Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado
BLM Cultural Resources Series (Colorado: No. 10)
BLM Logo

CHAPTER VI:
Early Mining and Transportation in Southwestern Colorado 1860-1881

Few Americans in 1848, at the conclusion of the Mexican War, realized or even dreamed of the vast mineral potential of the territories they had so recently wrested from their Mexican neighbors. [1] Fewer still would have thought that southwestern Colorado, an area spurned because of its rugged terrain, severe winter climate, and hostile Ute Indians, would be crisscrossed by miners and prospectors, and that permanent settlement would be so rapid. From the beginnings of the "Territorial period", in 1861, southwestern Colorado was a mineral resource frontier that invited exploitation. Its early history was based solely on the search for gold and silver. Agriculture and ranching in this early period were seemingly afterthoughts, for not until the Utes had been driven from the fertile valleys of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers would any impetus be given to large-scale agricultural production.

The history of early southwestern Colorado mining, up to the Ute removal in 1881, can be summarized by three basic stages: early gold placer mining near Baker's Park, and in the Tin Cup mining district during the early 1860's; the era of silver mining along the Animas River around Silverton and in the Elk Mountain region of modern Gunnison County during the early 1870's; and the development of hard-rock mining throughout the San Juan country, along with the growth of the Gold Brick mining district on Quartz Creek, near present-day Pitkin in Gunnison County, in the late 1870's and early 1880's.

In 1858 and 1859, the first Colorado Gold Rush took place when the William Green Russell party found "colors" while prospecting along Cherry Creek, Ralston Creek, and Newlin Gulch, near present Denver. In July, 1859, at the Gregory diggings near Blackhawk, the first "arrastra", a Spanish ore-crushing device, was built. At the same time, placer gold was found and worked at Buckskin, Mosquito, Hamilton, Tarryall, Montgomery, and Fairplay on branches of the South Fork of the South Platte River, in the northeast section of South Park. [2] In 1860, a second and larger rush into the central Rockies occurred. Most prospectors headed to the Gregory diggings near Central City, which, being overcrowded, caused the diffusion of miners in all directions.

Outfitted in California Gulch, a prospecting party led by Charles Baker, acting on persistent rumors of mineral wealth in the San Juan Mountains, moved into that rugged region during the spring of 1860. Reports of rich finds made their way back to the more established camps, and several hundred eager treasure seekers followed Baker to the San Juan country in the upper Animas River Valley. In April 1861, prospectors spread out from "Baker's Park" and began diggings nine miles north in Eureka Gulch. [3] Baker's earlier reports had, by this time, proved misleading, for placer operations were not effective in bringing satisfactory returns. In May of 1861, the camp at Baker's Park broke up and many of the prospectors moved south to the fertile Animas River Valley. Animas City was laid out and several buildings were constructed. Most of the prospectors gave up however, and with the outbreak of the Civil War many of these early miners, Baker included, were drawn into service for the Confederacy. [4] Despite the lack of substantial discoveries on the first major prospecting expedition into the San Juan mining district, it was apparent that southwestern Colorado's mineral resources were located in a broad belt that stretched diagonally across the territory from the San Juan country in the southwest to the Elk Mountains along the Continental Divide, in the northeast.

Gold was first discovered in the Tin Cup District of present Gunnison County when in 1860 Jim Taylor, and then in 1861 Fred Lottis, led parties across the Continental Divide from Granite, Colorado, and worked placer gold fields in the region. [5] Evidence of early mining activity was apparent near present Waunita Hot Springs, approximately twenty-five miles east of Gunnison, where rotted flumes used in earlier placer mining were discovered in the 1870s. [6] The first true mining camp in the Gunnison country, Minersville, in Washington Gulch just north of the present day town of Crested Butte, had a population of about two hundred in 1861. During 1862, nearly one thousand prospectors swarmed into the area and took out close to a million dollars in gold by placer mining. [7] By 1863, with the placers played out, and due to the increasing hostility of the Utes, most of the camps were deserted. Not until 1872, when discoveries of silver-bearing rock were made in the Elk Mountains, would large scale mining operations in the area resume. [8]

Little in the way of mineral exploration took place in southwestern Colorado during the mid-1860's because of diminished placer gold deposits and the absence of permanent settlement in the region. Yet the fact that mining had been undertaken on the western slope served as a constant reminder of potential mineral wealth. Although Baker's Park and the San Juans were well within the boundaries of the Ute Reservation, (established in 1868), efforts to prospect the region resumed in 1869. This time prospectors came from the west, when Adnah French and Dempsey Reese, coming from Arizona, prospected along the Dolores River. By 1870, they reached the Animas River, moved into Baker's Park, and began diggings near present Silverton. [9] At the same time a party composed of Sheldon Shafer and Joe Flarhieler, travelling along the Dolores River on their way to Montana from Santa Fe, located what is now part of the Shamrock, Smuggler and Riverside lodes of the Atlantic Cable Group, which they named The Pioneer. [10]

In 1870 and 1871, two major discoveries in the San Juan region caused further mining excitement. The location of the Little Giant Mine in 1870, on the north side of Arrastra Gulch about four miles northeast of modern day Silverton, and the discovery of rich silver veins along Henson Creek that were to comprise the Ute and Ulay lodes just west of present day Lake City, brought prospecting parties into the area. [11]

