Historic Resource Study/Special History Study
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Manzanar Historic Resource Study/Special History Study |
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ENDNOTES
Introduction
1. Material for the Introduction was obtained from the following sources: 106 Stat, 40, Public Law 102-248, March 3, 1992; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, on H.R. 543, To Establish the Manzanar National Historic Site in the State of California, and for Other Purposes, H.R. 2351, To Authorize a Study of Nationally Significant Places in Japanese American History, Hearing Held in Washington, D.C., May 21, 1991 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1993), pp. 1-70; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Establishing the Manzanar National Historic Site In The State Of California, And For Other Purposes, 102d Cong., 1st Sess., H. Rept. 102-125, 1991, pp. 1-10; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Establishing The Manzanar National Historic Site In The State Of California, And For Other Purposes, 102d Cong., 1st Sess., S. Rept. 102-236, 1991, pp. 1-9; State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, Manzanar: Feasibility Study, September 1974, pp. 1-11; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form, "Manzanar War Relocation Camp," prepared by Erwin N. Thompson, August 12, 1984; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Manzanar National Historic Site, California: Draft General Management Plan & Environmental Impact Statement, December 1995; and An Annotated Bibliography for Manzanar National Historic Site, Prepared by Arthur A. Hansen, Debra Gold Hansen, Sue Kunitomi Embrey, Jane C. Wehrey, Garnette Long, and Kathleen Frazee, Prepared for the National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Manzanar National Historic Site, #5370000.094, Subconsultant Agreement with Jones & Jones, A Professional Service Corporation, Oral History Program, California State University, Fullerton, February 1995.
Chapter One
1. Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1962), p. 106. For a historical overview of Japanese emigration and its attendant problems in California see Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History (2d ed., Arlington Heights, Illinois, AHM Publishing Corporation, 1969), pp, 389-394.
2. S. W. Kung, Chinese In American Life: Some Aspects of Their History, Status, Problems, and Contributions (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1962), p. 30, and Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History: Bicentennial Edition (New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1976), pp. 654-56.
3. Ibid., and William Petersen, Japanese Americans: Oppression and Success (New York, Random House, 1971), pp. 31-32.
4. Dictionary of American History, (Rev. ed., New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), III, p. 341-42; Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, pp. 654-56; and Petersen, Japanese Americans, pp. 31-32.
5. Midori Nishi, "Changing Occupance of the Japanese in Los Angeles County, 1940-1950 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1955), pp. 13-14.
6. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 352, and Nishi, "Changing Occupance of the Japanese in Los Angeles County," pp. 17-18, 20-21.
7. Nishi, "Changing Occupance of the Japanese in Los Angeles County," pp. 14-16.
8. U.S. Bureau of Immigration, and Naturalization. Reports of the Immigration Commission: Immigrants in Industries, Part 25, vol.23 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 37.
9. Ibid., p, 61; Nishi, "Changing Occupance of the Japanese in Los Angeles County," pp. 18-20; and David Lavender, California: A Bicentennial History (New York and Nashville, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., and American Association for State and Local History, 1978, p. 189.
10. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 657.
11. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 106-07.
12. Petersen, Japanese Americans, p. 32.
13. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 352, 657; and Petersen, Japanese Americans, pp. 32-33.
14. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 352, and Dictionary of American History, VII, pp. 356-57.
15. Ibid., and Dictionary of American History, III, p. 492.
16. Quoted in Raymond L. Buell, Japanese Immigration (Boston, World Peace Foundation Pamphlet, 1924), VII, p. 359.
17. Isami Arifuku Waugh and Alex Yamato, "A History of Japanese Americans in California," in Isami Arifuku Waugh, Alex Yamato, and Raymond Y. Okamura, A History of Japanese Americans in California (Sacramento, State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation, 1988), p. 162.
18. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 63-64, 87-88; Stephen S. Fugita and David J. O'Brien, Japanese American Ethnicity: The Persistance of Community (Seattle and London, University of Washington Press, 1991), p. 8; Waugh, Yamato, and Okamura, A History of Japanese Americans in California, pp. 164-66, 171,193-94; Lavender, California, pp. 189-90; and Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese in the United States (London and Stanford, California, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press and Stanford University Press, 1932), p. 124.
19. Waugh, Yamato, and Okamura, History of Japanese Americans in California, p. 171.
21. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 98.
22. Quoted in Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 99.
23. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 657, and Dictionary of American History, III, p. 492.
24. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 105.
25. Lavender, California, p. 191.
Chapter Two
1. For more information on the transfer of Japanese from Hawaii to the mainland see Stetson Conn, Rose C, Engelman, and Byron Fairchild, United States Army in World War II: The Western Hemisphere, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts (Washington, United States Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1964), pp. 206-16.
2. Three of the best sources for this subject are Conn, et al., Guarding the United States. pp. 115-49, and Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, Government Printing Office, December 1982); and Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II (Hinsdale, Illinois, The Dryden Press, 1972). For a comparison study of Japanese exclusion and evacuation from the military point of view, see U.S. War Department, Final Report: Japanese Evacuation From the West Coast, 1942 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1943. A history of Japanese exclusion and evacuation from the viewpoint of the War Relocation Authority may be found in U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, WRA: A Story of Human Conservation (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946), and Ibid., Wartime Exile: The Exclusion of the Japanese Americans From the West Coast, by Ruth E. McKee (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 97-167.
A NAME="23">3. Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard S. Nishimoto, The Spoilage (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1946), p. 1.
4. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 115-16.
5. Pre-Pearl Harbor archival documents dealing with discussions between the War and Justice departments over responsibilities for enemy aliens in case of war and with internal Army communications about construction of accommodations for enemy aliens and interned merchant seamen may be found in Roger Daniels, ed., American Concentration Camps: A Documentary History of the Relocation and Incarceration of Japanese Americans, 1942-1945 (9 vols., New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1989), Vol. 1, Part 1. Although the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor precipitated the movement for exclusion and evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry from the west coast during World War II, it is significant to note a White House memorandum written by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 10, 1936. Discussing the surveillance of people of Japanese descent on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, Roosevelt demanded that a list of people under surveillance be kept so that the suspected problem people would "be the first to be placed in a concentration camp in the event of trouble," Record Group 181, Records of Naval Districts and Shore Establishments, 14th Naval District, Commandants Office, General Correspondence, 1925-42, File No. A8-5, Document 20, National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Sierra Region, San Bruno.
6. Personal Justice Denied, p. 55; Thomas and Nashimoto Spoilage, p. 5; and ten Brock, Jacobus, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War and the Constitution (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1954), p. 101. Copies of three proclamations may be found in Daniels, ed., American Concentration Camps, Vol. 1, Part 2. Printed copies of the three proclamations (No. 2525, December 7, 1941, and Nos. 2526 and 2527 on December 8, 1941) may be found in U.S. Congress, House, Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, National Defense Migration, Fourth Interim Report... Pursuant to H. Res. 113, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., H, Report 2124, May 1942, Appendixes 1-3, pp. 294-300.
7. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, Pp. 116-17.
8. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 55-57; Bill Hosokawa, Nisei: The Quiet Americans (New York, William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1969), pp. 463-64; and Morton Grodzins, Americans Betrayed (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949), p. 399.
9. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 64-65; Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981), p. 605; Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 278; and Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 117.
John DeWitt was born on January 9, 1880, at Fort Sidney, Nebraska, His father was an army doctor who had served in the Civil War, and during John's youth his father and family were transferred to Fort Hancock, Texas, Fort Missoula, Montana, and Fort Sully in the Dakotas, When John was 16, he was sent to Princeton. He applied to West Point, but was turned down. On November 1, 1898, he dropped out of college to accept a lieutenancy in the 20th Infantry during the Spanish-American War and he was sent to the Philippines. From then until World War I, he was posted back and forth between stateside and the Philippines. In late 1917, he went to France as a quartermaster, serving behind the lines as a supply officer. Between World Wars I and II, he served on army posts in Washington, Georgia, Texas, and the Philippines.
10. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 117-18.
11. Ibid., p. 118. Archival documents (dating from December 7 to 31, 1941) demonstrating the growing conflicts between the War and Justice departments and showing the rising concern about internal security in both the government and the nation at large may be seen in Daniels, ed., American Concentration Camps, Vol. 1, Part 3.
12. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 4-6, 19-24.
13. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, pp. 63-64.
14. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 119.
16. For further data on this subject, see U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Wartime Exile, pp. 154-58.
17. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 120.
18. Quoted in Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 48.
19. Quoted in ten Brock, et al., Prejudice, War and the Constitution, p. 75.
20. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 70. Copies of Ford's letters may be found in Daniels, ed., American Concentration Camps, Vol. 2, Part 1.
21. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 121.
23. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 122.
24. For further data on this subject see Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 67-69.
25. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 123.
26. Personal Justice Denied, p. 72; Thomas and Nashimato, Spoilage, p. 7; and Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 241-42. Copies of the Department of Justice press releases may be found in Daniels, ed., American Concentration Camps, Vol. 1, Part 2.
Printed copies of the Justice Department press releases between January 29 and February 7 ma be found in House Report 2124, May 1942, Appendixes 6-11, pp. 302-14.
27. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 123-24.
28. Ibid., p. 124, and Grodzins, Japanese Evacuation, p. 124.
30. Ibid., p. 125, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 76-77.
31. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 126.
33. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 77.
34. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 127. The substance of this report, one of the most detailed and sympathetic military analyses of the Japanese problem in early 1942, was published anonymously in Harper's Magazine, October 1942, pp. 489-97.
35. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 127-28, and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 77-78.
36. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 128-29.
39. Ibid., p. 130, and U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 9.
40. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 7-8.
41. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 131-32.
42. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 132.
43. The memorandum is printed in U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 33-38. According to Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 132, the memorandum should be dated February 13. Also see Personal Justice Denied, pp. 66, 82.
44. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 132-33.
45. Quoted in Roger Daniels, The Decision to Relocate Japanese Americans (Malabar, Florida, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1986). p. 47.
46. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, pp. 81-82.In Alaska the Army had been made responsible for controlling enemy aliens soon after Pearl Harbor, and it had promptly interned those considered dangerous. On March 6, 1942, the Secretary of war extended his authority under Executive Order 9066 to the Army commander in Alaska, By late May he had evacuated not only his alien internees but also the entire Japanese population of Alaska — 230, of whom more than half were United States citizens.
47. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 134. In its Final Report the War Department stated on page 25: "The War Department representative [Colonel Bendetsen] carried back to the Secretary the recommendation of the Commanding General that some method be developed empowering the Federal Government to provide for the evacuation from sensitive areas of all persons of Japanese ancestry, and any other persons individually or collectively regarded as potentially dangerous. The Commanding Genera; proposal was reduced to writing in a memorandum for the Secretary of War, dated February 14, 1942 . . . . This recommendation was presented to the Secretary of War on or about February 16th." No other evidence was found that the recommendations contained in General DeWitt's memorandum to the Secretary of War were considered or referred to in the preparation of new War Department directives on the subject between February 17 and 20. After these directives were drafted and after talking with General DeWitt on February 20, Bendetsen informed Secretary Stimson: "It was I who misunderstood General Dewitt's plan — he has no mass movement in mind." Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 134, footnote 64.
48. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 134-35.
51. Executive Order 9066, February 19, 1942, Federal Register, Vol. 7, No. 38, February 25, 1942. Also see U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 25-29; Personal Justice Denied, p. 85; Maisie and Richard Conrat, "Executive Order 9066; The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans (Los Angeles, California Historical Society, 1972); and ten Brock, Prejudice, War and the Constitution, pp. 111-12. A copy of Executive Order 9066 may be seen in Appendix A of this study, Daniels, Decision to Relocate the Japanese, pp. 49-50.
52. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, pp. 85-86.
53. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 29-31, 49, and Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 331-39.
54. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 136.
55. "Outline Memorandum of February 20, 1942, printed in U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 28-29.
56. Daniels, Decision to Relocate the Japanese, pp. 51-52.
57. Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, pp. 136-37.
59. Quoted in Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 134-36.
60. Conn et al., Guarding the United States, p. 148.
62. Quoted in ten Brock, et al., Prejudice, War and the Constitution, p. 191.
63. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1947), p. 406.
64. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 89.
65. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 361-74; ten Brock, Prejudice, War and the Constitution, p. 78; and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 91-92.
66. Personal Justice Denied, p. 18.
Chapter Three
1. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 93-95.
3. Congressional Record, March 9, 1942, p. 2071, and March 10, 1942, p. 2230.
4. U.S. Congress, House, Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, 77th cong., 2d Sess., 1942 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1942), pp. 11010, 11018.
5. Ibid., pp. 11012, 11141, 11153, 11181, 11226.
6. Quoted in Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps USA; Japanese Americans and World War II (Hinsdale, Illinois, The Dryden Press, 1972), p. 78.
7. Ibid, pp. 11068, 11137, 11148, 11153, 11178, 11203, 11207, 11220, 11240, and Leonard Broom and John I. Kitsuse, The Managed Casualty: The Japanese-American Family in World War II (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1956), p. 14.
8. Broom and Kitsuse, Managed Casualty, p. 14. For more information on the Goleta attack see Burl Burlingame, Advance Force Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Navy's Underway Assault on America (Kailua, Hawaii, Pacific Monograph, 1992), pp. 348-51; Bert Webber, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II (Corvallis, Oregon State University Press, 1975), pp. 25-32; and Bert Webber, Silent Siege — III: Japanese Attacks On North America in WWII; Ship's Sunk, Air Raids, Bombs Dropped, Civilians Killed (Medford, Oregon, Webb Research Group, 1992).
9. Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, pp. 10974, 11011-12.
10. Ibid. p. 11247, and Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 124-25.
11. Ibid., p. 10974, and U.S. war Department, Final Report, pp. 9-10.
12. Personal Justice Denied, p. 98.
14. Congressional Record, March 19, 1942, p. 2726.
16. U.S. War Department Final Report, pp. 29-31,49, and Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 331-44. More data on the legal aspects and consequences of the presidential and congressional decisions may be found in Clinton Rossiter, The Supreme Court and the Commander in Chief (Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1951), pp. 42-54.
17. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 30-31.
18. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 99.
19. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 28-29. Also see Daniels, Decision to Relocate, pp. 116-21.
20. Daniels, Decision to Relocate, p. 53. A copy of Public Proclamation No. 1 is printed in Appendix 15, House Report 2124, pp. 317-20.
21. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 304-05.
22. A copy of Public Proclamation No. 2 is printed in Appendix 16, House Report 2124, pp. 321-29.
23. Daniels, Concentration Camps USA, p. 85. A copy of Public Proclamation No. 3 is printed in Appendix 17, House Report 2124, pp. 330-31.
24. Personal Justice Denied, p. 101.
25. Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, p. 11061. Also see Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 307-09.
26. Quoted in U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 101.
27. Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, pp. 11020, 11054.
28. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 102.
29. Quoted in Hearings Before the Select Committee investigating National Defense Migration, p. 11276.
30. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 103.
31. Daniels, Concentration Camps USA, p. 85. A copy of Proclamation No. 4 is printed in Appendix 18, House Report 2124, p. 331.
32. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 105.
34.Personal Justice Denied, p. 104, and U.S. Congress, House, Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, National Defense Migration, Report . . . Pursuant to H Res. 113 . . . Preliminary Report and Recommendations on Problems of Evacuation of Citizens and Aliens From Military Areas, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Rept. 1911, March 19, 1942, pp. 15-19.
35. Quoted in Conn et al., Guarding the United States, p. 140.
36. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 50-51, and Peter Irons, Justice at War (New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 69-70.
37. A copy of Executive Order 9102 may be seen in Appendix B of this study.
38. U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, pp. 26-30, and Irons, Justice At War, pp. 71-72.
39. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 41.
40. Ibid., pp. 43-44, 65-74, 104-05. For an examination of related activities of the WCCA, such as curfew and travel control and repatriation, see ibid., pp. 291-333.
43. Ibid., p. 44, and Irons, Justice At War, p. 69. More indepth study of the Manzanar site selection may be found in Chapter Five of this study.
44. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 44, 46, and 151.
45. Personal Justice Denied, p. 138, and Irons, Justice At War, p. 69, Chapter Four of this study includes data on the construction, development, and operation of the assembly centers.
46. For more information on the historical development of the Japanese community on Terminal Island see Kanshi Stanley Yamashita, "Terminal Island: Ethnography of an Ethnic Community: Its Dissolution and Reorganization to a Non-Spatial Community" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1985).
47. U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Wartime Exile, p. 124; Daniels, Decision to Relocate, p. 54; and Daniel S. Davis, Behind Barbed Wire: The Imprisonment of Japanese Americans During World War II (New York, E.P. Dutton, 1982), pp. 43-44.
48. Personal Justice Denied, p. 108, and Alexander Leighton, The Governing of Men (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1946), p. 38.
49. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, pp. 108-09.
50. Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, p. 11667.
51. Takeo Kaneshiro, comp., Internees: War Relocation Center Memoirs and Diaries (New York, Washington, Atlanta, and Hollywood, Vantage Press, 1976), pp. 2-5.
52. Personal Justice Denied, p. 109.
53. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 48-49; House Report 2124, p. 5; and Audrie Girdner and Ann Loftis, The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans During World War II (London, The Macmillan Company, Collier-Macmillan, Ltd., 1969), p. 133.
54. Daniels, Decision to Relocate, pp. 54-55, and U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 49, 519-21.
55. A copy of Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1 is printed in Appendix 20, House Report 2124, pp. 332-34.
56. Quoted in Personal Justice Denied, pp. 109-10.
57. Daniels, Decision to Relocate, pp. 54-55.
58. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 89-93, 114-26, and Thomas and Nashimoto, Spoilage, pp. 13-17.
59. A complete set of the 108 civilian exclusion orders may be found in Record Group 210, Records of the War Relocation Authority, Entry 16, Headquarters Subject — Classified General Files, 1942-46, Box 242, File 35.434, National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Washington, D.C. In conjunction with the issuance of each civilian exclusion order the Civil Affairs Division of the Western Defense Command and Fourth Army prepared memoranda detailing the responsibilities of each agency and military unit for implementation of the order, Copies of some of these memoranda may be found in Collection No. 200, California Ephemera Collection, Japanese in California, Box 42, Folders 4-6, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
60. House Report 1911, pp. 5-6.
62. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 43, 127-29, 136-38.
63. Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, pp. 132-33.
65. Dillon S. Myer, Uprooted Americans: The Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority During World War II (Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, 1971), p. 253.
66. Leonard Bloom and Ruth Riemer, Removal and Return (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1949), p. 129.
67. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 117-18. For further information on this topic, see U.S. Department of the Interior, war Relocation Authority, The Wartime Handling of Evacuee Property (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 1-109; House Report 2124, pp. 13-16, 173-95; U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, pp. 155-62; U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 127-44; and Final Report of the Participation of the Farm Security Administration In the Evacuation Program of the Wartime Civil Control Administration, Civil Affairs Division, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Covering the Period, March 15, 1942 through May 31, 1942, RG 210, Entry 7, Issuances of Other Federal Government Agencies, 1942-46, Box 5, File, "Wartime Civil Control Administration — Final Report of Farm Security Administration."
68. U.S. War Department. Final Report, pp. 15, 105.
69. Thomas and Nishimoto, Spoilage, pp. 12-13, and Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 304-05, 312-13. See Appendix B for a list of the exclusion dates, number of persons evacuated, and destinations of Japanese associated with each civilian exclusion order.
70. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 15.
71. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 303-22.
72. ten Brock, et al., Prejudice, War, and the Constitution, p. 133.
73. Public Proclamation No. 7, quoted in ibid., p. 125.
74. U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Store of Human Conservation, pp. ix-x, 23, and Irons, Justice At War, p. 73.
75. Quoted in Conn, et al., Guarding the United States, p. 144.
77. House Report 2124, pp. 25ff, 227ff.
Chapter Four
1. Brian Niiya, ed., Japanese American History: An A-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present (New York, Facts on File, 1993), pp. 110-11, and "Summary of Available Data on Assembly Centers," (July 14, 1943), Community Analysis Reports and Community Analysis Trend Reports of the War Relocation Authority, 1942-1946, p. 5, Roll 3, No. 69, Microfilm Publication MP 342, RG 210.
2. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 151, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 153.
3. For a history of the Santa Anita Assembly Center, see Anthony L. Lehman, Birthright of Barbed Wire (Los Angeles, Westernlore Press, 1970).
4. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 227.
5. Ibid., p. 152. For more information on Army cantonment construction, see U.S. Department of Defense, Legacy Resources Management Program, and U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, World War II and the U.S. Army Mobilization Program: A History of 700 and 800 Series Cantonment Construction, Including Historic American Buildings Survey Documentation for Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, by Diane Shaw Wasch, Perry Bush, Keith Landreth, and James Glass. 1993.
6. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 183, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 149.
7. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 183-85, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, pp. 183-85.
8. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 183-84.
