Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), p. 6.

2. Ibid., pp. 44-45; Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West 1803-1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), pp. 35-39.

3. Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republic 1801-1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p. 130.

4. Edward Burr, "Historical Sketch of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 1775-1865," Occasional Papers, No.71 (Fort Belvoir, Va.: Engineer School, 1939), pp. 33-39.

5. Forest G. Hill, Roads, Rails & Waterways: The Army Engineers and Early Transportation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1957), pp. 47-49.

6. Burr, "Historical Sketch of the Corps of Engineers," pp. 39-41; Herman R. Friis, "John J. Abert," Dictionary of American Biography, I, pp. 2-3.

7 Garry D. Ryan, "War Department Topographical Bureau, 1831-1863, An Administrative History," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, American University, 1968, p. 79.

8. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 341-42, 346.