During the early 1870's, numerous mining expeditions searched the Elk Mountains between present day Crested Butte and the mouth of Rock Creek. The Benjamin Graham and the George and Lewis Waite parties both prospected in and around the Schofield Pass and Crested Butte areas, where silver deposits were located. Jim Brennan, a miner from Denver, became intrigued by the tales of mineral wealth in the Elk Mountains. In 1872, he led a small group of treasure seekers into the rugged Elk range and found fissure veins, which were reported to be of enormous size. The rumors of large ore bodies that followed such prospecting expeditions as Waite's, Graham's, and Brennan's led to the first scientific mineral exploration of the Gunnison country. [12] Doctor John Parsons, in 1873, explored the mineral and agricultural resources of the area with the intention of erecting an ore reduction plant on Rock Creek. Accompanying Parsons was a geologist, Sylvester Richardson, who discovered silver along Spring Creek, east of modern Crested Butte and also large coal deposits west of that future town, along Ohio Creek. Based on the quality and extent of the minerals he located, Richardson intended to establish a settlement with easy access to those discoveries. This early plan climaxed in the building of Gunnison City some years later. [13]

Mining in southwestern Colorado during the early 1870's, as had been the case in the 1860's, was basically exploratory. The one difference was the realization that the location of the region's mineral resources, rather than in gold placer deposits along the streams and rivers, lay in veins, deep within mountainous terrain. Despite the richness of the discoveries and the establishment of numerous mining camps in southwestern Colorado during the early 1870's, several years passed before the prospecting pioneers were bold enough to winter or face the ever present threat of Indian attack within the region. Through the early 1870's, miners, each fall, retreated east across the Continental Divide from the San Juans, wintered in Del Norte or Saguache, Colorado, and then returned in the spring to resume work on their claims. To most miners, however, limited and seasonal operations were unacceptable. Transportation routes, advanced mining equipment, and permanent settlements were needed.

The potential mineral resources of the San Juan region received widespread attention across the Colorado Territory after initial gold and silver veins were located in the years from 1869 to 1871. Beckoning mineral wealth knew no boundaries however, and the Ute Reservation on the western slope was the scene of continual trespass during this period. To hold back the ever increasing tide of prospectors who flooded to the area was an impossible task. By 1873, Coloradans pressed for a revision of the 1868 Ute Indian Treaty, which legally barred entrance to the southwestern Colorado mining frontier. The Brunot Treaty, enacted in 1874, opened four million acres in the heart of the San Juans to impatient treasure seekers and settlers. During the next two decades, prospectors made the ceded lands the scene of one mining rush after another. Ironically, immediately following the opening of the San Juans, the Indian Agency at Los Pinos Creek in Cochetopa Park became a way-station for many of the migrating prospectors. From the agency, came a story of one such prospecting party, a story which continues to be a source of interest and amazement.

In January of 1874, a party of twenty-one men, on their way to the central Rocky Mountain gold fields from Utah, stopped near present day Montrose at the encampment of Chief Ouray. Despite Ouray's warnings of severe winter weather ahead, six men, Israel Swan, Frank Miller, George Noon, James Humphrey, and guide Alfred Packer, left the camp and continued eastward. On April 16, 1874, Packer arrived at the Los Pinos Agency alone, claiming to have been abandoned by the others. Packer related his tale of hardship, suffering, and near starvation, yet he looked healthy and well-fed for a man who had endured such a harrowing ordeal. Shunning offers of food, Packer requested liquor for his first meal, a suspicious action to the agency dwellers. The guide's conduct, while at the agency, continually invited suspicion to the point where Agent Charles Adams accused Packer of killing and robbing the five prospectors. Under pressure, Packer confessed to the killings. In June of 1874, while passing near present day Lake City, Harper's Weekly photographer, J. A. Randolph, stumbled onto the bodies of the five slain men. A shanty was found near the spot, and leading from it to the bodies was Packer's well-worn trail, showing that he had made frequent visits to his victims and had subsisted on their flesh. Today, a monument and plaque commemorates the five "who were murdered early in the year 1874 while pioneering the mineral resources of the San Juan country". Packer never paid in kind for his gruesome deeds. After having his death sentence reversed and another forty-year sentence commuted, Packer died in Littleton, Colorado on April 23, 1907, allegedly a confirmed vegetarian. [14]

Photograph of early Howardsville, Colorado, looking north from Baker's Park. Colorado Historical Society

During the mid-1870's many Coloradans, concerned over the falling population of the central Rockies and along the Front Range, began to advertise the Territory. In a climate of "boosterism", people such as Ovando Hollister, in his Mines of Colorado, publicly stated beliefs that a new era was soon to dawn on Colorado, and that to exaggerate on the subject of mineral resources, especially in the southwestern portion of the territory, was almost impossible. [15] The many accounts of rich soil and mineral wealth in the Rocky Mountains brought about a public clamour for scientific surveys to examine these rumors of riches. Unlike the earlier Gunnison and Fremont expeditions, exploration parties were directed to inspect the virtues of the Rockies rather than report on their particular evils as barriers to progress. [16]

