Abbeville, South Carolina, 197, 201, 209, 221, 245, 254, 259, 261

Abbeville County, South Carolina, 1, 35, 49, 71, 143, 148, 152, 158, 249, 251
in 1930, 267
in 1940s, 143
in 1970s, 143
in Civil War, 202, 208, 210
lumber from, 263
oral histories from, 255, 256
in Post-Revolution Era, 175, 176, 182

Abbeville Press and Banner, The, 183, 260

Abraders, 46, 49

A-cee (black tea), 3, 5-6, 112, 113

Acorns, 5, 64, 97, 122, 162

Adams, Samuel, 157

Adena culture, 65-66

Africa, 9, 11

Agriculture, See Farming

Aiken, South Carolina, 67

Alabama, 9, See also specific places
in Colonial Era, 151, 154
in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 58
in Middle Archaic Era, 36, 37
in PaleoIndian Era, 13
in Post-Revolution Era, 174, 184, 185
railroads and, 245
in Reconstruction Era, 215
in Transition Era, 131, 136
in Woodland Era, 69

Alabama State Museum of Natural History, 131

Alaska, 9

Albermarle Point, 139

Alexander-Cleveland Farm, 198, 199, 273

Alexandria, Georgia, See Edinburg

Allen, Ann Elizabeth, 209

Allen, Banister, 209

Allen, William, 194, 195, 196, 198

Allendale County, South Carolina, 15

Alligators, 151

Alterman, Michael, 59

Amaranth, 97

American Revolution, 153, 154, 157-169

Amos, Thomas A., 260

Anderson, David, 2, 13, 15, 24, 28, 58, 74, 107, 126

Anderson, Robert, 159-160, 164, 165, 166, 168

Anderson, South Carolina, 40, 216, 217, 235

Anderson County, South Carolina, 1, 64, 148, 201, 247, 267, 270

Animal masks, 66

Animals, See also Deer; Fishing; Hunting; specific types
in Early Archaic Era, 22, 25
in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 49
in Middle Archaic Era, 35
in Mississippian Era, 99, 120, 122
in PaleoIndian Era, 11, 15

Animal sculptures, 81

Antietam battle (battle of Sharpsburg), 201

Anvils, 27, 81, 95

Appalachian Mountains, 152

Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act, 1

Archaic Era
Early, 19-29
Late, See Late Archaic Era
Middle, 29, 30, 31-37

Archery, 107, See also Bows and arrows

Arctic Circle, 9

Arizona, 11

Arkansas, 16, 155

Arkansas River, 13

Army Corps of Engineers, See U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Arrowheads
in Colonial Era, 143
in Mississippian Era, 81, 90, 93, 96, 118, 133
in theory formation, 71
in Transition Era, 136
in Woodland Era, 63, 64

Art, See also specific types
in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 58, 60
in Middle Archaic Era, 35
in Mississippian Era, 79, 85, 87, 99
in Woodland Era, 66, 69, 76

Artifacts, See also specific types; Tools

from American Revolution Era, 164

at Calhoun House, 243

from Colonial Era, 143, 155

from Early Archaic Era, 20

from Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54, 59

from Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 43, 44, 45, 46

from Middle Archaic Era, 33, 34, 35

from Mississippian Era, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 104,117

