussion here of Papago uses of the saguaro, virtually all of it based on other published sources. He mentions such products as food, wine, oil tanning material, shelter, fences, cups, gathering sticks, and ceremonial uses.]

Brusca, Richard C., and Robert J. Edison

    2003             Introduction. sonorensis, Vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 1-3. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [In their introduction to this special issue of sonorensis on the Santa Cruz River of northern Sonora and southern Arizona, the authors write, AFather Eusebio Francisco Kino, a Jesuit missionary, was the first European to explore the upper and middle reaches of the Santa Cruz River Valley in the early 1690s. When Kino and the first Spanish colonists arrived in the Santa Cruz River Valley they found numerous villages of Piman Indians along the riverbanks. Over the next 150 years the Spanish and then the Mexicans established cattle ranches, farms, mines, missions, and presidios (forts) in the Santa Cruz River Valley, and with their Piman allies they defended themselves from constant Apache attacks.@ The authors go on to point out that a coalition of entities has been formed for conservation efforts in the Santa Cruz River Valley, the Tohono O=odham Nation being a part of it.]

Bryan, Kirk

    1920a           Geology and physiography of the Papago country, Arizona. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 10, no. 1 (January 4), pp. 52-53. Easton, Pennsylvania, Washington Academy of Sciences. [A brief discussion of the geology and physiography of the Papago country of southern Arizona, reporting results of a detailed field survey made between September 4 and December 23, 1917.]

    1920b           "Geology, physiography, and water resources of the Papago country, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. 18 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

    1922a           Erosion and sedimentation in the Papago country, Arizona, with a sketch of the geology. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 730-B, pp. 19-139. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Land forms in the Papaguería and their possible origins are discussed. Many photographs and other illustrations accompany this consideration of the geologic processes active in the production of the desert landscape.]

    1922b           Routes to desert watering places in the Papago country, Arizona. United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, 490-D, pp. 317-429. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This study was written as a guide showing the location of water resources for potential travelers in the Papaguería. It consists chiefly of road logs with detailed directions on how to find water as well as other localities. Papagos, in general, are discussed on pages 322-26. The report is illustrated and is accompanied by excellent maps.]

    1925             The Papago country, Arizona [United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, 499]. Washington, Government Printing Office. Maps, illus., index. 436 pp. [Inclusive of Bryan 1922b, this monumental work covers the entire Papaguería, including areas beyond the limits of the reservation. Included are an historical sketch; description of Papago Indians (pp. 23-29); climate; flora; fauna; geology; physiography; geologic and physiographic history; surface water; ground water; guide to watering places; and road logs. The maps include those in a pocket that fold out, and are excellent. Bryan did his field work for this study in 1917.]

    1929             Flood water farming. Geographical Review, Vol. 19, no. 3 (July), pp. 444-456. New York, American Geographical Society. [Bryan describes how Papagos gather flood water runoff in streams in well-defined channels to water fields for growing crops (p. 449). He observes that, "The Papagos and Hopis even today cultivate such fields 20-30 miles from their winter residences" (p. 452).]

Bryner, Leonid

    1959             "Geology of the South Comobabi Mountains and Ko Vaya Hills, Pima County, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The South Comobabi Mountains and Ko Vaya Hills are on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Bucareli y Ursua, Antonio María. See Bolton translator and editor, 1930k, l, and m

Bucher, Mark

    1936a           Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 16, no. 1 (February), pp. 91-93. Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press. [Father Bucher, a Franciscan, once was stationed at Mission San Xavier del Bac. He states that the present church was built entirely by Franciscans, and he claims in his article to have found the location of Father Eusebio Kino's original church (which, in fact, never existed) north of the present village of San Xavier. Also see Anonymous (1940n).]

    1936b           Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, supplement for December, pp. 433-434. [Casa Grande, Arizona], Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Reprint of Mark Bucher (1936a).]

Bucher, Ray

    1992             Province planning. Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 2 (February), pp. 3-4. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Among plans by Franciscans of the St. Barbara Province "to initiate, expand, and support ministries that express these new forms of evangelization" are those that call for having novices spend a few months at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation, and to encourage friars to spend some time in Topawa as well.]

Buck, Joan J.