9. Ibid., p. 186, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 152.
10. American National Red Cross, "Report of the American Red Cross Survey of Assembly Centers in California, Oregon, and Washington," August 1942, p. 37, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 139. The per capita cost of constructing the centers ranged from $64 for Puyallup to $196 for Pomona. "Summary of Available Data on Assembly Centers," pp. 5-6ff, Roll 3, No. 69, M1342, RG 210.
11. U.S. War Department Final Report, pp. 46-47, 222, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 169.
12. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 222-23, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 169.
13. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 226.
15. Ibid., p. 225. A copy of the W.C.C.A. Operations Manual, dated June 11, 1942, may be found in collection No. 200, Japanese in California, Box 42, Folder 5, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
16. W.C.C.A. Operation Manual, June 11, 1942, p. 2, Collection No, 200, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
17. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 215-21, 225.
18. Oral testimony, Grace Nakamura, Los Angeles, August 6, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 252, quoted in Personal Justice Denied.
19. Unsolicited testimony, Leonard Abrams, Philadelphia, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 136.
20. Oral testimony, William Kochiyama, New York, November 23, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 97, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 136.
21. Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, pp. 146-48.
22. American National Red Cross, "Survey of Assembly Centers," pp. 18-19, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 137.
23. Oral testimony, Ken Hayashi, Los Angeles, August 4, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 222, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 138.
24. Oral testimony, Toshiko Toku, Seattle, September 10, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 39, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 139.
25. Oral testimony, James T. Fiyii, Los Angeles, August 6, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 80, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 139.
26. Oral testimony, Thomas M. Tajiri, Chicago, September 22, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 293, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 139.
27. Oral testimony, Marshall M. Sumida, San Francisco, August 11, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 102, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 139.
28. Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, pp. 148-49; Personal Justice Denied, pp. 139-40; and Mine Okubo, Citizen 13660 (New York, Arno Press, 1978), pp. 50, 97, 99.
29. Personal Justice Denied, p. 140, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 149.
30. Daniels, Concentration Camps USA, p. 89,
31. Personal Justice Denied, p. 140.
32. Monica Sone, Nisei Daughter (Seattle and London, University of Washington Press, 1953), p, 180.
33. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 140-41, and U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 145.
34. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 186; Personal Justice Denied, p. 141; and Michi Weglyn, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps (New York, William Morrow & Co., 1976), p. 82.
35. Oral testimony, Misao Sakamoto, Seattle, September 9, 1981, Hearings Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 177, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 141.
36. Personal Justice Denied, p. 141.
37. Oral testimony, Shizuko Tokushige, San Francisco, August 12, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 227, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
38. Oral testimony, James M. Goto, Los Angeles, August 5, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 213, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
39. American National Red Cross, "Survey of Assembly Centers," p. 4, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
40. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 193.
41. Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
42. U.S. war Department, Final Report, p. 186.
43. Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
44. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 186.
45. Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 86, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
46. Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 78, and Oral testimony, Kinya Noguchi, San Francisco, August 11, 1081, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 107, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 142.
47. Quoted in Daniels, Concentration Camps USA, p. 89.
49. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 188; Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 84; and Personal Justice Denied, p. 143.
50. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 190, and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 143-44.
51. Sone, Nisei Daughter, p. 178; Weglyn, Years of Infamy, p. 81; and U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 192.
52. American National Red Cross, "Survey of Assembly Centers," p. 52, in Personal Justice Denied, p. 144.
53. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 207-09; Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 92; and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 144-45.
54. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 209-10; Okubo, Citizen 13660, pp. 88, 93; and Personal Justice Denied, p. 145.
55. Unsolicited testimony, Sachi Kajiwara, Dayton, Ohio, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 145.
56. Okubo, Citizen 13660, pp. 103-05.
57. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 211-12, and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 145-46.
58. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 213, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 146.
59. Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 91.
60. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 205-06, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 146.
61. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 224.
62. Ibid., pp. 205-06; Weglyn, Years of Infamy, p. 81; and Personal Justice Denied, p. 146.
63. American National Red Cross, "Survey of Assembly Centers," p. 22, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 147.
64. "Summary of Available Data on Assembly Centers," pp. 11-12, Roll 3, No. 69, M1342, RG 210.
65. Sone, Nisei Daughter, p, 176, and Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 59.
66. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 218; Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 108; and Sone, Nisei Daughter, p. 187.
67. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 226.
68. Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 79, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 148.
69. "Summary of Available Data on Assembly Centers," pp. 27-28, Roll 3, No. 69, M1342, RG 210.
70. Thomas and Nishimoto, Spoilage, pp. 22-23; U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 218-19; and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 147-48.
Chapter Five
1. Weglyn, Years of Infamy, p.89, and Personal Justice Denied, p. 149.
2. Edward H. Spicer, Asael T. Hansen, Katherine Luomala, and Marvin K. Opler, Impounded People: Japanese-Americans in the Relocation Centers (Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1969), p. 62.
3. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, March 18 to June 30, 1942, p. 8; ibid., Second Quarterly Report, July 1 to September 30, 1942, pp. 1-2; and ibid., [Third] Quarterly Report, October 1 to December 31, 1942, pp. 1-2, and U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 282-84, 288.
4. See Appendix B of this study for a copy of Executive Order 9102.
5. Milton S. Eisenhower, The President Is Calling (Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Co., 1974), pp. 95-96, 125.
6. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 53-54.
7. Letter, Masaoka to Eisenhower, April 6, 1942, quoted in ibid., p. 154.
8. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 3.
9. Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, pp. 116-17, and U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, pp. 28-30.
10. Personal Justice Denied, pp. 154-55, and Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, pp. 117-19.
11. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 3, and Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, p. 119.
12. Personal Justice Denied, p. 155.
13. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 237-38.
14. "Memorandum of Agreement Between the War Department and War Relocation Authority," April 17, 1942, printed in ibid., pp. 239-40.
15. Ibid., pp. 241-43. Also see U. B. Stanbery to R. L. Nicholson, March 19, 1942, and attachments, "considerations In Selecting Sites To Receive Evacuees" and "Areas Suggested For Investigation," March 17, 1942, RG 83, Records of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Western Regional Office, Berkeley, California, War Relocation Records, 1942, Box 1, File, "Suggested Resettlement Projects," National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Sierra Region, San Bruno, California.
16. Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, p. 122, and U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 249.
17. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, pp. 6-7; US. War Department, Final Report, p. 248; U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, p. 20; and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 216. Also see Report, Site Selection Board, Reception Centers For Evacuated Japanese, March 26, 1942, RG 83, Western Regional Office, Berkeley, California, War Relocation Records, 1942, Box 1, File, "Suggested Resettlement Projects," National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Sierra Region, San Bruno, Also see "Final Report, Operations Division," Irvin Utz, Chief, Operations Division, March 1946, pp. 1-2, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 223, File 24.0528, "Final Report, Operations Division, Author Irvin Utz."
18. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 7; U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, pp. 20, 22, U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 249, and Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 216.
19. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 249.
20. Girdner and Loftis, Great Betrayal, p. 216.
21. Daniels, Concentration Camps USA, p. 96.
22. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 249-50, 263-64; War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, pp. 9-10; War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, pp. 8-12; and Thomas and Nishimoto, Spoilage, p. 28.
23. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 8.
24. War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, p. 1.
25. War Relocation Authority, [Third] Quarterly Report, pp. 1-2.
26. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 264.
27. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 12. For further information on "theater of operations" military construction, see U.S. Department of Defense, Legacy Resources Management Program, and U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, World War II and the U.S. Army Mobilization Program.
28. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 264, 584-91.
33. "Final Report, Operations Division," March 1946, p. 19, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 223, File 24,0528.
39. War Relocation Authority, First Quarterly Report, p. 13. also see U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 287-88.
40. U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 273-74.
43. War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, pp. 3-4.
44. U.S. War Department, Final Report, p. 289; Sone Nisei Daughter, p. 190; Okubo, Citizen 13660, p. 128; and Personal Justice Denied, pp. 149, 151.
45. Unsolicited testimony, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 151.
46. Oral testimony, Shizuko S. Tokushige, San Francisco, August 12, 1981, Hearings, Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, p. 228, quoted in Personal Justice Denied, p. 151.
47. Weglyn, Years of Infamy, pp. 89-90.
48. War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, pp. 5-6.
49. Leighton, Governing of Men, pp. 61-66. Also see Davis, Behind Barbed Wire, pp. 67-72, and Thomas and Mishimoto, Spoilage, pp. 31-33.
50. War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, pp. 4-5.
51. Personal Justice Denied, p. 157.
52. U.S. Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Story of Human Conservation, p. 75.
53. Thomas and Nishimoto, Spoilage, p. 33.
54. War Relocation Authority, Second Quarterly Report, p. 2.
Chapter Six
1. "Project Directors Report," Final Report, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, Inyo County, California, February 27, 1942 - March 9, 1946, Ralph P. Merritt, Project Director, Vol. I, pp. A-2 to A-6, Record Group 210, Entry 4b, Field Basic Documentation, 1942-46, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." Unless otherwise noted, this section will be based on the "Project Director's Report."
2. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," in "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, pp. A168 — A219, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
3. For more information on Boddy's efforts and Brown's cooperation see Interview of Robert L. Brown by Arthur A. Hansen, December 13, 1973, and February 20, 1974, in Jessie A. Garrett and Ronald C. Larson, eds., Camp and Community: Manzanar and the Owens Valley (Fullerton, California State University, Fullerton, Japanese American Oral History Project, 1977), pp. 23ff, Also see John Walton, Western Times and Water Wars: State, Culture, and Rebellion in California (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992). Brown detailed his involvement in the selection of the Manzanar site and the public relations program related to its establishment in an untitled report labeled in pencil "Assembly Centers, by Robert Brown, Reports Officer, Manzanar, April, 1943," RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 69, File, "Miscellaneous Reports." Also see "[Assembly Centers," April 1943], Robert Brown, Reports Officer, Manzanar, pp. 1-3, RG 210, Entry 4b, Relocation Center Records, Box 69, File, "Miscellaneous Reports."
4. Bob Brown, Inyo-Mono Comes Back," California Magazine of the Pacific, April 1940, pp. 20-22; William Kahrl, Water and Power: The Conflict Over Los Angeles Water Supply in the Owens Valley (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1982), p. 361; and Appendix 2, Letter, Ralph P. Merritt to Aunt Luella, December 25, 1942, in "Project Director's Report, Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, A-74 to A-76, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." The best biographical source on Ralph P. Merritt is University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, "After Me Cometh A Builder:" The Recollections of Ralph Palmer Merritt, Completed under the auspices of the Regional Cultural History Project and the Oral History Program, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962. Also see Ardis M. Walker, Ralph P. Merritt (San Bernadino, California, Inland Printing and Engraving Company, 1964), p 3-5.