from PaleoIndian Era, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17

at Rucker's Bottom, 117

theft of, 91, 92

in theory formation, 71

from Transition Era, 125, 131

from Woodland Era, 76, 77

Ash, 64, 65

Asheveille, North Carolina, 136

Asia, 9

Aspirin, 99

Athens, Georgia, 59

Athletics, 81, 82, 107

Atlanta, Georgia, 76, 201, 245, 253

Atlatles (spearthrowers), 36-37

Attaway, Evelyn, 233

Augusta, Georgia, 45, 51, 53, 125, 134, 150, 151

in American Revolution, 163, 164

in Civil War, 204, 211

in Early Twentieth Century, 235

flooding in, 235

in Post-Revolution Era, 172, 174, 185

railroads and, 245

Automobiles, 245

Awls, 36, 46, 54, 144

Axes, 60, 95

Aymay village, 134

B

Bailey, Henry M., 200

Bailey, William Thomas, 200

Baking, 64

Ball games, 81

Bands, 13, 28, 29, 35, 49

Barbacoas (store rooms), 114

Barbers, 264

Barley, 163, 184

Bartering, 58, 139, 140, See

Bartram, William, 151-152

Basecamps, 16, 23, 24, 32, 50

Baskets, 70, 263

Bastian, Beverly, 158

Battle of Kettle Creek, 168

Beads

in Colonial Era, 139, 146

glass, 139, 146

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 46

in Middle Archaic Era, 35

in Mississippian Era, 86, 87, 89, 92, 96, 117

in Woodland Era, 67

Beans, 61, 251

Bear oil, 99

Bears, 11, 35, 66, 122, 151

Beaufort District South Carolina, 203

Beaver Cotton Mills, 235

Beaverdam Creek, 97, 104, 227, 228, 232, 234, 238, 248, 270

Beaverdam Creek Mound, 82-85, 87-90, 96, 99, 108, 117, 125, 227

diseases in those buried at, 120

pottery at, 114

soil at, 101

vandalism of, 92

zooarchaeology of, 135

Beavers, 25

Becker, C. R., 214, 216

Beech trees, 20

Begbie, Dr., 160

Bering Strait, 9

Berries, 97, 184, See also specific types

Bertoni, Peter, 266

Bertoni, Tom, 266

Bethel Grove Baptist Church, 221

Beverly, 230, 231, 233

Beverly Plantation, 194, 196

Bibb, William Wyatt, 174

Biface tools, 35, See also Spearpoints

Bifurcate spearpoints, 29

Binford, Lewis, 71

Birmingham, Alabama, 245

Birth rates, 29, 60

Bison, 15, 22-23

Blackberries, 97

"Black Codes" statutes, 216

Black social clubs, 265

Black tea, 3, 5-6, 112, 113

Black Warrior River, 131

Blackwell Bridge, 270-271

Blades, 26, 27, 35, 39, 46, 67, 81

Blanton, Dennis, 34

Blastomycosis, 92

Blue Ridge Mountains, 142, 143

Bluffs, 103, 122

"Boat-house myth," 183-184

Bobcat teeth, 35

Body decoration, 61, 82, See also Jewelry; specific types

Boiling stones, 45, 53, 56, 60, 95

Boll weevils, 176, 247, 248, 252, 257, 267

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 175

Bone diseases, 120, 122, See also specific types

Bone marrow inflammation, 120

Bones

from American Revolution Era, 162

from Early Archaic Era, 26

from Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54

from Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 46, 49

from Middle Archaic Era, 35, 36, 37

from Mississippian Era, 84, 87, 92, 93, 95, 99, 116, 117, 120

tools made of, 26, 36, 37, 54, 95

Bottles, 117, 210

Bowie, John, 160, 163, 164, 166, 167

Bowls, 56, 76, 96, 100, 114, 117, 234, 243

Bowman Ferry, 205

Bows and arrows, 5, 63, 146, 251

Boyd, William, 164, 165, 166

Bracelets, 87, 143, 146

Bramble berries, 97

Brass, 143, 146

British, 111, 112, 136, 138

in Colonial Era, 139-155

war with (American Revolution), 153, 154, 157-169

British Loyalists, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169

Broadpoint (Savannah River Stemmed) spearpoints, 59, 60

Broad River, 134, 165, 171, 173

Brooms, 268

Brownlee, Edward, 259, 262, 264

Brown University, 264

Buffalo, 151

Bullard, Rufus, 257, 267

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau), 214, 216,

217

Burials, 6-7

of British Loyalists, 158

in Colonial Era, 146

at Eva, 36

family members with, 77

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Middle Archaic Era, 36

in Mississippian Era, 81-82, 85-87, 89, 90-92, 93, 94, 101, 116-120

in Transition Era, 125

in Woodland Era, 65, 66, 67, 69, 76, 77

Burnishing, 101

Burt-Stark Mansion, 201

Business management, 242

Busk Ceremony, 83

Buttons, 139, 146, 219

C

Cable, John, 24

Caffeine, 5-6, 112

Cahokia, Illinois, 79

Calcasieu River, 28

Caldwell, Joseph, 32, 33

Caldwell-Hutchison Farm, 197, 198, 221, 222

Calhoun, Caroline Walker, 243

Calhoun, Floride Bonneau, 178

Calhoun, James Edward, 237-238, 243, 255, See also Millwood Plantation

in 1875, 236

in Civil War, 201, 205, 206, 208-211

death of, 243

ferry owned by, 205

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 225, 227

in Post-Revolution Era, 170, 176, 178, 179-185, 188-189

in Reconstruction Era, 215-216, 217, 218-219, 223

Calhoun, John C., 178, 201

Calhoun, John Ewing, 176

Calhoun, Maria Edgeworth Simkins, 182-183

Calhoun, Patrick, 256

Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, 234, 245, 253, 256, 257, 258, 264