Congress, acting in response to public demand, sent out a new group of experts between the period of 1867 and 1878 under the direction of both the Army and the Department of the Interior. To make the continuing search of Colorado's mountains more productive, there was a need for additional topographic knowledge. To fulfill this need, Ferdinand V. Hayden and William H. Jackson, under the direction of the Department of the Interior, examined geologic formations, the flora and fauna, the topography and the scenery of much of southwestern Colorado in the years from 1874 to 1875. Railroad builders, mining investors, and land developers instantly seized upon the information contained within the published Geological and Geographical Atlas of Colorado and Portions of Adjacent Territory. [17]

Two sub-survey teams of the Hayden expedition, under the leadership of A. D. Wilson and Henry Gannett explored the San Juans and the Gunnison country respectively in 1874. The Wilson party explored the area west of Silverton, to the head of the San Miguel River and the Dolores River, returned to the Animas River, and then moved on to the future site of Durango. The Animas River Valley, the most active mining area at the time of the survey, was the location of several prosperous camps such as Animas Forks, Eureka, Howardsville, and Silverton. [18] The Gannett team surveyed the Gunnison and Uncompahgre River regions and all the country between the Uncompahgre River on the east and the San Miguel River on the west. The settlements found in this exploration were the mining camps in the Elk Mountains and in Taylor Park. Small camps thrived on Texas Creek and Batty Creek in Taylor Park and in Union Park near the head of Taylor Canyon, all working placer gold deposits. Northwest of Taylor Park, on the southside of Treasury Mountain, near the headwaters of Rock Creek, a small group of miners worked quartz-lead deposits. [19]

The Wheeler Surveys, west of the 100th Meridian, undertaken at approximately the same time as the Hayden surveys, proposed to make important strides in the opening of western Colorado. The overall plan of Wheeler's Colorado survey team, under the command of Lieutenant William L. Marshall, was "to cut the east-west lines of travel over the mountains in the area south and west of Denver". The Marshall party spent the summer and early fall of 1873 surveying in the San Juan country near Silverton. During that time, thirty-six peaks over 13,000 feet in height were climbed and recorded, and nearly 5,000 miles of roads and streams were traversed. Profiles of nineteen mountain passes, eleven on the Continental Divide and eight over subordinate ranges, were made. [20] In late fall, with that season's objectives nearly completed, Marshall was in Silverton with what he described as "one of the worst toothaches that ever befell a mortal". [21] The nearest dentist was 300 miles away in Denver. Forsaking the well-travelled route over Cochetopa Pass and through the San Luis Valley, Marshall and a freighter, David Mears, set out ahead of the main party, and headed for a low depression over the Continental Divide Marshall had seen in his earlier explorations. In spite of his toothache, Marshall remained a day and a night at the top of this pass, taking thermometer and barometer readings; he also sketched a profile of the pass. [22] Six days after leaving the summit, which would soon bear his name, Marshall arrived in Denver, four days ahead of the survey party. The Lieutenant had located and recorded a route that cut 125 miles from the trip between Denver and the San Juan. Four years from the date of its official location, Marshall Pass became a transportation cornerstone in the development of mineral and agricultural wealth of west central Colorado. [23]

Both the Wheeler and Hayden survey parties explored and recorded the Dolores and Mancos River regions in southwestern Colorado, locating ancient Indian ruins in those areas. Despite fascination with the remnants of prehistoric civilizations, the geologic and topographic information obtained in the San Juan was of more immediate interest to Coloradans in the mid-1870's.

By 1875, the effects of the Brunot Treaty, government surveys, and the booster style advertising of southwestern Colorado were seen in numerous and intensified mining rushes to the San Juan area.

Much of the San Juan mining excitement in the mid-1870's was attributable to rich finds made outside Lake City when Enos Hotchkiss, a partner with Otto Mears in the construction of the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road, located the Hotchkiss mine in 1874, three miles south of Lake City, which later became the well-known Golden Fleece. With the opening of that mine, a major rush occurred locally, and Hotchkiss, with others, incorporated the town of Lake City in 1875. [24] Wanting the outside world to know of the silver and lead deposits near Lake City, Hotchkiss published a newspaper, The Silver World, to advertise the area. The widespread distribution of the paper helped to quickly transform struggling Lake City from a cluster of cabins into a roaring mining town of two thousand inhabitants. [25] The continued production of the Hotchkiss Mine and the nearby Ute and Ulay Mines, and the erection of the Crooke and Company smelter made 1876 a promising year for the Lake City mining district.

Photograph of Sherman, Colorado, showing the town's general store and the Black Wonder Mill. Colorado Historical Society

As was typical of a boom period, a large influx of people into a popular mining area meant overcrowding and the subsequent diffusion of miners and prospectors to neighboring regions. By 1876, mineral discoveries were made on the upper Lake Fork of the Gunnison River at the confluence of Cottonwood Creek, and here the Sherman townsite was laid out. Other towns created around this rich area included Whitecross, Burrows Park, and Tellerium. South on Lost Trail Creek, the town of Carson developed, and for several years it was the largest town in the southern part of Hinsdale County. [26] At the same time, along Henson Creek, west of Lake City, the Henson townsite, Capitol City, and Rose's Cabin developed as a result of mineral exploration in the area.

