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Pony Express
Historic Resource Study |
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ENDNOTES
Introduction
1 In 1925, Paramount Pictures made the first movie using the subject of the Pony Express. Based on the book The Pony Express: A Romance, written by Henry James Forman, the silent screen motion picture was directed by James Cruze, who was responsible for "Covered Wagon." The movie starred Ricardo Cortez as the heroic pony rider and also Wallace Beery. Director Cruze filmed the movie partly in Sacramento, and he even had a portion of the old city reproduced for the film. See: Henry James Forman, The Pony Express: A Romance, (New York: Gross & Dunlap, 1925); and Blake McVeigh, "The Pony Express Comes to the Screen," Union Pacific Railroad (November 1925): 15-16.
2 Western Journal of Commerce (Kansas City), 9 August 1860.
Chapter 1
1 Le Roy R. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869: Promoter of Settlements, Precursor of Railroads, Reprint of 1926 Edition (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1969), 37.
2 Carl H. Scheele, A Short History of the Mail Service (City of Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970), 80. In California, the population grew from an estimated 100,000 after the 1848 gold rush to 300,000 in 1858. By 1860, and the inauguration of the Pony Express, the population of California was estimated at 400,000. Raymond W. Settle, "The Pony Express: Heroic Effort—Tragic End," Utah Historical Quarterly Vol. XXVII (April 1959): 104.
3 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 38-41. For extensive histories of the subject of ocean route travel see: Arthur Hamilton Clark, The Clipper Ship Era, 1843-1869 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1910); John H. Kemble, The Panama Route, 1848-1869 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943); and Raymond Rydell, Cape Horn to the Pacific: The Rise and Decline of an Ocean Highway (Berkeley: University of California, 1952).
4 Scheele, A Short History of the Mail Service, 80-81; Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 47; and Arthur Chapman, The Pony Express: The Record of a Romantic Adventure in Business (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1932), 30-31 and 37.
5 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 45-46.
6 Settle, "The Pony Express: Heroic Effort—Tragic End," 104-105.
7 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 47-49.
8 Alvin F. Harlow, Old Waybills: The Romance of the Express Companies (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1934), 195.
9 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 63-64.
10 Thompson and West, History of Nevada with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of The Prominent Men and Pioneers, Reproduction, (Berkeley: Howell-North Publishers, 1958), 102-105; and Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of Nevada, Colorado and Wyoming, Vol. XXV (San Francisco: The History Company, Publishers, 1890), 226-227.
11 Thompson and West, History of Nevada, 102-105; Bancroft, History of Nevada, Colorado and Wyoming, 226-227; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 64.
12 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 64-69.
15 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 61-63; Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 164; and J.V. Frederick, Ben Holladay, The Stage Coach King: A Chapter in the Development of Transcontinental Transportation (Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1940), 48-49.
16 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 164-169; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 62-63.
17 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 62-63; and Frederick, Ben Holladay, The Stage Coach King, 48-49.
18 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 80-81.
24 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 89-90; and Richard A. Bartlett, The New Country: A Social History of the American Frontier, 1776-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 302-303.
25 For one description of the so-called "Utah War," and the "invasion" see Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 170-194.
26 Frederic Paxson, History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1924), 462-463.
27 Bartlett, A Social History of the American Frontier, 1776-1890, 302-303; and Frederick, Ben Holladay, The Stage Coach King, 52.
28 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 91-92.
29 For additional material on the Butterfield Overland Mail Company see also Roscoe P. and Margaret B. Conkling, The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1857-1869 (Glendale, California: A.H. Clarke Company, 1947); and Waterman Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1954). The later is a reprint of a series of eight articles published in the New York Herald at various times from September 26 to November 19, 1858.
30 Scheele, A Short History of the Mail Service, 81-82.
31 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 92-95.
32 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 95-99; Bartlett, A Social History of the American Frontier, 1776-1890, 302-303; and Paxson, History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893, 463-464.
33 Scheele, A Short History of the Mail Service, 81-82; Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 95-99; and Robert Glass Cleland, A History of California: The American Period (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1922), 364.
34 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 109-110; and Morris F. Taylor, First Mail West: Stagecoach Lines on the Santa Fe Trail (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1971), 48.
35 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 110-111.
36 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 110-111; and Ralph Moody, Stagecoach West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967), 126.
37 Egan later associated himself with Chorpenning and helped him establish his overland mail/passenger line across Nevada. The circumstances and Egan's route are described in Howard E. Egan, Pioneering the West 1846 to 1878, Major Howard Egan's Diary (Salt Lake City: Skelton Publishing Company, 1917), 197-198 and 211.
38 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 112-115. For a list of unverified stations and distances along Chorpenning's new route, see Egan, Pioneering the West 1846 to 1878, 197-198.
39 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 35th Cong., 2nd sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1, 722.
40 Thompson and West, History of Nevada, 102-105; and Bancroft, History of Nevada, Colorado and Wyoming, 226-227; and Taylor, First Mail West, 48; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 114-115.
41 Ralph Moody, Stagecoach West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967), 127-128.
43 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 115-118; and Harlow, Old Waybills: Romance of the Express Companies, 196. For a full history of the Santa Fe mail route see Taylor, First Mail West .
44 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 105-108.
46 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 36th Cong., 1st sess., S. Ex. Doc. 2, 1408-1409; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 121-122 and 135.