5. For more information on the men contacted by Brown see Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 217. Also see "Owens Valley Coordinating Committee," n.d., Box 21, File, "Public Relations — State, County, etc., Coordinating Committee Collection No, 122, War Relocation Authority Archive, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
6. For more information on this topic, see Kahrl, Water and Power, p. 367, and Interview of Robert L. Brown by Arthur A. Hansen, in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community, p. 27.
7. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," in "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, p. A170, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
8. W. B. Higgins, Lt. Col., Corps of Engineers to M. S. Eisenhower, Coordinator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 13, 1942, land attachment, "Preliminary Report on Possible Sites for Relocation of Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, and of Japanese Aliens, March 5, 1942), RG 83, War Relocation Records, 1942, Box 1, File — "Suggested Resettlement Projects," National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno.
9. See, for instance, H. A. van Norman, Chief Engineer and General Manager to Honorable Sheridan Downey, United States Senator, March 5, 1942 (and attachments); Teletype, H. A. Van Norman to S. B. Robinson, March 6, 1942, in Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Historical Records Program, Los Angeles, California, (LADWP Historical Records) and R. R. Proctor, Field Engineer to H. A. Van Norman, Chief Engineer and General Manager, Department of Water and Power, March 9, 10, 1942. Also see G. M. Desmond to C. E. Miller, President, Water and Power Commission, January 19, 1942; Glenn M. Desmond, Publicity Director to Orville R. Caldwell, Executive Deputy, Office of the Mayor, City Hall, January 19, 1942; H. A. Van Norman, Chief Engineer and General Manager to R. B. Hood Special Agent In Charge, January 12, 1942 (and attachments); R. B. Hood, Special Agent In Charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation to H. A. Van Norman, January 14. 1942 (and attachments); Teletype, S. B. Robinson to H. A. Van Norman, March 4, 1942; and Statement by the Board of Water and Power Commissioners Relative to the Establishment of a Japanese "Reception Center" in Owens Valley, by Clinton E. Miller, President, March 13, 1942 (and attachment); Manzanar Relocation Center, Correspondence, January 1942 — May 1945, Ephemera Collection (Service III), Historical Records Program Library, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
10. Quoted in Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," in "Project Director's Report, Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, p. A169, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
12. Informal Statement of Tom C. Clark, Alien Control Coordinator, in office of H. A. Van Norman, Chief Engineer and General Manger, Bureau of Water Works and Supply, City of Los Angeles... March 5, 1942, Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records. Also see "Evacuated Japanese To Be Settled In Owens Valley," Intake, March 1942, p. 3. Copies of the Intake, a periodical of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, may be found in Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records.
13. For more information on various reactions by Owens Valley residents, see the interviews in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community.
14. DeWitt to Department of Water and Power, March 7, 1942, and attachments, File — Jap[anese] Resettlement Area," Reference Files, City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, Bishop, California, Attached to the letter was Exhibit "A" describing the land parcels that the military wished to lease for the construction of Manzanar, Originally, the military reported that the Manzanar site covered approximately 5,700 acres, On March 11, however, the U.S. Corps of Engineers revised the total acreage to 6,020 after conducting more accurate surveys. Exhibit "A," [March 7, 1942], Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records, Also see "Evacuated Japanese To Be Settled In Owens Valley," Intake, March 1942, p. 3.
15. E. L. Thrasher, Councilman, 14th Dist. to Board of Water and Power Commissioners, March 10, 1942, and Walter C. Peterson, City Clerk to Water and Power Commission, April 155, 1943, Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office, Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records.
16. Condemnation Proceeding United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. 5,700 Acres of Land, More or Less, in the County of Inyo, State of California; City of Los Angeles, a municipal corporation; Bureau of Power and Light, a political subdivision of the City of Los Angeles; County of Inyo, a body politic and corporate; State of California, a corporation sovereign. No. 147 Civil Complaint in Condemnation, June 27, 1942. RG 210, Entry 16, Box 293, File 41.080, "individual Projects (Manzanar Relocation Center)." For more information on legal questions relating to acquisition of the Manzanar site, see Norman M. Littell, Assistant Attorney General to Undersecretary of War Robert P. Patterson, April 8, 1942, Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records.
17. Memo, E. A. Porter to H. A. Van Norman, July 2, 1942, Correspondence, March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records.
18. Dillon S. Myer, Director, WRA to Chief of Engineers, Real Estate Division, War Department, March 13, 1945, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 293, File No. 41.080, "Individual Projects (Manzanar Relocation center)."
19. More information on the reactions of Owens Valley residents may be found in the interviews in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community.
20. In addition to the Brown and Merritt report, see Tom C. Clark, Chief of civilian Staff, Western Defense Command to Ralph P. Merritt, March 7, 1942, and Ralph P. Merritt to Tom C. Clark, Chief of Civilian Staff, Western Defense Command, April 1, 1942, Coll. 122, Box 21, File — "WRA — Public Relations — State, County, Etc., Coordinating Committee," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA. The Owens Valley Coordinating Committee would later name a 12-member advisory board consisting of leading citizens of the area. "Owens Valley Coordinating Committee," n.d., Box 21, File, "Public Relocations — State, County, etc., Coordinating Committee," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
21. Inyo Independent, March 20, 1942. A microfilm copy of this newspaper is on file in the Inyo County Library, Independence, California.
22. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," in "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, p. A171-72, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports"
23. Ralph P. Merritt to Tom C. Clark, Chief of Civilian staff, Western Defense Command, April 1, 1942, and attached "Memorandum on Proposed Owens Valley Project," Box 21, File, "WRA — Public Relations — State, County, Etc., Coordinating Committee," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
24. Appendix 25 "The Silverman Report," in "Project Director's Report, " Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. 1, A172, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
25. Colin L. Busby, John M. Findlay, and James C. Bard, A Cultural Resource Overview of the Bureau of Land Management Coleville, Bodie, Benton and Owens Valley Planning Units, California. Prepared for United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield District Office, Contract No. YA-512-CT8-181 (Oakland, California, Basin Research Associates, June 1979), p. 3; U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No, 181, Geology and Water Sources of Owens Valley, California, by Willis T. Lee (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1906); and U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 294, An Intensive Study of the Water Resources of a Part of Owens Valley, California, by Charles H. Lee (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1912), pp. 8.10.
26. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 3, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 294, pp. 10-14. Also see Clemens Arvid Nelson, Guidebook to the Geology of a Portion of the Eastern Sierra Nevada, Owens Valley, and White Inyo Range: Fall 1980 Field Trip, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (Los Angeles, UCLA Department of Earth and Space Sciences, 1980); U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Professional Paper 110, A Geologic Reconnaissance of the Inyo Range and the Eastern Slope of the Southern Sierra Nevada, California, by Adolph Knopf and Edwin Kirk (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918); Genny Schumacher Smith, ed., Deepest Valley: A Guide to Owens Valley, Its Roadsides and Mountain Trails (Rev. ed., Palo Alto, Genny Smith Books, 1978), pp. 119-48; and Robert A Sauder, The Lost Frontier: Water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture (Tucson and London, University of Arizona Press, 1994), pp. 7-27.
27. For more information on the Pauites in Owens Valley see Julian H. Steward, "Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, XXXIII (September 6, 1933), pp. 233-350; Sven Liljeblad and Catherine S. Fowler, "Owens Valley Paiute," in William c. Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin (Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1986), pp. 412-34; and Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Culture Resource Overview, pp. 108-323.
28. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 14.
29. For more information on early Euro-American exploration of Owens Valley see Gloria Griffen Cline, Exploring the Great Basin (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963).
30. E. M. Cain, The Story of Early Mono County Its Settlers, Gold Rushes, Indians, and Ghost Towns (San Francisco, Fearan Publishers, 1961), pp. 1-2, and Fred M. Phillips, Desert People and Mountain Men; Exploration of the Great Basin, 1824-1865 (Bishop, Chalfant Press, 1977), p. 25.
31. Cline, Exploring the Great Basin, pp. 124-28, and Phillips, Desert People and Mountain Men, p. 33.
32. Cline, Exploring the Great Basin, pp. 175-77, and Francis P. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1965), p. 34-39.
33. J. C. Ewers, ed., The Adventures of Zenas Leonard: Fur Trader (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), pp. 122-25.
34. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pp. 43-44; Phillips, Desert People and Mountain Men, pp. 51-52; and Rolle, California; A History, p. 182.
35. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pp. 43-44; Phillips, Desert People and Mountain Men, pp. 51-52; and Rolle, California: A History, p. 182.
36. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, pp. 39.40, and Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pp. 58-61.
37. Appendix Q, "Journal of Mr. Edward Kern of an Exploration of Mary's or Humboldt River, Carson Lake and Owens River and Lake," in Report of Explorations Across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah for a Direct Wagon Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley, in 1859 by Captain J. H. Simpson (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1876), pp. 482, 484.
38. Erwin G. Gudda, California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969), p. 232, and Philip J. Wilke and Harry W. Lawton, eds., The Expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson from Fort Tejon to the Owens Valley in 1859 (Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press, 1976), p. 36.
39. W. A. Chalfant, The Story of Inyo (Bishop, Chalfant Press, 1922), pp. 57-59.
40. Northern California Historical Records Survey Project, Inventory of the County Archives of California, No. 27, Mono County (Bridgeport). San Francisco, 1940, p. 12, and Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 13.
41. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 41.
42. Wilke and Lawton, eds., Expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson, pp. 6-7, 14
43. Ibid., pp. pp. 18-20, 23-27, 29-31.
44. Quoted in Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, p. 137.
46. An overview of this period of mining history in California may be found in Chapter One of W. W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1947). Also see Remi A. Nadeau, Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of California (Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie, 1965), p. 173.
47. Paul, California Gold, pp. 263-66, and Nadeau, Ghost Towns, p. 173.
48. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 45. For more information on this topic, see w. A. Chalfant, Gold Guns, Ghost Towns (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1947).
49. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, pp. 45-46.
50. Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 80-87; Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, p. 177; and Mary DeDecker,Mines of the Eastern Sierra (Glendale, California, La Siesta Press, 1966), pp. 41-45.
51. Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, p. 165, and M. B. Hoover, H. E. Rensch, and W. N. Abeloe, Historic Spots in California (Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 1966), p. 117.
52. DeDecker, Mines of the Eastern Sierra, pp. 45-46; Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, p. 171; and Dorothy C. Cragen, The Boys in the Sky-Blue Pants: The Men and Events at Camp independence and Forts of Eastern California, Nevada, and Utah, 1862-1877 (Fresno, Pioneer Publishing Company, 1975), p. 48.
53. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 47
54. Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo: 1866-1966 (Independence, California, 1966), pp. 5, 9.
55. Katherine Krater, East of the High Sierra (Independence, California, Draco Foundation, 1975), pp. 7-8, 61; Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, p. 25; Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, pp. 28-29, 41; and Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, p. 193.
56. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 49
57. Schmacher-Smith, Deepest Valley, p. 180; Story of Early Mono County, p. 28, and Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 49.
58. Francis P. Farquhar, ed., Up and Down California, in 1860-1864: The Journal of William H. Brewer (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1930), pp. 538-39; Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 208-10; and Northern California Historical Records Survey Project, Inventory, pp. 23-25.
59. Paul, California Gold, pp. 214-17.
60. Cain, Story of Early Mono County, p. 10, and Northern California Historical Records Survey Project, Inventory, pp. 3-6.
61. Cain, Story of Early Mono County, p. 10; Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 201, 211-12; Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, pp. 35, 37
62. For more information on the impact of Euro-American settlement on the Paiute culture in Owens Valley, see Carling l. Malouf and John M. Findlay, Euro-American Impact Before 1870, in Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin, pp. 499-516; Edward D. Castillo, "The Impact of Euro-American Exploration and Settlement," in William C. Sturtevannt, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California (Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1978), pp. 99-127; Sherburne F. Cook, The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1976); Roger D. McGrath, No Goodee Cow Man," in Friends of the Eastern California Museum, comp., Mountains to Desert: Selected Inyo Readings (Independence, California, Friends of the Eastern California Museum, 1988), pp. 17-73; Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, pp. 16-22; and William H. Michael, "'At the Plow and in the Harvest Field': Indian Conflict and Accommodation in the Owens Valley, 1860-1880" (Master's Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1993).
63. Wilke and Lawton, eds., Expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson, pp. 19-20.
64. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 45.
65. Wilke and Lawton, eds., Expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson, pp. 21, 31, and Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, p. 12.
66. U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1862 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1863), pp. 226-27.
67. U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1861 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1861), pp. 110.
68. U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1862, p. 106; Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 11-13; and Cook, Conflict, pp. 483-85.
69. Quoted in Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 4-5.
70. Phillips, Desert People and Mountain Men, pp. 58-60; Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 96-98; and Farquhar, ed., Up and Down California, p. 538.
71. U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1862, pp. 225-27, and ibid., Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1863 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1864), p. 99
72. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 6-9. An excellent analysis of military activities in Owens Valley during the 1860s and 1870s may be found in Michael, "At the Plow and in the Harvest Field." For more information on military operations in Owens Valley during the early 1860s, see U.S. War Department, War of the Rebellion, Vol. L. No, I, Chap. LXII. pp, 46-49, 145-53, 210-13, 935-36, 939, 1003, 1024-26, 1036-37, 1047, 1058-59, 1065, 1097-98, 1102-03, 1106-07, 1116,1120-3, 1128, 1140, 1149, 1165, and 1168-70, and Vol. L. No. 2, Chap. LXII, pp.33, 46-47, 75, 93, 111, 135, 139, 450-51, 1022, 1080-87, 1095, 1112—14, 1118-19, 1162, 1166, 1218, 1278, 1292.
73, Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 10-11, 21-23, 28-34.
74. Ibid., pp. 47-54, 74-75, and Mary Austin, The Land of Little Rain (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1950), pp. 59-65.
75. Cragen, Boys in Sky-blue Pants, pp. 55-62; Cook Conflict, pp. 463-465; Walton, Western times and Water Wars, pp. 52-54; and Rolle, California: A History, pp. 403-04.
76. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 88, 187. For more data on Indian population statistics in Owens Valley, see Sherburne F. Cook, The Population of the California Indians: 1769-1970 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976).
77. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 67-72, 78-82; Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 162-65; and Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, p. 136.
78. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, pp. 55-89.
79. Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Cultural Resource Overview, p. 59.
80. Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 208-10.
81. Homes for Settlers: Government Lands, Plenty of Water; A Delightful and Healthy Country. The Resources of Inyo County. How to Reach Owens Valley (Independence, California, Inyo Independent Printers, 1886), pp. 5-9, and Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, p. 167.
82. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pp. 150-54, 166-72.
83. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 93-109.
84. Ibid., p. 142, and Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Culture Resource Overview, p. 61.
85. Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 210, 212, 304, 314, and Homes for Settlers, p. 5,
86. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 127, 161-62.
87. W. A. Beck and Y. D. Hasse, Historical Atlas of California (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), p. 4; Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, pp. 186-88; Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 115, 122; Charles Mulholland," The Owens Valley Earthquake of 1872," Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, III (1894), pp. 27-32; Josiah Dwight Whitney, Owens Valley Earthquake of March 26. 1872 . . . . (N.p., 1872) no pagination; and Mary R. Hill, A Centennial: The Great Owens Valley Earthquake of 1872," California Geology, XXV (March 1972), pp. 51-54.
88. Mulholland, "Owens Valley Earthquake," pp. 31-32.
89. Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 171-74, and Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Culture Resource Overview, p. 63.
90. Remi A. Nadeau, City-Makers (Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1948), pp. 31-43, 104-20.
91. Ibid., pp. 35-37, 189-90, and Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, p. 249.
92. Chalfant, Story of Inyo, 1922, p. 248, and Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, p. 26.
93. Nadeau, City-Makers, pp. 31-35, and Nadeau, Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, p. 188.
94. Nadeau, City-Makers, pp. 42-43, 88-97
95. Ibid., and Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 149, 154-57, 166-68, 181, 184.
96. Nadeau, City-Makers, pp. 242-47, and Cragen, Boys in Sky-Blue Pants, pp. 174, 180-89.
97. Nadeau, Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, p. 203-04, 211-15. For more information on the historical development of Bodie, see State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, The Cultural Resources of Bodie State Historic Park, Sacramento, 1977.
98. Among the best sources on the historic development of the Carson and Colorado Railroad are: David F. Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, Volume One — The Northern Roads (Berkeley, Howell-North Books, 19162), pp. 166-210; John F. Due, "Carson and Colorado Railroad," Western Railroader, XXII, (May 1959), pp. 3-5; and J. B. Hungerford, The Slim Princess: The Story of the Southern Pacific Narrow Gauge (Reaeda, California, Hungerford Press, 1956).
99. Hungerford, Slim Princess, pp. 8ff.
100. Krater, East of the High Sierra, pp. 8-9, and Homes for Settlers, pp. 26-27.
101. Hungerford, Slim Princess, p. 8, and Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, p. 59.
102. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 139.
103. Bishop Chamber of Commerce, Owens River Valley, Inyo County, California, The Field of Opportunity, The Land of Promise (Bishop, California, Inyo Register Printing, [ca. 1922], pp. 6-8, and Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, p. 65.
104. Inyo County of Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, p. 77, and Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pp. 213-14.
105. Owens Valley Chamber of Commerce, Inyo County, California. Inyo the Peerless Endowed with a Greater Variety of Natural Resources Than Any Other County (Bishop, California, Inyo Mines Syndicates and Owens Valley Herald, [1908]), no pagination, in Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum, Independence, California, and Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, pp. 191-92.
106. Krater, East of the High Sierra, pp. 31-42.
107. Schumacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, p. 34; "William Penn Colonial Association of California," ca. 1903, in William Penn Colonial Association," in Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; "Articles of Incorporation of William Penn Colonial Association of California," June 9, 1900, in Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum; and Aqueduct Investigation Board, "Report of the Aqueduct Investigation Board to the City Council of Los Angeles," August 31, 1912, 7 vols., Vol. I, pp. 58-59 (copy on file in Eastern California Museum Reference Library).
108. William A. Douglass and Jon Bilbao, Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World, (Reno, University of Nevada Press, 1975), pp. 236, 249-51, 373.
109. Harry W. Lawton, Philip J. Wilke, Mary DeDecker, and William M. Mason, "Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owen Valley," Journal of California Anthropology, III (Summer 1976), pp. 13-50.
110. Wilke and Lawton, eds., Expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson, pp. 19, 40, 45-47; Lawton et al., "Agriculture Among the Paiute," p. 32; and Austin, The Land of Little Rain, pp. 81-82.
111. Sauder, The Lost Frontier, pp. 125-35.
112. Schmacher-Smith, ed., Deepest Valley, p. 191; Edwin Schallert, "The Valley of the Flowing Waters," West Coast Magazine, XI (November 1911), pp. 135-49; and G. Yoell Parkhurst, Inyo County, California (San Francisco, Sunset Magazine Homeseekers' Bureau, ca. 1910), no pagination, in Inyo County, California," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum, Also see Agricultural and Industrial Survey of Inyo County, Calif., Made by the California Government Board of San Francisco, California, at the Request of the Board of Supervisors of Inyo County, June-July 1917, Thalia Weed Newcomb, Field agent, September 1917; and J.S. Cotton, Agricultural Conditions of Inyo County, California (Mss., 1905).
113. Material for this section is based on the following works, which are considered by most scholars to be the best documentary sources in this field, Walton, Western Times and Water Wars; Vincent Ostrom, Water & Politics: A Study of Water Policies and Administration in the Development of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, The Haynes Foundation, 1953); Kahrl, Water and Power: The Conflict over Los Angeles Water Supply in the Owens Valley; William L. Kahrl, "The Politics of California Water: Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Aqueduct, 1900-1927, Part I," California Historical Quarterly, LV (Spring 1976) pp. 2-25; William L. Kahrl, "The Politics of California Water: Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Aqueduct, 1900-1927, Part II," California Historical Quarterly, LV (Summer 1976), pp. 98-120; and Robert A. Sauder, "Owens Valley's Abandoned Landscapes," California Geographer, XXXII (1992), pp. 61-76. Also see Catherine Hoehn, "The Owens Valley-Los Angeles water Controversy: Bibliographic Guide" (M. A. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1977); Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, A Brief Summary of Important Historical Data and Current Facts Concerning the Municipally Owned, Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, The Department, 1986); Gordon R. Miller, "Los Angeles and the Owens River Aqueduct" (Ph. D. dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1977); Los Angeles, Bureau of the Aqueduct, Annual Reports of the Chief Engineer of the Los Angeles Aqueduct to the Board of Public Works, (7 vols., Los Angeles, Department of Public Works, 1907-13); and Los Angeles, Department of Public Service, Complete Report on Construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Los Angeles, 1916).
114. Carey McWilliams, Southern California; An Island on the Land (Santa Barbara and Salt Lake City, Peregrine Smith, Inc., 1979), pp. 183-87, and Ostrom, Water & Politics, p. 9. Also see S. P. Erie, "How the Urban West Was Won: The Local State and Economic Growth in Los Angeles, 1880-1932," Urban Affairs Quarterly, XXVII (No. 4, 1992), pp. 519-54.
