Feature 22 is the eastern rectangular pit located north of the Copper Queen Store ell at 206 North and 178 East (Figures A.21 and A.36). The pit is 74 inches long north-south and 29 inches wide. It is 8 inches deep in its deepest portion, but the northern end of the pit is somewhat shallower.

The pit was filled with a compact, reddish brown sand with many pieces of gravel and cinders. It was very difficult to dig, and a pick had to be utilized to remove the fill. The entire pit was excavated. It was longer and slightly deeper than Feature 21. Feature 26, a northwest-southeast pipe trench, clips the northeast corner of the pit. Because the two have identical fill, it was not possible to decipher which came first, although it is most probable that the pit preceded the pipe trench.

Eleven metal artifacts were present in the feature. These were a rooting nail, five broken nails, two pieces of wire, a lead hose nozzle, and two unidentified items.

Feature 23 is a set of postholes located along the north side of the ell, which represent the remains of a loading dock that once stood in this area (Figure A.21). Seven postholes were uncovered during backhoe scraping and subsequent sweeping. They were found from 193 to 197 North and from 173 to 181 East.

Three rows of postholes are present. Two are located along the base of the foundation, two are situated slightly to the north, and the remaining three are about 6 ft from the foundation of the store. Each of the holes varies in size and shape, ranging from 20 inches by 15 inches to 8 inches square. A single wood post survives in place, and it is 8 inches square.

A door is visible at this location in the circa 1916 photograph. According to an informant, Joseph Mendez, a loading dock once stood at this location.

Feature 24 is a single posthole located west of the postholes that form Feature 23 (Figure A.21). It is located at 193 North and 170 East, and it measures 9 inches long, east-west, and 8 inches wide. It was completely excavated and found to be 4 inches deep. The post was not present.

The function of the post that once rested in this posthole is uncertain. A likely use would have been to help support the loading dock, Feature 23. Another possibility is that a utility post was present at this location, possibly holding electricity or telephone wires.

Feature 25 represents a ditch running parallel to the east wall of the Copper Queen Store ell (Figure A.21). The ditch appears to run into a depression that curves westward past the northeast corner of the ell. This appears to be a drainage ditch for another rain spout located at the southeast corner of the ell.

The ditch was found to be about 15 inches wide and 8 inches deep, and 12 ft long. The fill inside the ditch was a uniform, light brown silty sand. It was quite loose. Similar fill was present in nearby features.

The portion of this feature closest to the north wall of the store was excavated. No artifacts were observed in the fill. Feature 27, a pipe trench, was found to lie below Feature 25. Feature 31, a drainage ditch, merges with Feature 25. Due to extensive root disturbance, it was not possible to discern whether they were contemporaneous or were created at different times.

Feature 26 is a pipe trench running northwest-southeast (Figure A.21). The trench is filled with a reddish brown clay with many cinders and pieces of charcoal. It ranges in compactness, that is, areas that were traveled over are very compact.

Feature 26 passes through the corner of pit Feature 22, although the relationship between these features is unclear. Southeast of Feature 22, Features 26, 15, and 43 all intersect. It appears that the pipes in Features 15 and 26 connect, whereas Feature 43 is an earlier, abandoned line. Further to the southeast, Features 15 and 26 split once more. Feature 26 runs southeast, crossing the ditch Feature 31 before joining with pipe trench Feature 27. Feature 31 appears to be earlier than trench Feature 26.

A portion of the pipe within the trench was exposed when an excavation unit was placed at the location of the intersection of pipe trenches 26 and 43. It was discovered that the 1-inch-diameter iron pipe in Feature 26 is continuous in this area.

No artifacts were recovered from the excavated portion of Feature 26. A few pieces of window glass were noted but not collected.