47 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 122-126; and Glenn D. Bradley, The Story of the Pony Express (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1913), 6-8.
48 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 122-123.
49 Moody, Stagecoach West, 133-134.
50 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 36th Cong., 1st sess., S. Ex. Doc. 2, 1410-1412; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 133-136.
51 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 36th Cong., 1st sess., S. Ex. Doc.2, 1410-1413.
52 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 1409; Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 135-136; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 133-135.53 U.S. Congress, Senate, Report of the Postmaster General, 36th Cong., 1st sess., S. Ex. Doc.2, 1411.
Chapter 2
1 Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company, 1955), 22.
3 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 1-4; and Ralph Moody, Stagecoach West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967), 139-140.
4 Raymond W. and Mary Lund Settle, War Drums and Wagon Wheels: The Story of Russell, Majors and Waddell (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), 17-29 and 38.
6 Moody, Stagecoach West, 139-140; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 34-35 and 254.
7 Moody, Stagecoach West, 139-140; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 34-35 and 254.
8 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 33.
9 Moody, Stagecoach West, 139.
10 These other business ventures included land speculation, banking interests, railroads, road building, and insurance companies. Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 39.
11 Moody, Stagecoach West, 142; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 6-10.
12 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 31-32 and 37; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 142.
13 Moody, Stagecoach West, 143; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 31-32; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 6-10.
14 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 40; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 142-143.
15 Moody, Stagecoach West, 141.
16 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 10-13.
17 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 12-13; Moody, Stagecoach West, 142; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 37.
18Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 39-40; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 13.
19 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 9-10.
20 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 39.
21 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 40-43 and 45-46; Moody, Stagecoach West, 144; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 13-15.
22 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 40-43, and 45-46; Moody, Stagecoach West, 144; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 13-15.
23 Moody, Stagecoach West, 144-145; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 42-45.
24 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 14-15.
26 Moody, Stagecoach West, 146; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 47-48.
27 Moody, Stagecoach West, 147-148; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 51-53.
28 Moody, Stagecoach West, 149-153; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 49-79.
29 Moody, Stagecoach West, 149-153; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 83-85 and 90-92.
30 Eventually, Congress passed a deficiency bill to pay the firm for ordinary contracting hauling costs in 1857 and 1858 ($2,425,378.35), but Congress failed to authorize any payment to compensate the company's half million dollar claim for extraordinary losses in the Utah War. Moody, Stagecoach West, 149-153; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 83-85 and 90-92.
31 Howard R. Lamar, ed., The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1977), 296.
32 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 96.
33 Moody, Stagecoach West, 154-155; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 93-94; and Le Roy R. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869: Promoter of Settlement, Precursor of Railroads, Reprint of 1926 Edition (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1969), 146-147.
34 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 95-97; Moody, Stagecoach West, 154-160; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 148. For a full account of the development of the Leavenworth City & Pike's Peak Express Company see: George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part I: Solomon and Republican Route," Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XII, no. 3 (August 1944): 163-195. The station locations for the route can be found in George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part II: Solomon and Republican Route Concluded," Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIII, no. 4 (November 1944): 221-242.
35 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 148-149; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part I,": 187-195.
36 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 98-99.
37 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 150-153; Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 98-99; Moody, Stagecoach West, 165-166; and George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part III: The Platte Route," Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIII, no. 8 (November 1945): 485-490.
38 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 150-153; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 98-99.
39 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 99-100; Moody, Stagecoach West, 170-171, and 176-178; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part III: The Platte Route,": 491-495, and 506-509; and Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Empire on Wheels (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1949), 44.
41 For an interesting contemporary description of the "history" of Joseph A. Slade, see Mark Twain's, Roughing It, 1872, (New York: Airmont Books, 1967), 43-54.
42 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 99-100; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 170-171 and 176-178.
43 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 98-101; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 174-175.
44 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 94-95; and Moody, Stagecoach West, 154-155.
45 Another reason they decided to support William Russell was that they believed their military-freighting contract might not be renewed that year because of certain problems. Moody, Stagecoach West, 175-176.
47 Albert D. Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean: Life and Adventure on the Prairies, Mountains, and Pacific Coast (Hartford; American Publishing Company, 1867), 325; and Frank A. Root and William Elsey Connelley, The Overland Stage to California: Personal Reminiscences and Authentic History of the Great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express (1950 reprint) (Topeka: Published by Authors, 1901), 105.
48 W.F. Bailey, "The Pony Express," Century Magazine, LVI (October 1898): 882; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 165-166.
49 John M. Burke, compiler, Buffalo Bill: From Prairie to Palace, An Authentic History of the Wild West (New York: Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, 1893), 113-114.
50 W.F. Bailey, "The Pony Express," Century Magazine, (1898): 882-883.
52 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 182-184.
54 Moody, Stagecoach West, 181.
55 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 39-40; Moody, Stagecoach West, 181-182; and Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 165-166.
56 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184.
57 Frederic Paxson, History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1924), 465; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 36.