115. Schallert, "Valley of the Flowing Waters," p. 143.
116. The perspective of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power may be seen in Los Angeles Water and Power Department, "The Owens Valley Controversy in Perspective," in Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County (Covina, California, Taylor Publishing Company, 1977) pp. 41-43.
117. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, 291.
118. Morrow Mayo, Los Angeles: The Rape of Owens Valley (New York, Alfred Knopf, 1933), pp. 220-46.
119. Owens Valley Chamber of Commerce, Inyo County, [1908], no pagination.
120. Bishop Chamber of Commerce, Owens River Valley, [1922], p. 6.
121. Inyo County, California's Real Primitive Playground, A Paradise for the Homemaker, the Tourist, and the Sportsman, [ca. 1923], in "Inyo County II," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
122. Mayo, Los Angeles, pp. 239-40, and Remi A. Nadeau, The Water-Seekers (New York, Doubleday, 1950), p. 128.
123. Ostrom, Water & Politics, pp. 128-30. For more information on this topic, see Richard Coke Wood, The Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Water Controversy: Owens Valley As I Knew It (Stockton, University of the Pacific, Pacific Center For Western Historical Studies, 1973).
124. Judith and Neil Morgan, "California's Parched Oasis," National Geographic, CXLI (January 1976), p. 103.
125. Krater, East of the High Sierra, pp. 52-53; Kahrl, Politics of California Water, Part II," p. 114; and Ostrom, Water & Politics, p. 127.
126. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 201.
128. The 1929-33 period of Owens Valley history is summarized in W. A. Chalfant, The Story of Inyo (Rev, ed., Los Angeles, Citizens Print Shop, Inc., 1933) pp. 399-411. Also see Mary DeDecker, "Owens Valley, Then and Now," in Friends of the Eastern California Museum, comp., Mountains to Desert, pp. 7-15.
129. "50th Anniversary of Santa Rosa Parish, 1919-1969," p. 5, in "Manzanar WWII Camp," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
130. Brown, "Inyo-Mono Comes Back," p. 20.
131. Kahrl, Water and Power, pp. 361-67, and Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 214. Also see the Interview of Robert L. Brown by Arthur A. Hansen in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community, pp. 21-22. The Interview of Jack B. Hopkins by Arthur A. Hansen, December 20, 1973, in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community, pp. 43-45, also provides perspective on this issue.
132. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 216. Also Inyo County Board of Supervisors, comp., Inyo, p. 70.
133. Judith and Neil Morgan, "California's Parched Oasis," pp. 98-127. Also see Busby, Findlay, and Bard, Culture Resource Overview, pp. 93-95.
134. San Francisco Examiner, May 15, 1908; "The John Shepherd Family," n.d.; "The John Shepherd Family," told by Eva Lee Gunn and J. E. Shepherd to E. Margrave, n.d.; and numerous unidentified newspaper clippings; in "Shepherd," Family History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. Also see Guy Chaffee Earl, The Enchanted Valley and Other Sketches (Glendale, California, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1976), pp. 100-04.
135. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 95, and W. A. (Gus) Cashbaugh, "Index, Inyo—Mono County Cattlemen," February 1971, Typescript, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 41, in "Agriculture," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum,
136. For more information on Paiute agricultural practices, see Lawton, et al., "Agriculture Among the Paiute," pp. 13-50.
137. Genny Schumacher, ed.. Deepest Valley: Guide to Owens Valley and Its Mountain Lakes, Roadsides and Trails (San Francisco, Sierra Club, 1962), p. 33.
138. Jane Wehrey, "Report on Manzanar Pre-Camp Period: Data and Sources and Suggestions and Sources for Further Research on Attitudes of Owens Valley Townspeople During Manzanar Camp," California State University, Fullerton, October 1993, p. 1.
139. Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 95; "Lone Pine Agenda," June 8, 1988, in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; and "The Chaffeys in Owens Valley," Newsletter, Friends of the Eastern California Museum, Spring/Summer Quarter, 1993, pp. 6, 10, in "Chaffey (Kreider)," Family History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
140. Louise Bossert, " The Indians of Manzanar," n.d., in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum, Also see Wehrey, "Report on Manzanar Pre-Camp Period," p. 1.
141. Quoted in Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 20, and Interview of Bessie Frazier by C. N. Irvin, n.d., in "Smith, J. P.," Family History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum,
142. Michael, "'At the Plow and in the Harvest Field,'" p. 132.
143. Inyo Independent, December 19, April 24, 1875, quoted in Walton, Western Times and Water Wars, p. 29.
144. Wehrey, "Report on Manzanar Pre-Camp Period," p. 1-2, and Guy Chaffee Earl, Indian Legends and Songs (Glendale, California, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1950), pp. 43-44.
145. Inyo Independent, October 13, 1877.
147. Inyo County Tax Rolls, 1881, in Museum Collection, Eastern California Museum.
148. Inyo Independent, March 14, 1902, in "Hunter," Family History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. A post office had been established at George Creek in 1875, and from 1896 to 1911 a post office named Thebe (Indian name for the surrounding mountains) served the George Creek and Shepherd Creek settlements. J. Hoyle Mayfield, comp., Postmasters of Inyo County, California, 1866-1970 (Bakersfield, Kern County Genealogical Society, 1970), pp. 8, 20.
149. Charles Mulholland, Inyo County: Its Lands, Water, Soil, Climate, Mines, Scenery, and Other Resources (Los Angeles, Times — Mirror Printing and Binding House, 1893, pp. 19-21. Also see Indexes to the Great Register, Inyo County California, for the years 1886 and 1894, in "Inyo County Index to Great Register," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; "Georges Creek," by Blanche Van Norman, car 1940s, in "Georges Creek," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; and Gussie M. Wood, "The Kispert Ranch on Georges Creek," in Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County, pp. 113-14.
150. Articles of Incorporation of the Sierra Securities Company, October 18, 1906, in "Sierra Securities, Inc., 1906," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum.
151. Kahrl, Water and Power, pp. 218-20; Inyo Independent, June 18, 1909, in "Inyo County II," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; and "The Manzanar 'Chaffey-Kreider' Connection," pp. 1-4, in "Chaffey (Kreider)," Family History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. For more data on the background of Chaffey see Joseph A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in California and Australia (Melbourne, Australia, Macmiillan and Co., 1928).
152. E. M. Nordyke, December 2, 1921, Letter of Transmittal and Report of W. F. McClure, State Engineer, Concerning the Owens Valley — Los Angeles Controversy, To Governor Friend Wm. Richardson, Published by the Senate, California Legislature (Sacramento, California State Printing Office, 1925), p. 44, in "LAWP Misc, #4," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
153. Articles of Incorporation of the Owens Valley Improvement Company, May 6, 1910, in "Owens Valley Improvement Company," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum.
154. Inyo Register, Inyo County, California, Anno Domini 1922: Beautiful Owens Valley (Bishop, California, Inyo Register, 1912), pp. 43-44.
155. Articles of Incorporation of the Manzanar Water Corporation, 1915-1932, in "Manzanar Water Corporation," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum.
156. Manzanar Commercial Club, Manzanar: Owens River Valley, Inyo County, California [Manzanar, 1917], no pagination; Inyo Independent, January 27, 1911; and Sauder, Lost Frontier, pp. 127-28. In 1911 the Owens Valley Improvement Company published a small color brochure promoting apple growing at Manzanar. Owens Valley Improvement Company, Fortunes in Apples in Owens Valley, Inyo County, California (1911).
157. [Report] To the President and Board of Directors, Owens Valley Improvement Company, May 16, 1912 (incomplete, author unknown), in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical References Files, Eastern California Museum.
158. Anno Domini 1912, pp. 43-44, and John M. Gorman, I Remember Manzanar (Bishop, California, Pinion Press, 1967), pp. 9-10. The Eastern California Museum has a collection containing items relating to Manzanar town history. Among the museum's accessioned objects are documents including deeds for land acquisition by the Lacey family and receipts/assessments of the Manzanar Water Corporation. Provision for pavement of the highway from Independence to Manzanar was made in a state highway bond issue passed in November 1916.
159. Henry S. "Tom" Smith, "My Associations With the Deepest Valley," Eastern California Museum, Tuva, February 1981, pp. 2-3 (copy in Eastern California Museum Reference Library); Henry S. (Tom) Smith, "Manzanar;" Martha L. Mills, "Henry Lenbek Family — Manzanar;" and Nina Taylor, "The Ezra Taylor Family;" Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County, pp. 104-05, 122-24, and 234-35, respectively; Gorman, I Remember Manzanar, p. 9; and Manzanar," p. 2, Agricultural and Industrial Survey of Inyo County, 1917.
160. "Manzanar," Anno Domini 1912, pp. 43-44; Mayfield, comp., Postmasters of Inyo County, p. 13; and "US. Post Offices in Inyo County and Vicinity, Abstracted from U.S.P.O. Records in the National Archives," n.d., in "Post Offices, Inyo County," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum,
161. Sauder, Lost Frontier, p. 128; "Manzanar," pp. 1-2, Agricultural and Industrial Survey of Inyo County, 1917; and Manzanar Commercial Club, Manzanar, no pagination.
162. Articles of Incorporation of the Manzanar Fruit and Canners Association, July 24, 1918, in "Manzanar Fruit and Canners Association, 1918," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum.
163. Articles of Incorporation of the Manzanar Fruit & Canning Company, April 17, 1919, in "Manzanar Fruit & Canning Company, 1919," Articles of Incorporation, Archives, Eastern California Museum.
164. Anne Margrave, "The Methodist Episcopal Mission Church in Manzanar," in Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County, p. 85; "Lone Pine Agenda," June 8, 1988, in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; Della Butterfield Lange, "The Butterfields," Eastern California Museum, Tuva, February 1982, pp. 2-3; and Articles of Incorporation of the Manzanar Methodist Episcopal Church, June 24, 1921, "Manzanar Methodist Episcopal Church, 1921," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum.
165. Dorothy Lydston Gates, "The Manzanar I Remember," and Mills, "Henry Lenbek Family," Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County, pp. 105,122-24; and Lucille DeBoer, "Manzanar: A True Life Story," The Album: Times and Tales of Inyo — Mono, VI (Summer 1993), pp. 5-8.