Calhoun Falls Mission School (Mr. Lee's School), 259

Calhoun Falls State Park, 273

Calhoun family, 150, See also specific members

Calhoun Mills, 218, 247

"Calhoun people," 255

Callahan, Basil, 216

Camden, South Carolina, 134, 152

Campfires, 267

Camping in present day, 273

Camps

base-, 16, 23, 24, 32, 50

in Early Archaic Era, 23, 24

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 49, 50

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 35

in PaleoIndian Era, 16

seasonal, 50

in theory formation, 71

transitory, 50-51

Canada, 10

Cane, 112, 237

Canning, 222

Cannons, 152, 168

Canoes, 103

Cantley, Charles, 49, 71

Carbon 14 testing, 27, 54, 57, 107

Carlisle, Arnette, 245

Carpetweed, 97

Cartersville pottery, 70, 72, 73

Carvings, 70, 76, 79, 99, 126, 128

Cataloguing, 131

Catholic missions, 136

Cats, 137

Cattle, 162, 171, 173

Celts, 94, 95

Cemeteries, 116-117, See also Burials

Central Park, New York City, 189

Ceramic Era, 53-61

Ceramics, 53-61, 233, 242, See also Pottery

in American Revolution Era, 164

in Colonial Era, 143

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 234

in Mississippian Era, 92, 95, 98, 99-100, 101, 121

polished, 101

in Post-Revolution Era, 183

in theory formation, 71

in Woodland Era, 69, 74

Ceremonial centers, See also specific centers

in Mississippian Era, 81-82, 84, 87, 89, 101, 120

in Transition Era, 125, 126

in Woodland Era, 67

Ceremonies, 5-6, 78, See also Rituals; specific types

in Colonial Era, 146

in Early Archaic Era, 29

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53

in Mississippian Era, 81-82, 83, 85, 89, 90, 95, 104, 112

in Transition Era, 127

in Woodland Era, 61, 65, 66, 67, 77

Chandler, George, 233-234

Chandler, Oscar David, 233

Chandler, Raymond Jr., 233

Charcoal, 64, 65

Charles, Tommy, 15

Charleston, South Carolina, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 211

in American Revolution, 163, 167

antagonism toward aristocrats from, 138

Charleston Harbor, 203

Charleston Rebels, 157, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169

Charles Town, See Charleston

Charnel houses, 116-117

Chattahoochee River, 58, 67

Chattanooga, Tennessee, 15, 67

Chauga villages, 126

Chenopodium, 63, 64, 97

Cherokee Indians, 109, 111, 114, 126, 158

British declaration of war on, 148

clothing of, 144-146

in Colonial Era, 140-155

constitutional government of, 154

European influence on, 144

language of, 155

Lower, 143, 147, 148, 153, 154, 160

Middle, 143, 148

Overhill, 143

Cherokee Path (Keowee Path), 143, 153

<siCherokee Phoenix, The<ei, 155

Cherokee Shoals, 164, 165

Chert

in Early Archaic Era, 26

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45, 46, 49

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 34

in Mississippian Era, 117-118

outcrops of, 16

in PaleoIndian Era, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Chestnut trees, 20