58 Apparently, Russell did not disclose the route's eastern terminus until practically the last moment. The citizens of Leavenworth complacently anticipated and expected that their city would become the eastern terminus for the Pony Express, since Russell, Majors, and Waddell had conducted their freighting business there for so many years. However, with the advantages offered by the citizens of St. Joseph, the firm selected that city over the anticipated location of Leavenworth City. Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 112; Settles, Empire on Wheels, 77; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 36-37; and Olaf T. Hagen, "The Pony Express Starts From St. Joseph," Missouri Historical Review XLIII (n.d.): 5-6. For a copy of the contract, see "Contract between Citizens of St. Joseph and the Central Overland California & Pike's Peak Express Company, March 2, 1860," Folder 1, Central Overland Contract, 1860 Collection (No. 1869), Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia.
59 In June 1860, in a dispute between Russell and Waddell over the management of the company, Benjamin Ficklin resigned his position. He was replaced by J.H. Clute. Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 117-118.
60 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 112-113.
61 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 40.
62 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 115-116.
63 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 41. The Settles state that they built stations between the eight or ten Chorpenning stations, but since Russell, Majors, and Waddell had not acquired the Chorpenning contract yet, it seems unlikely that they used Chorpenning's stations, even after they acquired the route in May 1860, when Postmaster General Holt annulled Chorpenning's contract.
64 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184 and 188-189.
65 James H. Simpson, Report of Explorations across the Great Basin in 1859 (Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press, 1966); and Donald L. Hardesty, "Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the Rock Creek Stage and Telegraph Stations," Report prepared for the Bureau of Land Management by University of Nevada, Reno Department of Anthropology, 1978, 5b-6c.
66 Moody, Stagecoach West, 183; Settles, Empire on Wheels, 79; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 41.
67 Settles, Empire on Wheels, 78.
68 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184-185.
69 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 106-108.
70 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 47.
71 Settles, Empire on Wheels, 81.
72 Simpson, Report of Explorations across the Great Basin, 46.
73 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 30 March 1860; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 79.
74 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184-185 and 187.
75 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 42.
77 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 184-185 and 187.
78 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 107-108; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 112.
79 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 170.
80 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 107-108. Rumor had it that Russell, Majors, and Waddell had even wagered a $50,000 bet with parties associated with the steamship lines that their pony express could reach Sacramento from St. Joseph in ten days—a wager that they won by twenty minutes. John W. Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains (Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Company, 1889), 41-45; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 58.
81 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 27 April 1860.
82 One of the earliest elaborate descriptions of that first ride in a secondary source can be found in Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains, 41-45. This account also contains lithographs illustrating the "Great Race Against Time" and the "Pony Express Riders Meeting on the Plains."
83 New York Times, 5 April 1860; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 57-58; Hagen, "The Pony Express Starts From St. Joseph,": 9-11; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 52-53.
84 New York Times, 5 April 1860; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 57-58; Hagen, "The Pony Express Starts From St. Joseph,": 9-11; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 52-53; and Louise Platt Hauck, "The Pony Express Celebration," Missouri Historical Review, Vol. XVII (July 1923): 435-440. Apparently, Johnny Frye may have been chosen to ride the first horse, but injured himself the day before. Richardson was chosen to replace him. See: Lee Starnes, "The Pony Express Mystery," Museum Graphic Vol. 3 (Winter 1951): 4, 10-11.
85 Orson F. Whitney, Popular History of Utah (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1916), 175; and J. Cecil Alter, Utah: The Storied Domain (Chicago: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1932), 310.
86 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 174; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 54.
87 New York Times, 1 May 1860; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 16 April 1860.
88 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 13, 14, 16 April 1860.
89 New York Times, 1 May 1860; Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 174; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 54.
90 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 109-110.
91 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 3 April 1860; Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 171; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 60-61.
92 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 176.
93 Russell R. Elliott, History of Nevada (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973), 93.
94 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 176.
95 Orson F. Whitney, Popular History of Utah (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1916), 175.
96 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded,": 54-55.
97 New York Times, 14 April 1860.
Chapter 3
1 Alexander Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier: Alexander Majors' Memoirs of a Lifetime on the Border (1893), edited by Colonel Prentiss Ingraham, Reprint (Columbus, Ohio: Long's College Book Co., 1950), 175.
2 John M. Burke, compiler, Buffalo Bill: From Prairie to Palace, An Authentic History of the Wild West (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, 1893), 118-119.
3 Richard F. Burton, "The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains," in Pony Express Issue, Nevada Historical Society Quarterly Vol. 3, no. 2 (April-June 1960): 7.
4 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 30 March 1860; Albert D. Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean (Hartford; American Publishing Company, 1867), 325; Burke, Buffalo Bill: From Prairie to Palace, 174.
5 Burton, "The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains,": 7.
7 John W. Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains: Reminiscences and Thrilling Incidents of the Romantic and Golden Age of the Great West, (Chicago; Belford, Clarke & Co., 1889), 58.
8 Le Roy R. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869: Promoter of Settlement, Precursor of Railroads, Reprint of 1926 Edition (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1969), 175.
9 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 175.
10 George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route Concluded," Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, (1946): 48; and Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Empire on Wheels (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1949), 79.
11 Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 325; and Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1862), 29.
12 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies, Part IV: The Platte Route ">Concluded,": 47.
13 Mark Twain, Roughing It, 1872, (New York: Airmont Books, 1967), 39.
14 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 174.
15 Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 325.
16 John W. Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains: Reminiscences and Thrilling Incidents of the Romantic and Golden Age of the Great West, Chicago; Belford, Clarke & Co., 1889, 46.