    2004             Under the Tucson sun. Travel + Leisure, February, pp. 154-161, 175-180. New York, American Express Publishing Corporation. [Pages 176-177 are devoted to a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Athe parish church of the Tohono O=odham; their land begins six feet from the mission door. Father Stephen Barnufsky (whose photo is on page 158), who came from Oakland to be the pastor of San Xavier last March, says, >I=m living on their land and trying to learn about their culture. I would not hold a Mass in Spanish; it is not their language.=@ Buck also characterizes the Tohono O=odham and Yaqui as the desert=s Atrue inhabitants.@]

Buhrow, Russ

    1995             Plants of the Sonoran Desert. Devil's claw, E'hook, Unicorn Plant. Proboscidea parviflora, P. altheafolia. Desert Corner Journal, November/December, p. 1. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [An illustrated essay about this plant notes that its fruit, "known as devil's claw or in the Tohono O'odham, 'E'hook,' is useful for its edible (and tasty) oily seeds and its claws are used for basket fibers. The fiber splints are very durable and I have seen baskets used in households and for feasts that have lasted for 100 years without the bottom wearing out. ... Proboscidea parviflora was domesticated in the northern Sonoran Desert, probably by the Tohono O'odham."]

    1997             Sandfood. Pholisma sonorae (Ammobroma sonorae). Desert Corner Journal, May/June, p. 2. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [This is an illustrated essay about a rare plant that grows in southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora whose roots were an important food source to the Hia C-ed O'odham, or "Sand Papagos."]

    2002             Populus fremontii, Fremont Cottonwood, alamo, auppa. Desert Corner Journal, January/February, p. 5. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [Buhrow writes that cottonwood, auppa in Piman, is a tree whose male flowers were formerly eaten and female flowers were formerly used like chewing gum by Pimans (Tohono O'odham and Gila River Pimas).]

Bull, Fred T.

    1987             Superintendent's update. Your Sunnyside Story, Vol. 21, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Tucson, Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12. [A meeting held at Sunnyside High School concerning student dropouts was attended by Tohono O'odham Nation chairman Josiah Moore.]

Bundy, Jay

    1962             Amateur scientists hunt lost village. Provincial Annals, Vol. 24, no. 2 (April), p. 95. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a reprint of an article that appeared in the March 21, 1962 edition of the Arizona Register newspaper. It tells about excavations being carried out by volunteers and directed by professional archaeologists Bernard Fontana and J. Cameron Greenleaf in the plaza immediately to the south of Mission San Xavier del Bac on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Bunker, Robert

    1956             Other men's skies. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. Map, illus. 256 pp. [Included here (pp. 245-56) is a discussion of the Papago Indians, their tribal government and how it deals with outside agencies, and Tom Segundo, the Papago Tribal Chairman.]

Bunker, Robert, and John Adair

    1959             The first look at strangers. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press. Illus. 151 pp. [This book deals with results of a total of three summers' field work by University of Arizona and Cornell University students who examined the intercultural and communication problems of Papagos, Navajos, and Spanish-Americas. Chapter 4, pp. 61-79, deals with the Papagos.]

Bunson, Margaret, and Stephen Bunson

    2000             Faith in the wilderness. The story of Catholic Indian missions. Huntington, Indiana, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division. Illus., index. 271 pp. [There are very brief and scattered allusions here to Mission San Xavier del Bac, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., Fray Francisco Garcés, O.F.M., and other Spanish-period missionaries who worked among the Northern O'odham. Consult the book's index for scattered mention of Papago Indians.]

Bunting, Bainbridge; Thomas R. Lyons, and Margil Lyons

    1983             Penitente brotherhood moradas and their architecture. In Hispanic arts and ethnohistory in the Southwest, edited by Marta Weigle with Claudia Larcombe and Samuel Larcombe, pp. 30-79. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press. [Mention is made (p. 79) of penitential pilgrimages made by people walking or going on their knees between Tucson and Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Burba, Nora

    1987             Arizona=s architectural legacy. Phoenix Home & Garden, Vol. 7, no. 3 (January), front cover, pp. 54 et seq. Phoenix, Phoenix Home & Garden. [A part of this architectural legacy is the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac shown here in a color inset on the front cover and on page 55, the same photo, by Gill Kenny.]