166. Deed, Owens Valley Improvement Company to Manzanar School District, Dated July 19, 1912, Inyo County Deed Book 23, Folio 181, copy in #23-040-11 and #23-080-10, Reference Files, City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, Bishop; "Manzanar School, Inyo Co., California, 1916," in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; and Mills, "Henry Lenbek Family," Southern Inyo American Association of Retired Persons, Saga of Inyo County, pp. 122-24. Also see Dorothy C. Cragen, A Brief History of the Schools of Inyo County and a Statistical and Financial Report Covering Sixteen Years (Independence, California, 1954).
167. U.S. Bureau of Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1920, Population. Inyo County, Third Township.
168. Henry S. Smith to Mr. [Charles N.] Irwin, August 2, 1979, and Mrs. Barbara Wicks to Charles N. Irwin, July 31, 1979, in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. Also see "Maps Showing Classification and City Ownership of Lands in Owens River Valley, Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles, Survey Classification and Map Delineation Under Direction of J. E. Phillips, by P. E. Ritch, February 13 1931," Maps, City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, Bishop. For city land purchase records in the Manzanar area, see "Survey of City Owned Land in Inyo and Mono Counties," n.d., in "Survey of DWP Land;" "Land Purchase Records;" "Ow ens Valley Lands #9;" "Photo Book, South District #4;" and "Photo Book, Sub-Divided Properties #1;" Reference Files, City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, Bishop.
169. "Local Nostalgia," February 12, 19, 1988, in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum; Marie Louise Parcher and Will C. Parcher, Dry Ditches (Rev. ed., Bishop, California, the Parchers, 1970; Martha Lenbek Mills and Lena Lenbek Sluyter, "Manzanar Reunion and Comments," Eastern California Museum, Tuva, June 1979, p. 4; and Transcribed Interview with Robert V. Phillips by Jane Wehrey, October 1992, in Wehrey, "Report On Manzanar Pre-Camp Period," Appendix. Considerable data regarding Manzanar community reflections may be found in the Family History section of the Vertical Reference Files of the Eastern California Museum under Chaffey (Kreider), Glade, Hancock, William Lyle Hunter, Kispert, Lenbek, Walter Clarence "Stub" Lydston, McGovern, Reynolds, Robson, Shepherd, Skinner, and J. P. Smith, Among the transcribed oral interviews in the Eastern California Museum Oral History Project that contain data on these topics are those of Hazel Reynolds by Richard Potashin, August 17, 24, 1993 (ECM OH 288); Emily Roddy by Richard Potashin, June 16, 1992 (ECM OH 163); and Vic Taylor by Richard Potashin, January 22, March 4, 1991 (ECM OH 082).
170. Quoted in Jane Wehrey, "Layers of Meaning In A Place And Its Past: The Manzanar National Historic Site," May 1994, p. 17. A copy of this study may be found in the collections of the California State University, Fullerton, Oral History Program.
171. Ibid., pp. 19-20. Also see "The Bureau of Water Works and Supply is a Fruit Grower de Luxe," Intake, June 1927, p. 20.
172. For more data on Los Angeles farming operations at Manzanar see J. P. Hertel, County Agent, to E. H. Lehy, A. Water and Power Board Office, Bishop, June 19, 1926, and attachment, "Some Suggestions for the Future Land Policy of the City of Los Angeles in the Owens River Valley. J. P. Hertel, Farm Advisor, June 1926;" in "LAWP Misc. #1," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. Also see Walter E. Packard, Report on the Agricultural Situation in Owens Valley, As It Relates to the Agricultural Development of Lands Belonging to the City of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, Department of Public Service, 1925).
173. "Los Angeles Makes Hay in the Owens valley," Los Angeles Times Farm and Orchard Magazine, June 13, 1926,in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
174. Los Angeles Times Farm and Orchard Magazine, November 20, 1927, in "Manzanar Town," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum. Also see the reminiscences of John M. Gorman, a life long resident and rancher near Independence, who was hired by Christopher to oversee farm crews at Manzanar during the late 1920s. Gorman, I Remember Manzanar, pp. 15-24.
175. "Owens Valley, Where the Trail of the Wrecker Runs," by Frederick Faulkner, Reprinted from the Sacramento Union, March 28-April 2, 1927, in "LAWP Misc. #1," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
176. "Photo Book, South District #4," and "Photo Book, Sub-Divided Properties #1," Reference Files, City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, Bishop.
177. Mayfield, comp., Postmasters of Inyo County, p. 13; "Certificate of Dissolution of Manzanar Water Corporation, December 20,1932, in "Manzanar Water Corporation, 1915-1932," Articles of Incorporation (Archives), Eastern California Museum; and Wehrey, "Report on Manzanar Pre-Camp Period," pp. 5-6.
178. "Inyo County's Participation in World War II," p. 3, in "War Service Records, Inyo County," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum, and Memorandum, E. A. Porter to H. A. Van Norman, March 12, 1942, in "Manzanar War Relocation Center," Reference Files, City of Los Angeles, Department of water and Power, Bishop.
Chapter Seven
1. For further information on this period see Richard Brewer Rice, "The Manzanar War Relocation Center" (M. A. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1947), Pp. 25-28.
2. Informal statement of Torn C. Clark, Alien Control Coordinator, in office of H. A. Van Norman, Chief Engineer and General Manager, Bureau of Water Works and Supply, City of Los Angeles. . . March 5, 1942, Correspondence March 1942 — October 1943, Manzanar Relocation Center, Administrative and Executive Files, Water Executive Office Historical Records, LADWP Historical Records.
3. Inyo Independent, March 6, 1942.
4. Adjutant General to Chief of Engineers, March 8, 1942; E. K. Daley, Lt. Col., Corps of Engineers, Assistant: Operations Branch, Construction Division, March 10, 1942; J. R. D. Matheson, Colonel, Corps of Engineers, Executive Assistant to the District Engineer, U.S. Engineer Office, Los Angeles, California, March 13, 1942 (and attachments); and Memorandum for the Surgeon General, March 13, 1942, by E. K. Daley, March 13, 1942; Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Security — Classified Subject Files, 1940-45, Box 657, File No. 652, "Owens Valley, Calif," National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Washington, D.C.
5. "Report on Assignment of Projects to Districts," Owens Valley Reception Center, June 1, 1942, RG 77, Security — Classified Subject files, 1940-45, Box 657, File 323.7, "Owens Valley Reception Center, Calif," and "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 995, RG 210, Entry 4b Box 72, File "Manzanar Final Reports."
6. "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, p. A-9, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
7. Wartime Civil Control Administration, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, San Francisco, California, Press Release, March 18, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 69, File, "Miscellaneous Reports."
8. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, pp. A 174-75, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
9. Inyo Independent, March 20, 1942.
10. "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, p. A-9, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." Also see "Jap Exodus to Owens Valley Under Way," Intake, April 1942, pp. 12-13.
11. Wartime Civil Control Administration, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, San Francisco, California, Press Release — Immediate, March 21, 1942, RG 210, Entry 7, Headquarters Records, Basic Documentation and Informational Files, Box 6, File, "Federal Government — Headquarters, Western Defense Command, War Department."
12. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, vol. II, pp. A-175-78, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
13. Manzanar Free Press, March 20, 1943, pp. 2-3.
14. Ibid., April 11, 1942, p. 1.
15. Ibid., April 25, 1942, p. 1.
17. "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, pp. A-9-10, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." Also see Report by Robert Brown, Reports Officer, Manzanar, April 1943, pp. 3-4, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 69, File, "Miscellaneous Reports".
18. "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol., pp. A-11-12, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
20. Los Angeles Times, March 30, 1942, pp. 1-2.
21. Manzanar Free Press, May 2, 1942, p. 2.
22. Manzanar Relocation Center, Community Analysis Section, February 14, 1944, Report No. 189, "Pre-Evacuation Rumors About Manzanar and Their Effect," by Morris E. Opler, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 347, File 63.318, No. 10.
23. Manzanar Relocation Center, Community Analysis Section, April 25, 1944, Report No. 233, "Early Days At Manzanar (By An Evacuee)," RG 210, Entry 16, Box 348, File 63.318, No. 13.
24. In late April, the Army responded to Pulliam's requests, sending two officials and two "disinterested appraisers" to Manzanar to purchase the evacuees' automobiles. Appraisals were based on the prices listed in the manufacturers' Blue Book. Before the appraisers arrived several evacuees sold their vehicles to members of the construction crew. The Manzanar Free Press reported on May 2 (p. 5) that the Army planned to "put to immediate use all cars manufactured after 1937." In case the sale of the vehicles was not completed, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, acting as the fiscal agent of the government, was authorized to store the cars at the owner's risk. The newspaper reported on May 6, (p. 4) that "Ranging from a Model 'T' Ford, vintage 1925, to a 1941 Chevrolet, 150 automobiles belonging to first arrivals at Manzanar have been sold to the Army, carpenters, and workers here." All vehicles would be removed during the week, Four autos were not sold, because the owners decided not to sell.
25. Appendix 25, "The Silverman Report," "Project Director's Report," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. I, pp. A-178-217, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 71, File, Manzanar Final Reports."
26. Art Koura to Mr. Bunkheimer, April 27, 1942, Manuscript Collections, Bainbridge Island Historical Society, Bainbridge Island, Washington.
27. Shiro Nomura, "Inside Manzanar During World War 2," Inyo Museums News Bulletin, Part 1, October 1974, Part 2, November 1974, Part 3, December 1974, Part 4, January 1975, Part 5, February 1975, in "Manzanar WW II Camp," Subject History, Vertical Reference Files, Eastern California Museum.
Chapter Eight
1. No plans, specifications, drawings, or contracts for the initial construction of Manzanar were located during research for this study.
2. "Final Report, Operations Division," E. J. Utz, Chief, Operations Division, March 1946, p. 16, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 223, File No.24.052B, "Final Reports, 'Final Report, Operations.'"
3. "Memorandum of Agreement Between the War Department and War Relocation Authority," April 17,1942, and "Transfer Agreement Between War Department and War Relocation authority Pertaining to Manzanar Relocation Area," June 1,1942, printed in U.S. War Department, Final Report, pp. 239-40, 46-47.
4. See Chapter Five of this study for more information concerning the adoption of the "Standards and Details."
5. Sec Memorandum, "Additional Construction — Japanese Reception Centers," To the Division Engineer, South Pacific Division, U.S.E.D., June 23, 1942, for required additional construction at Manzanar by the Corps of Engineers to conform with the "Standard and Details" after the WRA took over administration of the camp. RG 210, Entry 38, Subject-Classified General Files of the San Francisco Regional Office, 1942, Box 50, File No. 670, "Engineering and Construction, 1942, General (Thru November)."