17 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 173-174.
18 See Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company, 1955, 73-112; and Frank A. Root and William Elsey Connelley, The Overland Stage: Personal Reminiscences and Authentic history of the Great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express (1950 Reprint), Topeka: Published by Authors, 1901, 125-132.
19 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 189.
22 Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849-1869, 179.
23 New York Tribune, 30 April 1860.
24 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 29 September 1860.
25 Chicago Tribune, 1 September 1860.
26 Chicago Tribune, 27 December 1860; and St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 27 December 1860.
27 Deseret News, 28 November 1860.
28 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 113-116.
31 Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains, 57.
32 New York Tribune 3, 14, 25 April 1860; San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 14 April 1860 and J. Cecil Alter, Utah: The Storied Domain (Chicago: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1932), 311.
33 Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 175.
34 Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains, 47.
37 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 48.
39 Burton, The City of the Saints, 29.
40 Burke, Buffalo Bill: From Prairie to Palace, 174.
41 Clampitt, Echoes from the Rocky Mountains, 59.
42 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 30 March 1860; and Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier, 175.
43 Gladys Shaw Erskine, Broncho Charlie: A Saga of the Saddle (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1934), 30.
<44/SUP> Burton, The City of the Saints, 29.
45 Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 325.
46 New York Tribune, 1 May 1860.
47 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 27 April 1860; and Chicago Tribune, 4 April 1860.
48 New York Tribune, 25 April 1860; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 30 April; and 10 May 1860.
49 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 10 April 1860.
50 Sacramento Daily Union, 26 April 1860.
51 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 10 May 1860.
52 Sacramento Daily Union, 30 April 1860.
53 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 23 May 1860; and Sacramento Daily Union, 14 April 1860.
54 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 24 May 1860.
55 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 33-34.
56 Chicago Tribune, 16 April 1860; and Martha C. Knack and Omer C. Stewart, As Long as the River Shall Run: An Ethnohistory of Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, 64-69.
57 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 23 April 1860.
58 For differing versions of this war see Russell R. Eliot, History of Nevada, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973, 92-94; Martha C. Knack and Omer C. Stewart, As Long as the River Shall Run: An Ethnohistory of Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, 71-75; and Edward C. Johnson, et al., Walker River Paiutes: A Tribal History, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1974, 30-33.
59 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 24 May 1860.
60 Russell R. Eliot, History of Nevada, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973, 92-94.
62 Chicago Tribune, 2 June 1860.
63 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 26 May 1860; Western Journal of Commerce (Kansas City), 7, 14 June 1860; Sacramento Daily Union, 14 June 1860; and Chicago Tribune, 13 June 1860.
64 Chicago Tribune, 19 June 1860.
65 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 26 May 1860; and Sacramento Daily Union, 14 June 1860.
66 Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage, 108.
67 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 26 May 1860; and Sacramento Daily Union, 1 June 1860.
68 Chicago Tribune, 27 June 1860.
69 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 5, 25 June 1860; Sacramento Daily Union 9 June 1860; Western Journal of Commerce (Kansas City) 7 June 1860; and Chicago Tribune 30 June 1860.
71 Sacramento Daily Union, 2 July 1860.
73 Western Journal of Commerce (Kansas City), 7 June 1860; and Chicago Tribune, 31 May 1860.
74 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 25 June 1860.
75 Sacramento Daily Union, 10 July 1860.
76 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 31 July 1860.
77 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 26 June 1860.
78 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 2 August 1860.
79 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 25 August 1860; and Chicago Tribune, 25 August 1860.
80 New York Times, 2 August 1860.
81 Western Journal of Commerce (Kansas City), 23 August 1860; and St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 4 September 1860.
82 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 21 August 1860.
83 Chicago Tribune, 23 August; 4 September 1860; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 21 August 1860.
84 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 13 August 1860. This incident was not the last delay in the mail service caused by incidents with Indians. In October, the Pony was delayed for 24 hours because several Indians had run off the ponies at Bear River Station near the Utah border. San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 29 October 1860.
85 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 17 August 1860.
86 St. Louis Missouri Democrat 25 August 1860.
87 Postmaster General Holt later changed his mind because the Omaha route proved 140 miles longer than the St. Joseph to Salt Lake City route. San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 24 October 1860.
88 New York Times, 20 October 1860.
89 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 13 October 1860.
90 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 16 October; 10 November 1860; and Sacramento Daily Union, 18 October 1860.
91 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 29 October 1860.
92 Sacramento Daily Union, 13, 15 November 1860; St. Louis Missouri Democrat 6 November 1860; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin 19 November 1860.
93 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 8 November 1860.
94 Chicago Tribune, 26 November 1860.
95 Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 325-326.
96 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 19 January 1861.
97 Deseret News, 28 November 1860.
98 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 27 November 1860.
99 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 29 December 1860.
100 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 21 January 1861.
101 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 1 February 1861.
102 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 168-171.
103 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 172; and Raymond W. and Mary Lund Settle, War Drums and Wagon Wheels: The Story of Russell, Majors and Waddell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966, 127-128.
104 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 172; and Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 124 and 161.
105 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 123-125.
110 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 138-142; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 176.
111 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 143-144.
114 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 11 January 1861.
115 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 149-151.