Burckhalter, David

    1999             Among turtle hunters & basket makers. Adventures with the Seri Indians. Tucson, Treasure Chest Books. Map, illus., glossary, bibl., index. xiv + 130 pp. [Burckhalter opines that Seri Indian Chico Romero possibly was part O'odham, as evidenced by his white beard (p. 33). Tohono O'odham and Seri baskets are contrasted (pp. 53-54); Seri and Tohono O'odham shared salt deposits near Puerto Lobos (p. 77); Tohono O'odham were involved with Mexicans and Seris in a battle on Tiburón Island against Yaquis in the early 20th century, one in which nervous O'odham inadvertently killed Seris (pp. 88-90); in 1905 Tohono O'odham guide "Juan Dolores" (sic! should be Dolores Valenzuela) accompanies Thomas Grindell and others across the Sonoran Desert to coastal Sonora in Seri country (p. 90); Tohono O'odham were alleged to have found evidence of Seri cannibalism in the vicinity of Tiburón Island (pp. 90-91); and Tohono O'odham Juan Xavier visited Seris in 1941 with his anthropologist wife, Gwyneth Harrington (p. 95).]

Burge, Morris

    1938             Papago report. Newsletter, no. 3. New York, American Association on Indian Affairs.

    1949             Papago self government. The American Indian, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 23-28. New York, Association on American Indian Affairs. [Includes a discussion of Papagos generally, the history of tribal government, and of Papago self government.]

Burgess, Martha A.

    1983             The tepary connection: a visit with W.D. Hood. Desert Plants, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3-7. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [This story of a non-Indian farmer who raises tepary beans on his farm near Coolidge, Arizona, includes mention of sales of the beans to Papagos on the Papago Indian Reservation, of bean-raising on the reservation, and of his donation of a machine to Papago farmers at Pisinemo.]

    1985             Docents in special events. sonorensis, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Summer), p. 16. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [A class was held at the Desert Museum that "took the form of a Papago basketry workshop in which everyone ended up with his/her own handmade basket as well as knowledge of the native plants used, the native people who have traditionally made them, and of the practical logistics of running a workshop."]

    1988             Arizona's amazing plants. Arizona Highways, Vol. 64, no. 10 (October), pp. 38-45. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This color-illustrated article about some of Arizona's more unusual plants notes that "Ajo" may be derived from a Tohono O'odham word meaning "paint." Also discussed is the Tohono O'odham use of the sand-food plant, or "dune-root," which grows in sand dunes in the western Papaguería.]

    1994             Cultural responsibility in the preservation of local economic plant resources. Biodiversity & Conservation, Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 126-136. London, Chapman & Hall. [AUnderstanding the relationships between indigenous people and their threatened economic plants can aid the conservation effort on many levels. ... Guidelines are offered for incorporating better cultural responsibility into ex situ conservation strategies. The concept of biocultural restoration is introduced with an example from an O=odham community of southern Arizona.@]

Burgess, Martha, and Gary Nabhan

    1992             Diabetes program update. Seedhead News, no. 37 (Summer), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Among matters discussed here are ongoing efforts to persuade Tohono O'odham diabetics (and others) to revert to a diet close to that of their aboriginal ancestors.]

Burgess, Tony L., and Martha A. Burgess

    1986             Clouds, spires & spines. In Tucson: a short history, by Charles W. Polzer and others, pp. 103-124. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center, Inc. [The desert experiences of Papago Indian Juanita Ahil with respect to her gathering of plants such as cholla buds and saguaro fruit for use as food are discussed. Also mentioned are plants used by her in basketry. There is a photograph of her crushing mesquite pods with the use of a stone mortar-and-pestle.]

Burkhalter, Barton R.

    1979             Investigations of rapidly-changing Papago tribal health programs. Sells, Arizona, Papago Tribe of Arizona. Illus., bibl. viii + 125 pp. [Both Papago medical care and mental health programs are discussed.]

Burkhalter, Barton R.; Cheryl K. Ritenbaugh, and Gail G. Harrison

    1981             Trends in infant feeding among Southwest American Indians: 1900-1980. s.l., privately printed. [Trends in Papago breast feeding are described and discussed on pages 126-36. The trend is from 100% breast feeding until the 1940s to less than 30% in the late 1970s. The authors argue this trend is deleterious to good health.]

Burland, Cottie

    1965             North American Indian mythology. London, Paul Hamlyn Ltd. Maps, illus., index. 153 pp. [Montezuma and the Papago creation legend are discussed on page 102.]