Feature 27 represents another pipe trench (Figure A.21). This example runs east-west just north of the north wall of the Copper Queen Store. The pipe trench is 15 inches wide and about 10 inches deep. The fill of the trench is a loose, orange silty sand with a high organic content along the side of the building. Past the northeast corner of the store, the fill becomes much more compact and is almost indistinguishable from the surrounding light brown, sandy clay. The pipe was traced using a metal detector. It appears to join either Feature 34 or Feature 39, the north-south water lines. The pipe is 1.25 inches in diameter.

Feature 28 represents the middle army tent visible in the circa 1916 photograph (Figures A.11 and A.21). Two postholes became visible during scraping, and an additional five were discovered while sweeping the original ground surface (Figure A.37). Two of these were shared with Feature 11, the western tent. Three of the tent stakes survived in their holes. The center of the tent is at 183 North and 230 East.

The middle army tent is noticeably different in the circa 1916 photograph. The pattern of the tent stakes indicates that it was smaller and that the front differed. The Feature 28 tent facade projected outward, whereas the Feature 11 tent had a flush facade.

The tent stakes in Feature 28 are smaller than those in Feature 11. Two are 1.5 inches square, two are 1.5 inches by 1 inch, and one is 2 inches by 1 inch. The two stakes shared with Feature 11 measure 1.5 inches square and are 1.5 inches by 1 inch. The smaller size of the shared stakes may indicate that Feature 28 was put in place prior to Feature 11, with the latter tent using the western stakes to help hold it in place.

A square pit, Feature 42, was found cutting through where the Feature 28 east tent wall would have been. This pit could either predate or postdate the tent.

No trace of the easternmost army tent was found, despite repeated efforts to locate it through brushing and troweling the ground surface. Presumably, construction of the porch, Feature 17, in this area obliterated any evidence of this tent.

Feature 29 is a long trench uncovered during backhoe scraping in the area north of the Copper Queen Store (Figure A.21). The trench is 188 inches long, east-west, and 35 inches wide. It is located at 206 to 210 North and 134 to 149 East. It was filled with a red, sandy clay that had a large number of rocks and pieces of gravel. The fill differed dramatically from the surrounding natural strata, as well as from the fill in other nearby features. It resembled the red clay and cobble layer that had been dumped over the original ground surface.

An excavation unit was placed in the eastern end of the trench. The 2-ft-wide unit was excavated using a pick and a trowel. The fill was very compact, and no artifacts were present. Excavation was terminated when the base of the trench was reached, 11 inches below ground surface. A small amount of organic staining was present at the interface between the trench and fill. This may indicate that the feature stood open for a period of time and that organic matter, such as vegetation, accumulated or grew in the trench.

This feature appears to date to the army occupation of the site. The circa 1916 photograph depicts two rows of sandbags in this area. Feature 29 would have been located inside this sandbagged area. The feature probably represents a trench dug to protect soldiers should they come under fire or should shelling occur.

Feature 30 consists of three wheel ruts running southwest-northeast (Figure A.21). The center of the ruts is at 213 North and 158 East. The ruts are found north of the Copper Queen Store, in an area between trench Feature 29 and the pits, Features 21 and 22.

The ruts were uncovered while scraping to find the original surface. They were filled with a red clay containing many pebbles. This fill stood out from the lighter brown original ground surface.

The fill in each rut was troweled away. Unlike the grouser and tire tracks (Features 18 and 19), no tread marks are present. Instead, each wheel rut is flat. In all likelihood, they were produced by a wooden wagon wheel bound in iron. The ruts vary in width from 3 to 8 inches; the latter rut may actually represent two separate tire tracks. It is possible that these ruts lead toward the entrance of the Copper Queen Warehouse.

Feature 31 is a shallow ditch leading away from the southeast corner of the Copper Queen Store ell (Figure A.21). It begins as a 1- to 1 ft 6 inch-wide trench in this area. The trench was filled with a loose, reddish brown silty sand with many pieces of charcoal and a few cinders. Artifact density was high in this area.