116 Floyd's case was dropped because clearly he was not involved and there was no proof to sustain the indictment. Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 151-155.
117 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 157-160.
120 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 161-162; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 14 March 1861.
121 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 161-164.
122 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company, 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
123 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 162-163; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 181-182.
124 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 161-164; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 181-182.
125 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 162-163; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 181-182.
126 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 164.
127 Deseret News, 13 March 1861.
128 Chicago Tribune, 21 May; and 28 June 1861.
129 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 27 March 1861.
130 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 165.
131 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 15 April 1861.
132 See W. Turrentine Jackson, "Wells Fargo: Symbol of the Wild West?" Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, no. 2 (April 1972): 190-191; and W. Turrentine Jackson, "Wells Fargo's Pony Expresses," Journal of the West Vol. XI, no. 3 (July 1972): 412-426.
133 See Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 165; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 184-186.
134 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 20 April 1861.
135 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 1 May 1861.
136 Settles, War Drums and Wagon Wheels, 165; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 179 and 187-188.
137 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 24 June 1861.
138 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 26 July 1861.
139 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 8, 17 August 1861.
140 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 12 August 1861; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 17 August 1861.
141 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 13 September 1861.
142 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 18 September 1861.
143 W. Turrentine Jackson, "Wells Fargo's Pony Expresses," Journal of the West Vol. XI, no. 3 (July 1972): 425.
144 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, March-October, 1861.
145 Chicago Tribune, 28 October 1861; and San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 7 November 1861.
146 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 4 December 1861.
147 For instance, the last of letters published list in the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin was printed on San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 22 November 1861.
148 San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 7 January 1862.
Chapter 4
2 Bartlett Boder, "The Pony Express," Museum Graphics Vol. XI, No. 2. St. Joseph (Spring 1959): 4.
3 Bartlett Boder, "There were Three Johnny Freys," Museum Graphics Vol. XI, No. 2. St. Joseph (Spring 1959): 24; and Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The Pony Express--Commemoration, Stables, and Museum,": 345.
4 Boder, "There were Three Johnny Freys,": 18; and "The Pony Express Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri," (Brochure) St. Joseph: Wing Printing Company.
5 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 1.
6 Boder, "The Pony Express,": 4.
7 Merrill Mattes and Paul Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska From St. Joseph to Fort Laramie, Nebraska History 41 (June 1960): 94; and Jacqueline Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas," The Happenings 18 (4): 8.
8 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 8.
9 "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370.
10 Mabel Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!: A History of The Overland Central Pony Express 1860-1861 Between Saint Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento and San Francisco, California (St. Joseph, Missouri: Robidoux Printing Company, Inc., 1961), 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska From St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114; L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Roy S. Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble (Berkeley, California: Howell-North, 1959), 145; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Company, 1955), 118; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 4; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
11 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 8.
12 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
13 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 8.
14 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95.
15 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 118.
16 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 94-95; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 5; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
17 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95.
18 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 9-10; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 6; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
19 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to FortLaramie,": 95.
20 "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370-371.
21 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 9-10; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 6.
22 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 9.
23 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95.
24 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95. L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson list the station as Gatchells on their "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959. The following sources identify the station as Kickapoo: "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Mabel Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 7; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 7; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
25 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 10.
27 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 118. The following sources identify Log Chain as a stage station: George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route," Kansas Historical Quarterly 13 (November 1945): 508-509; J. V. Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King (Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1940), 289; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 8; "70th Anniversary Edition Supplement to the Washington County Register," 16 September 1938, 12; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
28 "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 371.
29 "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370-371; Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 10-11; and Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95.
30 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 10-11; and "The Pony Express RidesAgain," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 371.
31 "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 371.
32 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 95.
33 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 118; Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 11; Coy, Roy. (ed.). Museum Graphics. Vol. XI, No. 2. St. Joseph (Spring 1959): 23; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
34 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 11-12.
35 Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508-509; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 119; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 9.
36 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 11-12.
37 Rowe Findley, "The Pony Express," National Geographic (July 1980): 52.
38 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 11-12.
39 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959, refer to the site as Laramie Creek. Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134, and Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 12 use Ash Point to identify the site. The following sources identify the site as Ash Point but mention its alternative names: "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 10.
40 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 12; and Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints, and Across the Rocky Mountains to California (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1862), 27.
41 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 12; and Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 96.
42 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 12.
43 The following sources list Guittard as a relay or home station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 118; Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 12-13; and Burton, The City of the Saints, 28-29. Guittard's is listed as a stage stop in Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508-509; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 11; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
44 Burton, The City of the Saints, 28-29.
45 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 13.
48 Burton, The City of the Saints, 28-29.The following sources identify Marysville as either a home or a relay station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; "The Pony Express Rides Again," Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370 (relay or home); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114 (home); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 120 (relay); Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 14; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 12; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
50 Eulalia Guise and Byron Guise, An Affair With the Past (1991), 35.
52 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 14.
53 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; "The Pony Express Rides Again, "Kansas Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1959): 370; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 114; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 120-121; Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 15; Burton, The City of the Saints, 30; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration." 13; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
54 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,": 15.