Burns, J. Robert

    1934             Papago pilgrimage to ancient ceremonies. Tucson, Vol. 7, no. 11 (November), pp. 3-4, 17. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [This article is about the fiesta of San Francisco Xavier observed by Papagos at Mission San Xavier del Bac. It is accompanied by photographs of the procession as well as of the interior and exterior of the church.]

Burrus, Ernest J.

    1961             Kino=s first report on his first permanent mission. Manuscripta, Vol. 5, pp. 164-169. St. Louis, St. Louis University Library. [This is the first report written by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino on his first permanent mission among the Northern Piman Indians, his 1687 establishment at Mission Dolores of Cosari, Sonora.]

    1962             Kino, historian=s historian. Arizona and the West, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 145-156. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This essay is about the writings of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer Jesuit missionary and pioneer European among the Northern Piman Indians. Most of these writings recount Kino=s experiences among the Northern Pimans.]

    1963             Misiones norteñas mexicanas de la Compañia de Jesús, 1751-1757 [Biblioteca Histórica Mexicana de Obras Ineditas, no. 25]. México, Antigua Librería Robredo de José Porrúa e Hijos, Sucs. [Papagos are mentioned on pages 49, 512, 67-70, and 77; Sobaipuris on page 69; and Pimas on pages 31, 45, 48-81, and 104-06. There is also an account of the laying of the cornerstone of Father Alonso Espinosa's 1756 church at Mission San Xavier del Bac by Governor Juan Antonio de Mendoza (p. 70).]

    1965a           Dedication address. In Acceptance of the statue of Eusebio Francisco Kino presented by the State of Arizona [House Document, no. 158, 89^th Congress, 1^st session], pp. 31-40. Washington, United States Government Printing Office. [Father Burrus, in delivering the major address on the occasion of the acceptance of the statue of Father Eusebio Kino in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C., summarizes the life and career of the pioneer missionary among the Northern Piman Indians, specifically mentioning San Javier del Bac, San Cosme de Tucson, and Santa Catalina, O=odham settlements in southern Arizona.]

    1965b           Kino and the cartography of New Spain. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 104 pp. [This is a richly-illustrated study of the cartography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, including reproductions of all of his known maps of the Pimería Alta for the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries, maps placing the location of Piman settlements and Spanish missions.]

    1971             Kino and Manje. Explorers of Sonora and Arizona; their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10]. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. Map, bibl., index. xi + 793 pp. [This monumental work includes a 278-page discussion by Father Burrus of late 17^th and early 18^th-century expeditions in the Pimería Alta by alférez Juan Mateo Manje (1971), capitán Diego Carrasco (1971), and Father Juan Maria Salvatierra (1971), as well as a description and proposal by Father Luis Velarde (1971) concerning the Pimería Alta. Nearly thirty documents by these individuals are published here in the original Spanish with Father Burrus=s footnotes. Consult the index for numerous citations to Pimas, Pimería Alta, and to individual missions of the Pimería Alta.]

    1971             Also see Kino (1971)

Burrus, Ernest J., and Félix Zubillaga, compilers and editors

    1986             El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Map, bibl., index. xli + 674 pp. [Includes here are twenty- nine documents relating to Jesuit missions in Sonora (pages 133-362) many of them to missions in the Pimería Alta. There is also a biographical note (page 73, n. 48) by the editors concerning Father Tomás Tello, the Jesuit missionary at Caborca who was killed by Pimans in the Pima Revolt of 1751. The introduction also contains background information on the Pima Revolt (pp. xxxi-xxxii).]

Burrus, Ernest J., translator and editor

    1961             See Kino (1961a, b)

    1963             See Kino (1963a)

    1965             See Kino (1965)

Burt, Larry W.

    1977             Factories on reservations. The industrial development programs of Commissioner Glenn Emmons, 1953-1960. Arizona and the West, Vol. 19,. no. 4 (Winter), pp. 317-322. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A garment factor built in Casa Grande, Arizona in 1956 was supposed to employ Pima and Papago Indians. However, in August, 1958, after seventeen months of operation, it employed seventeen whites and one Pima woman (p. 237).]

Burton, Jeffrey F.