The trench appears to have been put in place prior to Feature 26, a waterline trench. Past this point, it becomes wider and shallower to the northeast. Here it is between 1 ft 6 inches and 2 ft deep. The fill in this area was a mix of cinders and small pebbles. Feature 34, a waterpipe trench, and Feature 3, the southern wall of the adobe compound, were set in place after the ditch. Inside the compound, the ditch widens, and just to the west of where it crosses Feature 39 (the north-south water main), the ditch bottom is covered with bricks (Figure A.38). The bricks on the western side cover a 3-ft-wide area, thinning to an 18-in-wide area about 7 ft east of Feature 39. The bricked area totals 24 ft in length. The ditch continues at least 10 ft past the bricked area.

Many artifacts were recovered from the dirt around this feature. At the western end of the feature, artifacts were found in the loose fill. Given the amount of root disturbance in this area, it is probable that many of these items do not relate to the original excavation of the ditch. On the other hand, artifacts found in the bricked area are among the oldest recovered at the Copper Queen Store site.

The ditch dates to sometime after 1900 to 1904, being dug after Feature 39 (the water main) was already in place. It probably represents either a rain spout runoff area or an area where sewage could drain. The bricked portion was set in place to protect the area around the water main from eroding and possibly to guide the water toward a natural wash, present to the east.

Artifacts were collected from two areas of Feature 31. The area around the north side of the Copper Queen Store was excavated first. The excavation unit also encompassed portions of the trenches for Features 15, 25, and 27; thus, the recovered artifacts could have come from any of these features, as well as later disturbance of the area by roots and rodents.

Two hundred artifacts were collected, and metal artifacts accounted for 187 of these. Nails (n=29), metal roofing (n=10), and fragments of pipe (n=17) were the most common identifiable metal items. Also found were a screw-on bottle cap, a light bulb base, and many can fragments.

Eight glass fragments included four pieces of clear beverage bottle glass, a piece from a lime-green soda bottle, and three fragments of a green soda bottle. A fragment from a hardpaste earthenware cup, a piece of tar paper, two pieces of plastic, and a small amount of red paint were also collected. Six animal bones were present: two jackrabbit elements (Lepus sp.), two cottontail elements (Sylvilagus sp.), a distal radius/ulna from a cow, and one unidentified large mammal bone fragment.

The second excavation unit was in the brick-lined area inside the adobe-walled compound, and artifacts were quite common, with 484 collected. The material types of these items are summarized in Table 4.9.

A wide assortment of artifacts was present. Kitchen-related items included a partially reconstructible plate bearing the mark "K.T. & K Co.," which dates from 1900 to circa 1920 (Gates and Omerod 1982:125). Among the glass artifacts were several liquor bottle flushes. A crown cap and over 100 can fragments were also present. Among the architectural artifacts were an electrical insulator, nails, a few fragments of window glass, and some tar paper.

Four pieces of ammunition were found, including a .22-caliber cartridge with the stamp "U" that dates from 1885 to the present (Hull-Walski and Ayres 1989), a .45 cartridge marked "WRA CO." dating from the 1870s to 1940, a .45 caliber lead bullet, and an unstamped .22- or .25-caliber cartridge.

Clothing items included snaps for a corset, grommets from a pair of shoes, and a milk glass underwear button. One of the corset snaps was marked "Velvet Grip PAT DATE 12-31-95." It dates, therefore, to after 1895. Personal items included several broken medicine bottles and a fine-toothed bakelite comb.

Activity and transportation artifacts included a crow bar, two horseshoes, a horseshoe nail, and a fragment from a Clorox bottle. Artifacts are summarized by function in Table 4.10.

The high amount of domestic trash suggests that the materials are derived from a household. It is unlikely that the Copper Queen Store was the source of these materials, since it was never occupied as a residence.