56 Coy, Roy. (ed.). Museum Graphics. Vol. XI, No. 2. St. Joseph (Spring 1959): 25.
56 Leo E. Dieker, "A Brief Historical Sketch: Hollenberg Ranch, Pony Express Station--Hanover, Kansas," n.d., n.p.
57 Lewin, "The Pony Express Trail in Kansas,': 16.
58 J.T. Bristow, The Overland Trail: Old Military Road and Pony Express Route (Kansas: Charles H. Browne and the Headlight Printshop), 14.; "Seventieth Anniversary Edition," The Washington County Register Vol. 70, No. 31, (September 16, 1938): 12.
59 "Claim Against C.O.C. & P.P. Express Co. by James Watson," 30 October 1861, Folder 2: Central Overland Bills, 1861, Corby Family Papers 1804-1905 (No. 86), Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
60 Frank A. Root and William Elsey Connelley, The Overland Stage to California: Personal Reminiscences and Authentic History of the Great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express (Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, 1901), 19 and 117.
61 J.T. Bristow, The Overland Trail, 14.
62 Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289.
63 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 2; Burton, The City of the Saints, 30; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
64 Ted Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail (n.p.: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, n.d.), 1.
65 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 115. Gregory Franzwa identifies the station as Rock House in Maps of the Oregon Trail (St. Louis, Missouri: Patrice Press, 1990), 61.
66 The following sources identify Rock Creek as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 115; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 122; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 1; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 61; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
67 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98.
68 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 122; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 3.
69 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 115; and Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 1.
70 Frederick, Ben Holladay, 289; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
71 Stanley B. Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers Along the Mormon and Other Great Western Trails (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 116.
72 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 61.
73 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
74 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 61.
75 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98.
76 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 115; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 1; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 63. Big Sandy is listed as a stage stop in Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 5; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
77 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98.
78 The following sources identify the station as Millersville: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 3; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 63. Others list it as Thompson's: Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express-- The Great Gamble, 145; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
79 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98; and Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289.
80 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98.
81 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
82 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 98; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 3; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 65; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 6.
83 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99. The following sources identify the station as Little Blue: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145.
84 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 7; and Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99.
85 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99.
86 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 8.
87 O. Allen, Allen's Guide Book and Map to the Gold Fields of Kansas and Nebraska (Washington: n.p., 1859), cited in Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
88 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99. The following sources identify Liberty Farm as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 123; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 5; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 69; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145.
89 Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
90 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99.
91 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 11.
92 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
93 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 123; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 5; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; and Franzwa, of the Oregon Trail, 73.
94 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 69-70.
95 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508; L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 12; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
96 Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 5.
98 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99.
99 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 13.
100 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 73.
101 The following sources identify the station as Sand Hill: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie, ": 99; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 5. Others call the stop Summit: Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289. Alternative names are listed in Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie, ": 99; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 5; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
102 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145.
103 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99.
105 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to FortLaramie,": 100; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 123; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 14; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
106 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959.
107 The following sources identify the station with a multitude of names: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Hooks Station); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 99 (Kearney Station, Dogtown, Valley City, Junction City, Hinshaw's Ranch); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 6 (same as Mattes and Henderson); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (Hooks Station); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145 (Hooks Station); Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 289 (Hook's); Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 123 (Valley Station); and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 74-75 (Valley Station, Valley City, Hook's Ranch).
108 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to FortLaramie,": 100.
109 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
110 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 123; and Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 7.
111 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 15.
112 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 100-101.
Chapter 5
1 George A. Root and Russell K. Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route," Kansas Historical Quarterly 13 (November 1945): 508.
2 Merrill Mattes and Paul Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie," Nebraska History 41 (June 1960): 101.
3 Merrill J. Mattes, The Great Platte River Road: The Covered Wagon Mainline Via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), 272.
4 The following sources identify the station as Platte or Platt's: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mabel Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!: A History of The Central Overland Pony Express 1860-1861 Between Saint Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento and San Francisco, California (St. Joseph, Missouri: Robidoux Printing Company, Inc., 1961), 134; Roy S. Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble (Berkeley, California: Howell-North, 1959), 145; Ted Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail (n.p.: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, n.d.), 7; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272; Gregory M. Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail (St. Louis, Missouri: Patrice Press, 1990), 75; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration" Folder: Stations in Nebraska & Colorado, Box 31: Manuscripts, 1925-1979 The Paul and Helen Henderson Oregon Trail Collection University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 16.
5 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
6 J. V. Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King (Glendale, California: Arthur H.Clark Company, 1940), 290; Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
7 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101.
8 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 76-77.
9 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; and Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272.
10 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Garden); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101 (Garden, Craig, Biddleman Ranch, Shakespeare); and Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272 (Garden, Shakespear's, Sydenham's Ranche, Biddleman's Ranch, Platte Stage Station).
11 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Garden).
12 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 76-77; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 17.
13 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272.
14 The following sources identify Plum Creek as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Company, 1955), 125; Ted Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail (n.p.: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, n.d.), 7-8; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272-273; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 78-79; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
15 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272-273; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
16 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 7-8; and Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 272-273.
17 The following sources list Willow Island/Willow Bend as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express, 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 79; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 19; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
18 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 79.
19 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101.
20 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273.
21 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101.
22 The following sources identify Midway as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273 (home stage station); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101-102 (home); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8 (home); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 81; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 125 (relay); Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 20 (home); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
23 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
24 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102.
26 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273.
27 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102.
28 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 273.
29 Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8.
30 Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
31 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 101-102.
32 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 21; and Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8.