    1992a           Remnants of adobe and stone. The surface archeology of the Guevavi and Calabazas units, Tumacacori National Historical Park, Arizona [Publications in Anthropology, no. 59]. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. Maps, illus., appendices, refs. viii + 34 pp. [Presented here are results of an archaeological survey carried out on the surface of the sites of missions Guevavi and Calabazas in southern Arizona, both former Northern Piman settlements. Their Spanish-period history is briefly outlined in this report.]

    1992b           San Miguel de Guevavi. The archeology of an eighteenth century Jesuit mission on the rim of Christendom [Publications in Anthropology, no. 57]. Maps, plans, illus., refs. cited, appendices. xii + 154 pp. [This is a detailed report on excavations carried out in 1991 at the site of Guevavi Mission in southern Arizona, a place founded in 1691 by Jesuits and abandoned in the 19^th century. The report, which includes essays by an additional ten investigators, contains numerous references to the former O=odham inhabitants of the site. Burton provides chapters titled, AIntroduction@; AEnvironmental Description@; ACultural Background,@ including sections on history, legends, and previous research; ASite Description@; AMethods@; AArchitecture, Features, and Stratigraphy@; @Historic Artifacts@; and ASummary and Conclusions.@ For comparative purposes of how the church at Guevavi may once have appeared, photos and plans of Mission San Antonio de Oquitoa, another mission of the Pimería Alta, are included as well (appendix G).]

Burton, Jeffrey F.; Lynne M. D=Asencio, and Alex V. Benitez

    1992             Indigenous artifacts. In San Miguel de Guevavi. The archeology of an eighteenth century Jesuit mission on the rim of Christendom [Publications in Anthropology, no. 57], by Jeffrey F. Burton, pp. 55-87. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. This description and analysis of Indian-made artifacts recovered from the ruins of Mission Guevavi in southern Arizona includes a listing and description of 851 sherds of Papago pottery. Most of the stone tools recovered are also likely to have been O=odham in origin.]

Bushnell, Scott M.

    1989             A writer's eye. Wesleyan, Vol. 71, no. 4 (Winter), front cover, pp. 4-9. Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University. [This illustrated article about author and watercolor painter Paul Horgan reproduces in color Horgan's March, 1967 watercolor sketch of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Buskirk, Winfred

    1986             The Western Apache: living with the land before 1850. Foreword by Morris E. Opler. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Illus., bibl., index. 273 pp. [Papagos are mentioned as being neighbors of the Western Apaches; as enemies of the Apaches, suffering raids from the latter when they went out to gather saguaro fruit; as using a knife rather than a hatchet for trimming mescal; and as having influenced certain aspects of Apache culture.]

Bussche, Wolf von dem

    1993             Totem: the Papago legend of the creation of the giant cactus, called saguaro. Introduction by Malcolm Margolin. Berkeley, Three Plowshares. Illus. vii + 12 pp. [A dozen photographic images of the saguaro cactus accompany a text re-telling the Papago legend of the creation of the giant cactus.]

Bustamente T., Francisco

    1987             Historia de la portada. Arizona Hispana, núm. 1 (Octubre), p. 32. Tucson, Comunicación Social del Noroeste de México (COSNOMEX). [This is a summary of the history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, the mission being featured on the magazine=s cover in a color photo by Conrado Quezada (1987).]

Butcher, Harold

    1947             He saved the life of a savage. Desert Magazine, Vol. 10, no. 6 (April), pp. 24-26. El Centro, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is the recounting of a day in the life of Father Eusebio Kino, S.J., that of May 3-4, 1700, during which he rode from Mission Tumacacori to Mission San Ignacio to save the life of a Piman Indian whom Spanish soldiers were planning to beat, possibly to death. Earlier events in the life of Kino among the Piman Indians of southern Arizona and northern Sonora are related as well.]

Butler, Anne M.; Michael E. Engh, and Thomas W. Spalding, editors

    1999             The frontiers and Catholic identities. Maryknoll, New York, Orbis Books. Illus. xxxii + 221 pp. [This gathering of ninety-eight accounts relating to the Catholic Church in frontier situations includes one titled, AMissionaries visit Tucson and Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1864" (number 84).]

Butler, Ron

    1995             Saguaro National Park: celebrating the living symbol of the Southwest. Southwest Passages, Vol. 3, no. 3 (March), pp. 30-31. Phoenix, El Zaguan Publishing Co. [Mention is made that the Pima and Tohono O'odham "built their entire cultures around the saguaro. They still use the long, strong ribs of the plant's skeleton for building material and fuel, and jam is made from its rich, sugary fruit." The assertion is made that these Indians also "attribute special powers to the saguaro."]