6. War Relocation Authority, "Record of Construction of War Relocation Authority Centers," August 1, 1943, Prepared by the Engineering Section of the Washington Staff On the Basis of All Existing Records As Of June 30, 1943, p. 2, RG 210, Entry 2, Headquarters Basic Documentation: General, 1941-46, File, "Washington Office Records, Washington Documents, Engineering Section — Operations Division."
7. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 989-1064, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." In addition to the "Engineering Section," information on construction and buildings at Manzanar may be found in "Appraisal Report, Buildings, Improvements, and Designated Personal Property, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California," April 26,1946, and "United States Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California, Fixed Asset Inventory, November 15, 1945." These two documents, hereinafter referred to as "Appraisal Report" and "Fixed Asset Inventory," may be found in RG 210, National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Washington, D.C.; Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, San Francisco Regional Office, Division of Land Planning, Records Related to the Disposal of Manzanar and Tule Lake War Relocation Centers, 1945-48, Boxes 918-919, Manzanar-Service Record Cards to Manzanar — Inventories, National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Sierra Region, San Bruno, California; and Record Group 270, Records of the War Assets Administration, California, Real Property Disposal Case Files, Box 89, National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Southwest Region, Laguna Niguel, California.
8. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 995-96, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
9. "project Report No. 64," October 30, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, Files, "Manzanar Project Reports."
10. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 995-96, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports," and "Project Report No. 3," Jun 15, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
11. "Final Report, Operations Division," E. J. Utz, March 1946, p. 19, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 223, File No. 24.052B; "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 997, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports;" "Transfer of New Construction," Owens Valley Reception Center, November 5, 1942, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 315, File No. 43.503 #1, "November 1942 — December 1944;" and "Manzanar War Relocation Center," Inspected by C. H. Powers, Hervey Brown, Jr., Lt. R. M. Newberry, H. H. Moore, and Thomas C. Rya, November 57, 1942, Record Group 338, Records of U. S. Army Commands, 1942 —, Western Defense Command and 4th Army, Wartime Civil Control Administration and Civil Affairs Division. Central Correspondence, 1942-46, Box 56, File No.323 3/32, "Manzanar (Riot)," National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Washington, D.C.
12. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 997-98, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports;" and "Project Report No. 23," July 16,1942, and "Project Report No. 25," July 24, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
13. "Progress Report of the Manzanar Hospital," n.d., Box 15, File, "WRA-Hospital," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
14. Ibid.; and "Project Report No. 12," June 30, 1942, and "Project Report No. 51," September 17, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
15. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 998-99, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
16. "Project Report No. 3," June 15, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
17. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 999, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
18. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 1000-01, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
21. John H. Province, Community Services Section, War Relocation Authority to Milton S. Eisenhower, Director, War Relocation Authority, May 8, 1942, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 293, File No. 41080 #1, "Individual Centers (Manzanar Relocation Center)," May-June 1942.
22. War Relocation Authority, San Francisco Regional Office, "Manzanar From The Inside," p. 10, by Roy Nash, Director, Manzanar War Relocation Project, Manzanar, California, Vertical Files, "Manzanar," Inyo County Library, Independence, California.
23. "Report of Investigation at Manzanar Relocation Area, August 31 to September 2, 1942," P. J. Webster, September 7, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 68, File, "Manzanar, Report of Investigation."
24. Lt. Col. Claude B. Washburne, Chief, Inspection and Fiscal Division, WCCA, "Notes On Manzanar," August 11, 1942, RG 338, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Wartime Civil Control Administration and Civil Affairs Division, Central Correspondence, 1942-46, Box 12, File No. 323.3, "Manzanar."
25. "Manzanar War Relocation Center," Inspected by Powers, et al., November 5-7,1942, RG 338, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Wartime Civil Control Administration and Civil Affairs Division, Central Correspondence, 1942-46, Box 56, File No. 323 3/32, "Manzanar (Riot)." Also see "Transfer of New Construction," Owens Valley Reception Center, November 5, 1942, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 315, File No. 43.503 #1, "November 1942 — December 1944."
26. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 1,003-04, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports," For further data on the towers, see "Explanatory Notes," in the aforementioned "Appraisal Report," April 26, 1946.
27. War Relocation Authority, "Manzanar From The Inside," p. 10, by Roy Nash, Vertical Files, "Manzanar," Inyo County Library.
28. "Manzanar War Relocation Center," Inspected by Powers, et al., November 5-7, 1942, RG 338, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Wartime Civil and Civil Affairs Division, Central Correspondence, 1942-46, Box 56, File No. 323 3/32, "Manzanar (Riot)."
29. "Transfer of New Construction," Owens Valley Reception Center, November 5, 1942, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 315, File No. 43.503 #1, "November 1942 — December 1944."
30. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar Vol. III, pp. 1,004, 1,046, RG 21, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
31. "Fixed Asset Inventory," November 15, 1945, Land and Fencing, Account No. 34, p. 2.
32. "Appraisal Report," April 26, 1946, p. 29
33. Ibid., "Explanatory Notes," Fences, (Page 29), Account #34.
34. Ralph Brooks, Director, Works and Maintenance, WCCA to John Heinmiller, Resident Engineer, U.S. Engineers Division, April 23, 1942, RG 210, Entry 48, Subject-Classified General Files, 1942-46, Box 232, File No. 91.025, "United States Engineers Division (U.S.E.D.) General."
35. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 989-91, 1,047, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports;" and "Project Report No. 19," July 8, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
36. "Project Report No. 23," July 16, 1942, and "Project Report No. 63," October 30, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
37. "Project Report No. 23," July 16, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports," and C. G. Gillespie, Chief, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, California Department of Public Health to Ralph P. Merritt, Project Director, November 17, 1943, RG 210, Entry 48, Box 226, File No. 63,030, "Sewage Disposal."
38. "Project Report No. 23," July 16, 1942, and "Project Report No. 63," October 30, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Project Reports."
39. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 991-93, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
44. "Conditions at Manzanar Relocation Area," June 1, 1942, by George H. Dean, Senior Information Specialist, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 293, File No. 41.080 #1, "May — June 1942." Also see R. N. Cozzens, Assistant Regional Director to Roy Nash, Project Director, July 16, 1942, for a list of engineering and construction problems "needed to bring Manzanar camp up to standard for minimum requirements that the Army should have provided." RG 210, Entry 38, Box 50, File No. 670, "Engineering and Construction 1942, Manzanar."
45. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. V, pp. 1,536-40, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 73, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
46. Ralph P. Merritt, Director to Dillon S. Myer, Director, WRA, January 10, 1943, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 312, File No. 43.500, "Construction and Maintenance of Centers (General)."
47. "Materials for War Relocation Authority Community Facilities," June 16 and August 5, 1942, RG 210, Entry 16, Boxes 311 and 313, respectively, File No. 43.500, "Construction and Maintenance of Centers (General)."
48. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 1,005-08, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File "Manzanar Final Reports," and Memorandum, A. M. Sandridge, Sr. Engineer to Ralph P. Merritt, Project Director, February 17, 1944, Box 13, Folder, "WRA Engineering," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
49. Manzanar Free Press, January 5, 1944, p. 1.
50. Ibid., February 8, 1944, p. 1; February 12, 1944, p. 1; February 19, 1944, p. 1; and February 23, 1944, p. 1.
51. Ibid., February 23, 1944, p. 1; and "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 1,008, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports." Also see Lee C. Poole, Chairman, Community Auditorium Committee to Mrs. Lucy Adams, Assistant Project Director, Community Management Division, March 8, 1944, RG 210, Entry 48, Box 220, File No. 18.010.
52. Manzanar Free Press, February 12, 1944, p. 1.
53. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. II, pp. 1,008-11, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72. File, "Manzanar Final Reports," and "Explanatory Notes," in "Appraisal Report," April 26, 1946. Construction details relating to the auditorium building may be found in RG 210, Entry 16, Box 315, File No, 43.503 #1, "November 1942 — December 1944." An "Auditorium Ceiling Plan," dated April 17, 1944, may be found in RG 210, Entry 48, Box 220, File No. 18.010, "Auditorium Ceiling Plan."
54. Manzanar Free Press, June 3, 1944, p. 1; June 10, 1944, p. 1; June 17, 1944, pp. 1-2; June 21, 1944, p. 1; and September 30, 1944, p. 1. Also sec Ralph P. Merritt, Project Director to Dillon S. Myer, Director, War Relocation Authority, June 13, 1944, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 315, File No. 43.503 #1, "November 1942 — December 1944."
55. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 1,011-14, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
61. Roy Nash, Project Director to Harry Brown, Jr., Senior Engineer, June 15, 1942, and Roy Nash, Project Director to S. W. Lowden, District Engineer, California Division of Highways, August 14, 1942, RG 210, Entry 48, Box 224, File No. 43.500, "Construction of Centers (General), Repairs — Maintenance — Wiring — Landscaping — Electrical;" and "Quarterly Progress Section, Manzanar Relocation Center, July 1 — September 30, 1942, Box 24, File, "WRA — Reports — Project Reports Office, October 1942," and "Quarterly Report of Manzanar WRA Project, October — December 1942," Box 25, File, "Reports — Project Reports, December 1942," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
62. "Report of Investigation at Manzanar Relocation Area, August 31 to September 2, 1942," P. J. Webster, September 7, 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 68, File, "Manzanar, Report of Investigations."
63. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 1,021, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports," Also sec "Project Report," October 1942, p. 101, Box 24, Folder, "WRA-Reports — Project Reports, October 1942," Coll. 122, Department of Special Collections, UCLA.
64. "Engineering Section," Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, p. 1,021, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
80. "Community Development Committee," February 3, 1943 RG 210, Entry 48, Box 224, File No. 43.500, "Construction of Centers (General), Repairs — Maintenance — Wiring — Landscaping — Electrical."
81. A. G. Nelson, Chief, Recreation Section to Mr. Temple, Director, June 13, 1943, RG 210, Entry 16, Box 293, File No. 41.080, "Individual Projects (Manzanar Relocation Center)."
82. Director, Works Division to Roy Nash, Project Director, June 5,1942, RG 210, Entry 48, Box 228, File No. 76.010, "General Recreational Problems," and "Project Report No. 21," July 13, 1942.
83. "Community Activities Section. Final Report, Manzanar, Vol. III, pp. 832-34, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 72, File, "Manzanar Final Reports."
84. Ibid., pp. 831-35, and "Project Report. No. 29," August 3, 1942; "Project Report No. 42," August 25, 1942; "Project Report No. 6l," October 22, 1942; and "Project Report No. 64," October 30. 1942, RG 210, Entry 4b, Box 70, File, "Manzanar Proj