33 Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 80.
34 The following sources list Gilman's or Gilman's Ranch as a relay and stage station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 274; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 8; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 80-81; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 125; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
35 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102-103; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 22.
36 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 22.
37 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 102-103.
38 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 274-275.
39 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 103; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
40 The following sources identify Cottonwood or Cottonwood Springs as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 275; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 103; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 9; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 82-83; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 125; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
41 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 104.
43 The following sources refer to Cold Springs as a Pony Express station and stage stop: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 277; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 104; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 10; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 85; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 24; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
44 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 104. Junction House Ranch appears as a station between Cottonwood Springs and Fremont Springs in Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
45 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 24; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
46 The following sources identify Fremont Springs as a Pony Express station and/or stage stop: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 277; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 10; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 85; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 125; and Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290.
47 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 25.
48 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 277.
49 Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290 (Elkhorn); and Root and Hickman, Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508 (O'Fallon's Bluffs).
50 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105; and Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 278.
51 The following sources identify a Pony Express and/or stage station near O'Fallon's Bluff: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Dansey's); Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 277 (O'Fallon's Bluff); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (O'Fallon's Bluff); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105 (Dansey's, Halfway House, and Elkhorn); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 10 (Dansey's); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 87 (Dansey's); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (O'Fallon's Bluff, Halfway House, and Elkhorn); Settles, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga, 125 (O'Fallon's Bluffs, Elkhorn, Halfway House); Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290 (Elkhorn); Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508 (O'Fallon's Bluffs); Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 26 (Dansey's, Elkhorn); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Dansey's).
52 The following sources identify Alkali Lake as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 278; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 10-11; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 89; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 27.
53 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company./I>
54 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105; and Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 278.
55 The following sources identify Gill's/Sand Hill as a relay and stage station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Gills); Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 278 (both); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 105 (both); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11 (both); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 89 (Gill's); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (Sand Hill); Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290 (Sand Hill); Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 28 (Gill's, Sand Hill); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Gills).
56 The following sources identify Diamond Springs as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 91; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 29; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
57 O. H. Hinrichs, "Diamond Springs Pony Express Station," The Goldenrod 2 (Winter 1932): 1-2.
58 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106.
59 The following sources identify Diamond Springs as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 91; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 29; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
60 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
61 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106; and Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508.
62 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 29.
63 The following sources identify Frontz/South Platte as a station: L. C. Bishop and PaulHenderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Frontz); U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Frontz); Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 279 (both); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106 (both); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11 (both); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (South Platte); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (South Platte); Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290 (South Platte); and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 30 (both).
64 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 279.
65 The following sources identify Julesburg as a Pony Express and stage station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 279; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106-107; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Frederick, Ben Holladay: The Stagecoach King, 290; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 126; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 31; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
66 Root and Hickman, "Pike's Peak Express Companies: Part III--The Platte Route,": 508; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 279; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 126; and Fort Sedgwick Historical Society, "Map of Historic Julesburg, 1967, Folder: Julesburg Area, Box 33: Manuscripts, 1925-1979 The Paul and Helen Henderson Oregon Trail Collection University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
67 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 106-107.
68 The following sources list Nine Mile as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 471; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 107; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 32; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
69 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 107; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
70 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 471; and Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 11-12.
71 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 34.
72 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 107-108.
73 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 471; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 12; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 34; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
74 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 108; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 35.
75 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 108.
76 Paul Henderson to J.G. Masters, 17 April 1938, Joseph G. Masters Papers, 1926-1938 Denver Public Library.
77 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 108.
78 The following sources identify Mud Springs as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 108; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 12; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132; Paul Henderson, "The Story of Mud Springs," Nebraska History 32 (June 1951): 113; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 36; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
79 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 108-109; and Paul Henderson, "The Story of Mud Springs,": 113-116.
80 Paul Henderson, "The Story of Mud Springs,": 119.
82 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 109.
83 The following sources identify Court House Rock as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 109; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 12; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 97; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 38; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
84 The following sources identify Chimney Rock as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 109; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 14; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 99; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
85 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 109-110; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 39.
86 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 110.
87 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 14; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 99; and Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 40.
88 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 110.
89 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472.
90 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 110-111; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 41; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
91 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
92 The following sources identify Scott's Bluff(s) as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 472-473 (home); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 110-111; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 14; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132 (relay).
93 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie ": 111.
94 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 111; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Pony Express Centennial Celebration," 42; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
95 The following sources identify Horse Creek as a Bishop and Paul
Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 473; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 111; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 105.
96 The following sources identify Cold Springs/Spring Ranch as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (both names); Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 473 (Cold Springs); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 111-112 (Cold Springs); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15 (Cold Springs); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 105 (Cold Springs); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga, 132; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Cold Springs).
97 Paul Henderson to J.G. Masters, 17 April 1938, Joseph G. Masters Papers, 1926-1938 Denver Public Library.
99 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132.
100 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
101 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 473.
102 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 112; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132.
103 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (Verdling's Ranch/Bordeaux); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15 (Verdling's Ranch/Badean's/Beauvais Ranch); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 107 (Verdling's Ranch); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (Bedeau's Ranch); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail (Verdling's Ranch).
104 The following sources identify a Fort Laramie station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson,"Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 473; Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 112-113; Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15-16; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
105 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 112.
107 Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 112-113; and Ted Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15-16.