    1997a           Glorious restoration. Américas, Vol. 49, no. 3 (June), pp. 4-5. Washington, D.C., Organization of American States. [A brief summary of a program of conservation inside the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac between 1992 and 1997 mentions the involvement in it of four Tohono O'odham who received on-the-job training as conservators so they would qualify as caretakers on the church.]

    1997b           Souls of the mission. Portraits of the people who recently completed the interior renovation of the 200-year-old Mission San Xavier del Bac -- an international $2-million labor of love. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 15, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 58-63. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Color and platinum print photos accompany this article about the conservators who spent twenty months between 1992 and 1997 renovating the interior art of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Among those profiled are Tohono O'odham conservators Timothy Lewis, Donny Preston, Mark Lopez, and Gabriel Wilson.]

    1999                                     Tucson: a touch of the Old West mingles with urban sophistication in this Arizona oasis. Where to Retire, Spring, pp. 78-83. Houston, Texas, Vacation Publications, Inc. [Mention is made of the fact that the Tohono O'odham, living in the shadow of Kitt Peak National Observatory, still consult tribal medicine men, and there is a photo (p. 80) of the southwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Buttrey, T.V.

    1981             The >Tubac ingot.= Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 141, pp. 136-144. London, Royal Numismatic Society. [This is an illustrated account of a gold ingot struck with the inscription, TUBAC / 1707, with a Latin cross. The obverse bears a Jerusalem cross, the four quarters occupied by castle - V - K - castle. The author correctly observes, there was never a mission at Tubac, and that Amodern@ Tubac was not begun until 1752. He also notes the earliest written record of Tubac dates from 1726. Buttrey writes about the earlier activities of Father Eusebio Kino in the region, including his visits to Mission San Xavier del Bac. He concludes, correctly, AThe Tubac ingot is false, and has no historical meaning of value. It is the construction of a forgery of our own day ... .@ The ingot was first illustrated in the Encyclopaedia Brittanica in 1964 as pl. 2, no. 2 accompanying the article ANumismatics.@]

Buzaljko, Grace W.

    2003             Kroeber, Pope, and Ishi. In Ishi in three centuries, edited by Karl Kroeber and Clifton Kroeber, pp. 48-64. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press. [Mention is made of the fact that in 1913, Alfred Kroeber arranged to have his Papago (Tohono O=odham) friend, Juan Dolores, work at the Anthropological Museum in San Francisco as a substitute guard for four months and to stay on another month as a linguistic informant. Dolores and Ishi, the last of California=s Yahi Indians, who was then living at the museum, became friends. ADolores had been reared on the Papago reservation in Arizona, had graduated from Hampton Institute in Virginia, and usually worked as a teamster, in the traditional meaning of the word, or as a skilled laborer at large construction sites in the West@ (pp. 54-55). A note on p. 60 further elaborates: AIn 1918-19 Juan Dolores was a research fellow with the Berkeley department, and collected Papago texts ... from Papago informants in Arizona. These form part of a large collection of Papago language and folklore materials made by Dolores and Kroeber (1909-51), most of it by Dolores ... . In his later years Dolores worked regularly at the Museum as a preparator ... .@]

Bye, Robert A., Jr.

    1983             Vegetation and soils. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 98-104. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [The work of Castetter and Underhill (1935) concerning Papago ethnobiology is cited in a listing of works relating to Southwestern Indians and their uses of plants.]

Bye, Robert A., and Rita Shuster

    1984             Developing an integrated model for contemporary and archaeological subsistence systems. In Prehistoric agricultural strategies in the Southwest [Anthropological Research Papers, no. 33], edited by Suzanne K. Fish and Paul R. Fish, pp. 125-145. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. [This is a report on results of a 1979 and 1980 test garden planted in Montezuma County, Colorado, a garden that included Papago flour corn.]

Byrne, Rose

    1994             Archives. It's History! (April-June), p. 4. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Mentioned here is acquisition and processing by the Arizona Historical Society of the papers of Elsie Prugh Herndon, wife of a Presbyterian missionary and a woman who worked among the Tohono O'odham and who recorded many of their legends.]