The San Juan mining rush of 1874 was centered largely in those areas which had been sites of placer prospecting in the 1860's and early 1870's. As a consequence, the Baker's Park region in the Animas River Valley received some two thousand prospectors in 1874, and it was estimated that one thousand lode mining claims were staked during that single year alone. Mining activity took place on Hazelton Mountain, north of Silverton in Arrastra Gulch. Ore taken from such mines as the Aspen and the Prospector were treated in Green and Company's newly erected smelter, just north of Silverton. [27]

Baker's Park had been continuously prospected by one particular group of miners from 1871 to 1874. This party, composed of Francis Snowden, Dempsey Reese, and N. E. Slaymaker, filed claim on land in Baker's Park in September of 1874. [28] The townsite of Silverton was established; later to be incorporated in November of 1876. [29] Silverton became the hub of the mining boom in the mid-1870's, and as a result, gave new life to the mining camps in the Animas River Valley. Howardsville and Eureka were both platted in 1874. Animas Forks, slower to develop, due to temporary inaccessibility, was laid out in 1877. [30]

In the year following the Silverton boom, Augustus "Gus" Begole and John Eckles headed northwest from Green Mountain above Howardsville to prospect along the Uncompahgre River. Locating gold and silver deposits in the Uncompahgre Valley, the two men returned to Silverton to stake their claims and replenish their supplies. In early fall, Begole's and Eckles' success was matched when A. J. Staley and Logan Whitlock discovered the "Trout and Fisherman" lode near where Canyon Creek joins the Uncompahgre River. Returning from Silverton to the place of their previous finds, Begole and Eckles again found rich veins, which they named "Mineral Farm". The location of these mineral deposits in the summer and fall of 1875 created a rush to the area from the nearby mining towns of Silverton, Howardsville, and Mineral Point. Among those early prospectors were Judge R. F. Long and Captain M. W. Cline. Realizing the vast potential of the area, the two men laid out a townsite at the juncture of Canyon Creek and the Uncompahgre River, which they named Ouray. In August, 1876, Ouray was incorporated, and had, by that November, a population of 400 inhabitants. [31]

In the three years between 1877 and 1879, lode prospecting was rapidly extended in the entire San Juan region. The Silverton, Lake City, and Ouray mining districts, during this time, produced large quantities of valuable ores, and further mineral locations prompted intensive mining activity along Henson Creek, the Lake Fork of the Gunnison River, the Animas River, and the Uncompahgre River Valley. In 1878, the town of Ophir was laid out, when rich discoveries were made near Mount Sneffels, on the upper waters of Canyon Creek in Poughkeepsie Gulch, and in Imogene Basin on Bear Creek, southwest of Ouray. Roads and trails were built from the town of Ouray to all these points to compete with the roads being built from Lake City and Silverton to tap these ore districts. [32] In 1878, Charles Sharman established San Miguel City, on the San Miguel River, to service the influx of prospectors coming to the valley. The mining towns of Placerville and Columbia in the San Miguel River Valley were laid out at this time as a result of mineral rushes to the region. Otto Mears, one of the principal stockholders in the Columbia Town Company, helped reincorporate the town as Telluride in September, 1879. [33] In 1878, John Glasgow and Sandy Campbell came northwest from La Plata City, on the La Plata River, and began the successful development of the Grand View Mine and the Atlantic Cable Group in the Dolores River Valley, southwest of Ophir. [34] In the spring of 1879, Colonel J. G. Haggerty, on a visit to Ouray, reported that ore from "Nigger Baby Hill" proved very rich in silver. The towns of Ouray. Silverton, Ophir, and San Miguel City promptly emptied their hundreds into the Rico region. Rico was incorporated on February 25, 1880, and the Grand View smelter began operations not long after. [35]

In a period of seven years from the enactment of the Brunot Treaty, the San Juan region of southwestern Colorado had been the scene of remarkable growth and development. Evidence of this growth, a consequence of the expanding Colorado mining frontier, was seen in the establishment of permanent communities. Miners and prospectors, no longer the only Anglo-Coloradans inhabiting the region, were joined by town promoters, merchants, lawyers, doctors, clergymen, and road builders. On May 1, 1881, telephone service was extended to Lake City, and in the following summer, lines reached to Silverton and Ouray. The original Territorial Counties of southwestern Colorado, Lake and Conejos, were dissected, in 1874, into the new counties of Rio Grande, Hinsdale, and La Plata. San Juan County was made from the northern part of La Plata County in 1876. Following Colorado Statehood in 1876, Ouray County was created from the western portion of San Juan County, and Gunnison County was formed from the western part of Lake County. In 1881, Ouray County was divided in order to establish Dolores County. [36]

At the same time the San Juan country witnessed tremendous growth of towns and mining operations, similar occurrences took place in the central Rockies, near Leadville, Colorado. Massive migrations to that mining district, as was the case with all such boom periods on the Colorado mining frontier, prompted success for a few and dashed hopes for many. Lack of opportunity in Leadville, after 1879, motivated a small army of argonauts west to have a look at the increasingly acclaimed mining regions across the Continental Divide.