108 The following sources identify the variously named site as a station: L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959 (9 Mile/Sand Point); Mattes and Henderson, "The Pony Express: Across Nebraska from St. Joseph to Fort Laramie,": 112 (Ward's/Sand Point); Stutheit, The Pony Express on the Oregon Trail, 15 (Ward's/Sand Point); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 *(Ward's/Central Star); Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132-133 (Ward's/Central Star); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 110 (Sand Point); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (9 Mile House).
109 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 132-133.
110 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 110.
111 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; James R. Pierson, The Pony Express Trail 1860-1861 (St. Joseph, Missouri: Pony Express Productions, 1960), 15; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 109.
112 Helen Henderson, "Cottonwood Station, 6 July 1970," Folder: Cottonwood Station, typed, 1970, Box 7: Manuscripts, 1950-1968 The Paul and Helen Henderson Oregon Trail Collection University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
113 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133.
114 L. C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express," 1959; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
Chapter 6
1 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941; and Gregory M. Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail (St. Louis, Missouri: Patrice Press, 1990), 113.
2 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 115; Roy S. Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble (Berkeley, California: Howell-North 1959), 146; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Company, 1955), 133; James Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861 (St. Joseph, Missouri: Pony Express Productions, 1960), 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
3 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133.
4 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 115.
5 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, p.115; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
6 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 117; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
7 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 117; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
8 Settles, Saddles and Spurs:, 133; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 117.
9 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 117; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
10 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133.
11 Ibid; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
12 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133.
13 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 119; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 1881. Ex. Doc. 21. Serial 1941.
14 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 133-134; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
15 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959 (North Platte/Fort Casper); Mabel Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!: A History of the Central Overland Pony Express 1860-1861 Between Saint Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento and San Francisco, California (St. Joseph, Missouri: Robidoux Printing Company, Inc., 1961), 134 (Casper); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (Casper, Platte Bridge); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
16 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 121.
17 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; Paul and Helen Henderson, "Willow Springs," Box 8: Manuscripts, 1950-1968, The Paul and Helen Henderson Oregon Trail Collection University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
18 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 121.
19 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
20 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Willow Springs."
21 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134.
22 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 133.
23 Paul and Helen Henderson, "Willow Springs."
24 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
25 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 133.
26 Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
27 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134.
28 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
29 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 135.
30 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 135.
31 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
32 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 135.
33 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 135; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
34 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Road Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 137; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
35 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 134; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
36 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 137.
37 Stanley B. Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers Along the Mormon and Other Great Western Trails (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 87.
38 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 137; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
39 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 137.
40 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135.
41 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
42 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 138.
43 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 138-139.
44 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 139; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
45 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
46 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
47 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 140-141.
48 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 139-141.
49 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
50 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
51 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 141.
52 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15.
53 Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; and Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
54 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959 (Upper Sweetwater/South Pass); Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15 (South Pass); Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135 (South Pass); Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 143 (Upper Sweetwater); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (Sweet Water); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (South Pass); Kate B. Carter, Riders of the Pony Express (Salt Lake City: Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, 1947), 37 (South Pass); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Upper Sweeter Water).
55 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135.
56 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 143.
57 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 15; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
58 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135.
59 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 143.
60 Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints, and Across the Rocky Mountains to California (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1862), 166.
61 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
62 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 145.
63 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
64 Burton, The City of the Saints, 167.
65 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
66 Burton, The City of the Saints, 167.
67 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 149; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
68 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 148-149; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
69 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 135; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 148-149.
70 Burton, The City of the Saints, 169-172.
71 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 151.
72 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
73 Burton, The City of the Saints, 173.
74 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
75 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
76 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
77 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 153.
78 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; and Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 153.
79 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
80 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 16; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
81 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
82 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 155.
83 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Carter, Riders of the Pony Express, 37; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
84 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
85 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 17.
86 Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, 155.
87 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
88 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
89 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959 (Quaking Aspen); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (Quaking Asp Springs); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (Quaking Asp Creek); Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18 (Quaking Asp Springs); and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company (Quaking Aspen).
90 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 136.
91 Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
92 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134; Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146; Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 137; Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
93 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 137.
94 Richard E. Fike and John W. Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives Bureau of Land Management, Utah. Cultural Resources Series, monograph 2. Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), 7.
95 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959 (The Needles/Needle Rock); Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 134 (Needle Rock); Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146 (Needle Rocks); Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 137 (Needle Rocks); and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, ">1860-1861, 18 (Needle Rocks).
96 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 10, 108; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
97 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959; Loving, The Pony Express Rides On!, 135; and Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18.
98 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 13; and U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
99 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
100 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
101 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 15 and 19.
102 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 137-138.
103 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 15 and 19.
104 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Featuring the Pony Express 1860-1861," 1959.
105 Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 146.
106 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18.
107 Carter, Riders of the Pony Express, 37.
108 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18.
109 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 15.
110 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 15-16.
111 Pierson, The Pony Express Trail, 1860-1861, 18.
112 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
113 Bloss, Pony Express--The Great Gamble, 145; and Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 138.
114 Settles, Saddles and Spurs, 138.
115 U.S. Congress. Senate. Contract with Overland Mail Company.
116 Fike and Headley, The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspectives, 21, 105, and 108.
117 L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson, "Map of California-Oregon-Mormon Emigrant Roads Feat