Many of the recovered artifacts could be dated. These included the ceramic plate (1900-1920), ammunition (1885-present, 1870-1940), 6 hand-applied bottle finishes that were probably manufactured no later than the first decade of the twentieth century, and several pieces of turned-purple glass, which was manufactured from 1880 to 1917. The artifacts were probably discarded in the brick-lined area in the period from 1900 to 1910.

Five cattle bones were also recovered from this area. They included a right acetabulum, a scapula blade, and a proximal radius. All had been sliced into meat cuts using a machine-powered saw.

The 1904 and 1931 Sanborn maps document the existence of the Copper Queen Wagon and Hardware Storage Warehouse to the north of the Copper Queen Store. No evidence of this structure survived until backhoe scraping revealed a few ephemeral traces. The building was located at 203 North and 196 to 235 Fast. The northern extent of this building was not determined.

All that remains of the warehouse are five postholes or pole support holes and a segment of the corrugated iron wall. These were located by carefully sweeping the original ground surface after the backhoe located a single impression where a pole once stood. Three other beam impressions were discovered, as was a square posthole, all in the western portion of the building. Extensive rodent burrowing, some of which had been quite recent, made the area on the east side impossible to interpret. No definite postholes or post impressions could be found in this area.

The four beam impressions are all quite large. Three are about 15 inches by 12 inches, and the fourth example is 12 inches by 9 inches. Two of the impressions helped establish the west wall of the structure, exactly where the Sanborn map depicted it. The other two beams appear to have held up the roof or perhaps supported interior walls. A small 3-in-square posthole was placed between the western beam impressions. It may have supported an upright post on which a door was hung.

A 6-ft-long segment of corrugated iron survived along the south wall of the structure. Less than an inch of iron is imbedded into the ground, and the upper wails were removed many years ago. The interior of the building has been extensively damaged by rodent burrowing, as noted earlier. Several oil stains are present and scattered about in the rodent burrows are many pieces of window glass. Two informants stated that the building was used for storing tine lumber and building supplies. A scattering of glass found inside the building may represent windows that broke while stored inside.

Feature 35, a drip line from the Feature 32 roof, was found to the south of the corrugated iron wall fragment and is discussed below.

Feature 33 is a pair of postholes, one with an in-place iron pole that has been severed at ground level (Figure A.21). The southern posthole is empty and is found at 187 North and 209 East, whereas the northern post is at 194 North and 208 East. The surviving post is 4.25 inches in diameter, identical to the size of the other posthole. These posts are located north of the Copper Queen Store and south of the warehouse. Their function is unknown.

Feature 34 is a north-south pipe trench running between the warehouse and the adobe compound (Figure A.21). The trench is about 28 inches wide at its widest point. It is 5 inches deep in one area that was excavated. When uncovered, this portion contained a fragmentary iron pipe, probably about 1 inch in diameter. The pipe trench predates the construction of the adobe-walled compound (1931 to 1946). In addition, Feature 31, the brick-lined ditch, appears to have been put in place after this pipe trench.

One metal artifact was present in this feature. It was probably a can fragment, but it was not identifiable. Several small pieces of glass were noted in the field; however, these were not retained due to their small size.

A drip line area was uncovered south of the warehouse at 196 North and 204 to 231 East (Figure A.21). This unusual feature represents an area where water drained from the roof and carved a shallow depression. Characteristic small gravel has accumulated in the depression. The drip line drains into Feature 31 to the east and terminates at the southeast corner of the warehouse. It is located 45 inches from the south wall of the warehouse (Feature 32).

A round posthole or borehole was found north of Feature 29, the trench located north of the Copper Queen Store (Figure A.12). The hole is centered at 213 North and 146 East, was found to be 8.5 inches in diameter, and extends 15 inches below the historic ground surface. In all likelihood, it is the location of a post. It was speculated that it might have been a borehole used to examine subsurface soils; however, such a feature would be expected to penetrate the earth to a greater depth.

The fill of the posthole, a brown sandy day, was removed and found to contain a nail and several small pieces of glass. The base of the pit had been cut into the native red clay present across the site.