The miners who came to the Gunnison country in 1879 and 1880 were not unaware that the region was located on a direct line between Leadville and the San Juan mining region, nor had they forgotten the strikes made there in the early 1870's. The initial rush to the Gunnison area in the spring of 1879 then, was concentrated in a few well-known regions within the Colorado Mineral Belt. Coming by way of Cottonwood Pass, prospectors descended into the Taylor Park region near Willow Creek, and established the towns of Hillerton and Virginia City, when rich discoveries were made nearby at the Gold Cup Mine. [37] Virginia City, originally founded as Tin Cup, had a camp population of nearly 2,000 inhabitants by summer, 1879. Virginia City was incorporated in August, 1880, but reincorporated on July 24, 1882 as Tin Cup.

South of Tin Cup, on Quartz Creek, a mining party led by Frank Curtis established the Quartzville camp in the Gold Brick Mining District, during early 1879. When assays on ore samples from the area's mines ran as high as $2,000 per ton, a major rush to the district took place. A townsite was laid out in April, 1879, and was given the name Pitkin. By mid-May, close to one thousand people lived in the town, and as many mined the surrounding area. [38] North of the Taylor Park and Gold Brick districts, west of the Coal Creek camp of Crested Butte, rich silver discoveries led to the organization of the Ruby Mining District in May, 1879. The towns of Ruby and Irwin, merged by 1880, were focal points for thousands of prospectors and miners through 1884. At the juncture of East River and Copper Creek, north and west of Ruby, the town of Gothic was incorporated on July 17, 1879 when large silver producing mines, such as the Sylvanite, attracted near to 5,000 miners and settlers. Near the headwaters of Tomichi Creek, along the Continental Divide, the towns of White Pine, Tomichi, and North Star, the last to be opened by the 1879 rush, sprang up with in four miles of each other. The towns' shortlived heyday came as a result of a large influx of prospectors interested in the area's rich lead and silver deposits. In the midst of all the excitement during 1879, Crested Butte and Gunnison City were destined to become the two most important towns in the Gunnison country, even though they were not directly dependent upon gold and silver themselves. [39]

Irwin, Colorado 1879-1880 Denver Public Library, Western History Department

The town of Gunnison, although not incorporated until 1880, owed its inception to the silver mining expeditions conducted in the early 1870's. Sylvester Richardson, a geologist in one such mining party, became interested in the potential of the country and resolved to begin a colony there. Richardson organized a stock company, and twenty cabins were erected on the present site of Gunnison by the summer of 1874. As a result of the mining excitement in the San Juans and central Rockies, and due to a lack of mineral exploration in the Gunnison country during the mid-1870's, the settlement was, for all purposes, abandoned. Persistent in his resolution, Richardson formed yet another town company in June, 1879, after the region received much acclaim for its numerous silver deposits. The company, composed of Richardson, John Evans, Henry Olney, London Mullin, and Alonzo Hartman, plotted the townsite of Gunnison City in April, 1880. From a sparsely settled camp, Gunnison was transformed almost over-night into a roaring boom town. By the time of its incorporation, an estimated 25,000 people crowded into the Gunnison country, and the town's population reached close to 2,000 inhabitants. [40] Richardson's foresight was quickly rewarded, as Gunnison grew to be the hub and supply point of the surrounding mining region, with trails and roads leading from it in all directions. In little more than a year after its incorporation, Gunnison would experience yet another boom with the addition of rail transportation.

The camp of Crested Butte came into existence when, in 1877, coal was discovered at Mount Crested Butte by the Jennings brothers. During the following year, Howard F. Smith began the town of Crested Butte after purchasing an interest in the Jennings' coal operations. [41] By 1879, the town served as a way-station for the hordes of prospectors en route to the surrounding gold and silver mining country. Growth resulting from Crested Butte's reputation as a supply town, led to its incorporation in 1880. The town's accessibility to Gunnison through the Slate, East, and Gunnison River valleys and its nearby coal deposits would make it a strategic railroad station by 1881.

The fact that much of the early mining development took place well above timberline, with the attendant high cost of living and transportation, caused delays in the opening of southwestern Colorado. The consolidation of claims and the permanent occupation and development of the region was accomplished under almost incredible hardships and by a mere handful of resolute people. The failure of small smelting operations, at places such as Ophir and Rico in the 1870's, led to a gradual recognition that such enterprises were futile in this remote corner of the State, where supplies of suitable ores and fluxes were unobtainable, fuel was expensive, and business conditions were unfavorable. [42] The early mining camps of southwestern Colorado were isolated, a condition based not solely on distance but on terrain and climate as well. [43] Isolation did not, however, produce the self-sufficiency often described as a typical characteristic of the American frontier. Since the early mining towns did not attract agricultural settlement, foodstuffs, as well as more durable commodities, had to be imported from outside the immediate vicinity, often as far away as Canon City or Alamosa, the nearest railheads at the time. This also meant that ore to be shipped out had to be valuable in order to meet the high costs of transportation and refining. [44]

In the development of the mining frontier in southwestern Colorado, during the early period, the presence of Ute Indians was troublesome and often dangerous, but roads were an even more immediate concern. The need for better transportation was not new to the Colorado mining district. [45] The miner had to open and then develop vital transportation arteries before he could hope to make his ventures profitable. The history of early transportation in southwestern Colorado is in the development of the toll road. Rugged mountains, steep gorges, and river valleys could be breached only by roads built by private enterprise.

Isolated as they were, the mining camps and districts offered a bountiful opportunity for anyone adventurous enough to tie them together with a good road system. [46] Such a man was Otto Mears. Often called the "Pathfinder of the San Juans", he led pack trains, built toll roads, maintained freighting outfits, and finally became a railroad builder, besides being heavily involved in politics and Indian affairs. The chronicle of his toll road building began in 1870 when he incorporated the Poncha Pass Wagon Road Company, which constructed the first well-designed road between the San Luis and Arkansas River Valleys. Realizing the San Juans were undergoing a mining rush in the mid-1870's, Mears and associates incorporated, in 1874, their second road, the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road. The returns from this road proved so great that another road was built to Lake City, this time from the supply town of Del Norte. The Antelope Park and Lake City Toll Road, completed in November, 1875 cut, by one-half, the distance travelled from Lake City to Del Norte.

The Ouray and Lake Fork Wagon Road Company was incorporated in November, 1876 by several Ouray merchants. The proposed road was to be built from Ouray to the Lake Fork of the Gunnison River and then to a point on the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road. By spring of the following year, with only a few miles of road built, Mears bought the company's stock. Deciding that the former owners' plan was too ambitious, he built, instead, a road from Ouray to the present town of Montrose. Wishing to connect this road with his Saguache and San Juan Toll Road, Mears incorporated, in September, 1877 the Lake Fork and Uncompahgre Toll Road Company. By the following summer, the Lake Fork and Uncompahgre Toll Road ran west from the Barnum Post Office, on the Lake Fork of the Gunnison River, and crossed the Little Blue and Big Blue Creeks and the Cimarron River into what is now Montrose. With the completion of this road, Mears had built a continuous road with fine grades from Ouray to Barnum, a distance of over one hundred miles. [47]

Otto Mears profited from toll road construction during the great mining rushes to the San Juan in the mid to late 1870's. The mining boom in the Gunnison country, during 1879 and 1880, offered similar potential. Knowing that a route over Marshall Pass, from Poncha Pass to the new town of Gunnison, was feasible, Mears was quick to organize a company to build it. Work on the Poncha, Marshall, and Gunnison Toll Road was completed during the spring of 1880. By June 15, W. M. Outcalt, the superintendent of the Marshall Pass work force, reported to the Gunnison News that the road was complete, and that "all who travel it, pronounce it the best road in the country". [48] Not everyone shared this optimistic view, however. One day, Otto Mears stopped to exchange the time of day with a couple of unlucky travelers who were stuck in a mud hole on Marshall Pass. Mears listened sympathetically and anonymously as the men spoke a profaned and impassioned denunciation of any man who would dare charge a toll for a road that was in such a condition as the one on which they were presently stuck. After Mears listened quietly to their woes, he told them that they would probably have the chance to meet Mears since he had seen the roadbuilder about ten miles back. With that, the "Pathfinder of the San Juans" rode on, apparently refusing to help the unfortunate gents out of their predicament. [49] Whichever account was most accurate remains a point of speculation, yet Mears collected his toll for crossing Marshall Pass just the same. The Gunnison News reported that for a passage from Mears Junction on the Poncha Pass Toll Road to Gunnison, a wagon with a two-horse team was charged four dollars; a wagon with one horse was charged two dollars; a wagon with additional teams of horses cost two dollars per team; loose stock and pack animals cost twenty-five cents per head; and saddle animals cost fifty cents each. [50]

In 1881 and 1882 alone, Mears and his associates completed the Dallas and San Miguel Toll Road, the San Miguel and Rico Toll Road, and the Durango, Parrott City and Fort Lewis Toll Road. Much of the road building, during this period, was actually accomplished by upgrading existent but inferior road bed. In this fashion, between 1881 and 1883, he was responsible for the reopening of the Gunnison and Cebolla Toll Road, and the Ouray and Canyon Creek Toll Road.

Between 1883 and 1884, Otto Mears began a task that would mark his finest achievement as a road builder. The construction of a road from Ouray to Silverton, over Red Mountain (and known as the "Million Dollar Highway"), was undertaken in two stages. The first was a road from Ouray to Red Mountain, and the second, the completion of a road from Silverton to Red Mountain. With this construction, Mears economically linked the two important mining towns. The new toll road, besides making travel to Ouray and Silverton easier, also lessened freight rates on products hauled between the towns. It also was less expensive to haul ore down into the towns from the mines on Red Mountain. As a result it became profitable to move lower grade ore off dumps and send it to the smelters.

The completion of the Silverton-Animas Forks-Mineral Point Toll Road in 1886 marked a watershed in Otto Mears' life, for in the decade and one half previous to this road's completion, his principal achievements in transportation had been in the construction of numerous toll roads; in the future he would be primarily interested in the construction and operation of railroads. Since 1870, he had built a network of roads almost 450 miles long at a cost of nearly $400,000, the completion of which had an enormous impact upon the development of southwestern Colorado. Freight could be moved into the area more cheaply and a lower grade ore could be shipped profitably. It was no accident that southwestern Colorado experienced a period of dramatic growth during the operation of Mears' toll roads. [51]

Otto Mears' accomplishments were quickly copied by road construction in the Gunnison country. With the mining boom in 1879 and 1880 in that region, came the completion of toll roads in the Quartz Creek, Tomichi, and Taylor Park mining districts. [52]

Access to mining camps and towns in southwestern Colorado was made easier by the construction of better road grades, stage lines and freighting outfits quickly moved into the territory. With the completion of the Antelope Park and Lake City Road, the Barlow and Sanderson stage line began running from Del Norte to Lake City as early as 1876. [53] Dave Woods, the dominant force of the freighting business in southwestern Colorado during the 1880's, constructed a wagon road over Cottonwood Pass into Taylor Park in 1877 in order to haul freight from Colorado Springs into that booming region. [54] With the entrance of rail transportation to southwestern Colorado in the 1880's and 1890's, the stage and freighting businesses saw their most profitable times as "end-of-the-line" operations.

No history of early transportation in southwestern Colorado would be complete without mention of the homely and unromantic burro. This agile and sure-footed animal insured the future for the struggling mining camps in the almost inaccessible Elk and San Juan Mountains. In 1874, the machinery for the Greene and Company smelter at Silverton was packed in on burros from Pueblo via Stony Pass, a distance of 250 miles. [55] The pack trains in the early mining development of southwestern Colorado were the indispensible link that tied isolated camps to supplies and civilization.

While the mining camps in southwestern Colorado struggled to gain a permanent foothold during the period from 1860 to 1881, the ill-effects of rapid and extensive development became evident. With an undiscriminating enthusiasm, so characteristic of mining, more rushed into the business than was justifiable or desireable. Too many small claims were permitted on each section of the better known lodes, with the result that shafts were sunk almost side-by-side, while the surface was cluttered with buildings, shafthouses, equipment, and waste dumps of neighboring companies. Stamp mills in great numbers were built before anyone attempted to determine how much ore would be brought to these plants. Many of the mining operations began without the precise technical knowledge of such projects. Finally, the practice of stripping the public domain of all trees in the vicinity of a camp gradually created a shortage of timber and fuel, which resulted in high prices for those once plentiful resources. [56] A new era of consolidation, based on efficient management, loomed in the not too distant future.

The miner and the merchant were not the only ones attracted by the wealth of the mining districts of southwestern Colorado; two particular lucrative doors opened for the ambitious. Mining communities offered markets of great potential for farming, for self-sufficiency in food production had not been yet achieved, and better and faster means of transportation were in demand. The company or men that could supply these necessities were sure to strike their own gold mine. [57]

The year 1881 marked the beginning of a new era, as agriculture and rail transportation entered the southwestern Colorado frontier. In that year alone, the Ute Indians were removed from the Western Slope and the Denver and Rio Grande Rail road (D&RG) reached southwestern Colorado at Durango and Gunnison. Agriculture and ranching, and permanent settlement throughout the entire region, ten years earlier, a premature speculation, became a blossoming reality in the last two decades of the nineteenth century.


Chapter VI: Notes

1. For an excellent discussion of early mining camps and their impact on the future development in the western states, see: Duane Smith, Rocky Mountain Mining Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967).

2. One of the most widely cited and authoritative sources dealing with the development of the Colorado mining industry is Charles Henderson, Mining in Colorado (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1926). For a chronological outline of Colorado's mining history from 1858 to 1923, see pages 8-17.

See also: Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane Smith, A Colorado History (Boulder: Pruett Press, 1976), p. 59.

3. Frank Hall, History of the State of Colorado, Vol. II (Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1890), p. 192.

4. Richard Bouts, "Lake City to Silverton: A Historical Narrative for the American Flats Planning Unit". (M. S. Bureau of Land Management, Montrose, Colorado, 1977), pp. 20-21.

5. S. E. Poet, "The Story of Tin Cup, Colorado", Colorado Magazine (IX. No. 1, January, 1932), p. 30.

6. Sidney Jocknick, Early Days on the Western Slope of Colorado (Denver: The Carson-Harper Co., 1913), p. 32.

7. Duane Vandenbusche, Early Days in the Gunnison Country (Gunnison: B & B Printers, 1974), pp. 15-19.

8. Wilbur F. Stone, History of Colorado, Vol. I (Denver: S. J. Clarke and Co., 1918), p. 287.

9. Densil H. Cummins, "Social and Economic History of Southwestern Colorado, 1860-1948" (Ph. D. Thesis: University of Texas, 1951), p. 228.

10. Stone, op. cit., p. 286.

11. Henderson, op. cit., p. 50.

12. Vandenbusche, op. cit., p. 23.

13. Stone, op. cit., p. 156.

14. For a discussion of the strange career of Alferd Packer see: Robert W. Fenwick, Alferd E. Packer; The True Story of Colorado's Man-eater (Denver: Publishers Press, 1963).

See also: Jocknick, op. cit., pp. 75-78.

See also: Bouts, op. cit., pp. 62-66.

15. See: Ovando J. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado (Springfield, Massachusetts: Samuel Bowles and Co., 1867).

See also: Carl Abbott, Colorado; A History of the Centennial State (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1976), p. 81.

16. Marshall Sprague, The Great Gates (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1964), p. 211.

17. Robert G. Athearn, The Coloradans (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), p. 128.

18. Cummins, op. cit., p. 214.

19. Vandenbusche, op. cit., p. 28.

20. Richard Bartlett, "The Great Surveys in Colorado, 1867-1879" (Ph.D. Thesis: University of Colorado, 1935). For a discussion of the Wheeler and Hayden surveys in western Colorado, see pages 396-403.

See also: Rocky Mountain News, May 28, 1873, p. 4.

21. Walter Borneman, "Black Smoke Among the Clouds", Colorado Magazine (LII, Fall, 1975), p. 317.

22. Bartlett, op. cit., pp. 402-403.

23. Thomas F. Dawson, "The Godfather of Marshall Pass", The Trail (XIII, No. 4, September, 1920), pp. 8-9.

See also: Bartlett, op. cit., p. 403.

See also: Borneman, op. cit., p. 317.

24. George Darley, Pioneering the San Juan (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1899), p. 15.

See also: Jocknick, op. cit., pp. 238-239.

25. Athearn, op. cit., p. 129.

26. Cummins, op. cit., p. 236.

27. Thomas Thompson, "The Cultural History of Colorado Mining Towns, 1859-1920" (Ph.D. Thesis: University of Missouri, 1966), p. 47.

See also: F. L. Ransome, "A Report on the Economic Geology of the Silverton Quadrangle, Colorado", USGS Bulletin 182 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901), p. 20.

28. Frank Hall, History of the State of Colorado, Vol. IV (Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1895), p. 308.

See also: Thompson, op. cit., p. 25.

29. LeRoy R. Hafen. "Colorado Cities", Colorado Magazine (IX, No. 5, September, 1932), p. 182.

30. Perry Eberhart, Guide to the Colorado Ghost Towns and Mining Camps (Denver: Sage Books, 1954), p. 348.

31. Wilson Rockwell, Uncompahgre Country (Denver: Sage Books, 1965), pp. 207-213.

32. Cummins, op. cit., p. 248.

33. Thompson, op. cit., p. 30.

34. Thomas A. Rickard, The Development of Colorado's Mining Industry (n.p. The American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1896), p. 9.

35. Stone, op. cit., p. 287.

36. Thomas Thompson, "Lake City, Colorado" (Oklahoma City: Metro Press, Inc., 1974), p. 6.

See also: LeRoy R. Hafen, "The Counties of Colorado", Colorado Magazine (VIII, No.2, March, 1931), pp. 48-60.

37. Vandenbusche, op. cit., pp. 74, 94-95.

38. Charles Page, What's In a Name in the Gunnison Country (Gunnison: Page Books, 1974), pp. 64, 49.

39. Linda Romola, "Historical Survey: Taylor River District, Gunnison National Forest", (M.S. Colorado Historical Society, Denver, Colorado, 1977), p. 5.

See also: Vandenbusche, op. cit., pp. 75-76.

40. Stone, op. cit., p. 156.

See also: Vandenbusche, op. cit., p. 90.

41. Hafen, "Colorado Cities", op. cit., p. 173.

42. James Fell, "Ores to Metals: The Evolution of the Smelting Industry in Colorado, 1864-1921" (Ph.D. Thesis: University of Colorado, 1975), p. 243.

43. Smith, Rocky Mountain Mining Camps, op. cit., pp. 56-57.

44. Thompson, The Cultural History of Colorado Mining Camps", op. cit., p. 90.

45. Smith, op. cit., p. 124.

46. Ubbelohde, op. cit., pp. 182-183.

47. For an excellent treatment of the career of Otto Mears see: Michael D. Kaplan, "Otto Mears: Colorado's Transportation King" (Ph.D. Thesis: University of Colorado, 1975). For a discussion of Mears' toll road building exploits, see pages 16-42.

48. Gunnison News, June 19, 1880.

See also: Borneman, op. cit., p. 319.

49. Betty Wallace, Gunnison Country (Denver: Sage Books, 1960), pp. 52-53.

50. Gunnison News, June 12, 1880.

51. Kaplan, op. cit., pp. 94-111.

52. Vandenbusche, op. cit., pp. 106-107.

53. Morris Taylor, "Barlow and Sanderson Stage Lines in 1872-1884", Colorado, Colorado Magazine (L, No. 2, September, 1973), p. 144.

54. Zeke Scher, "The Man Who Kept the Mining Camps Alive", Denver Post, Empire Magazine (April 23, 1978), p. 11.

55. Arthur Ridgway, "The Stony Pass Road", Colorado Magazine (IX, No. 5, September, 1932), p. 52.

56. Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1890 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1963), p. 118.

57. Smith, op. cit., p. 124.



<<< Previous <<< Contents>>> Next >>>


co/10/chap6.htm
Last Updated: 20-Nov-2008