Chicken, George, 142

Chickens, 173, 268

Chiefs

Cofitachequi, 126

in Colonial Era, 140, 151

De Soto and, 132, 136

in Mississippian Era, 77, 79, 84-85, 89, 90, 109-111, 112, 113

Ocute, 126, 133

in Transition Era, 126, 129, 132

Chisels, 46

Chocktaw Indians, 150

Chunkey game, 5, 82, 95, 107

Churns, 234

Cinnamon, 99

Cities in Mississippian Era, 79

Civilian Conservation Corps, 131

Civil War, 176, 191, 200, 201-211, 214, 227, 249

Calhoun (James Edward) in, 201, 205, 206, 208-211

farming in, 206

Georgia in, 201, 204, 205, 211

Reconstruction after, See Reconstruction

South Carolina in, 201, 202, 203, 208, 210

Virginia in, 201, 203, 204, 205

Claggett, Stephen, 24

Clans, 111, 112

Clark, Elijah, 165, 166

Clark, Minnie, 258, 259, 261

Clay, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, See also Ceramics

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 234

in Mississippian Era, 81, 84, 87, 89, 96, 114, 116

in Woodland Era, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77

Cleavers, 46

Cleveland, Mary Catherine, 199

Cleveland, Robert, 199

Cleveland, William, 225

Cleveland, Windell, 273

Climate

changes in, 10, 17, 37, 61

in Early Archaic Era, 20

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Middle Archaic Era, 31, 37

in PaleoIndian Era, 10, 17, 20

Clinkscales, Ezekiel, 249-254

Clinkscales, Joseph Ezekiel, 251

Clinkscales, Lucinda, 249

Clinkscales, Ralph, 253

Clinkscales, Ray, 253

Clinkscales, Susan, 251

Clinkscales, William Franklin, 206, 249

Clinkscales family, 206, 208, 249, 251, See also specific members

Cloth, 69, 70, 85, 139, 144

Clothing

of Cherokee Indians, 144-146

in Colonial Era, 139, 144-146

in Early Archaic Era, 26

of freed slaves, 218

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 230

in Mississippian Era, 85, 87, 94, 114-116, 131

in Post-Revolution Era, 187, 188, 191, 192

in Reconstruction Era, 218

of slaves, 187, 188, 191, 192

Clover, 184

Clovis spearpoints, 11-13, 15, 16, 37

Clyde Gully, 79, 81, 99

Coastal Plain, 37, 40, 59, 60, 76

Coffee, 211

Cofitachequi (Yupaha) Indians, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136

Cold cream jar quartz, 25

Cold Harbor, Virginia, 204

Coldwater Creek, 226

Coldwater State Park, 270, 271

Colhoun, James Edward, See Calhoun, James Edward

Colonial Era, 139-155

burials in, 146

Cherokee Indians in, 140-155

clothing in, 139, 144-146

cooking in, 146

Creek Indians in, 140, 142, 143, 150, 151, 154

farming in, 146

hunting in, 139, 143, 146

trade in, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 153

Colorado, 11, 22

Columbia, South Carolina, 134

Columbus, Georgia, 186

Columella, 86, 87, 96

Communal buildings, 76

Communal cooking, 64

Communal eating, 143

Competition, 79, 125

Confederate currency, 213

Confederate Engineering Department, 211

Congaree River, 134

Consensus, 113

Constitutional government of Cherokees, 154

Containers, 234, 242, 243, See also specific types

in American Revolution Era, 165, 167

in Civil War, 210

in Colonial Era, 143

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 56

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 234

in Mississippian Era, 96, 100, 112, 114, 117

shells as, 3, 6

in Woodland Era, 71, 72, 76

Continental Congress, 167

Continental connections, 9

Contour plowing ("Loxotising"), 182

Conveyor belts, 226

Convicts, 258

Cook, Henry A., 251

Cooking, See also Food

in Colonial Era, 146

communal, 64

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 60

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45

in Mississippian Era, 96, 99

ovens for, 64, 65

in theory formation, 71

in Woodland Era, 64, 65

Cooking oil, 63, 96, 99

Cooking pits, 39, 40, 46, 53

Copper

in Mississippian Era, 85, 87, 88, 94, 95, 101

in Transition Era, 126, 127, 135

in Woodland Era, 66, 67

Corn, 5, 6, 256

in American Revolution Era, 162

in Colonial Era, 152

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 225, 226

in Mississippian Era, 83, 97, 122

in Post-Revolution Era, 173, 181, 184

in Transition Era, 134

in Woodland Era, 64

Corn liquor, 227

Cornwallis, Charles, 169

Corps of Engineers, See U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Costumes, 85, 131

Cottage industries, 46

Cotton, 246, 255, 256, 257, 267

in 1930, 268

boll weevil destruction of, 247, 248, 252, 257, 267

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 230

in Post-Revolution Era, 174-179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 192

in Reconstruction Era, 220, 221

Cotton gins, 174, 175, 238, 246

Cotton mills, 228, 235, 246

Cotton seed oil, 246

Council houses, 5, 107-109, 110, 112-113, 125

Councils, 88, 109, 111, 112, 113

Cowpens, South Carolina, 168

Creek Indians, 109, 111, 112, 113, 140, 142, 143, 150, 151, 154, 159

Crematories, 66

Crop rotation, 181

Cross-mending, 46

Crude bifaces, 35

Crystal quartz, 27, 81

Cunningham, Robert, 157

Cups, 3, 6, 112, 165, 243

Cutting tools, 27
 

D

Dabney, Austin, 166

Dalton spearpoints, 16-17, 25

Dams, 44, 182, 228, 230

Dancing, 83, 85, 109, 146, 262

Dating methods, 27, 54, 57, 107, See also specific types

Daub, 71

David, Oscar, 233

Davis, Jefferson, 201

Davis, Randolph, 256, 257

Davis family, 256, See also specific members

Deadwyler, Joseph R., 213

De Allyon, Lucas Vazquez, 128, 130

Death rates, 29, 93

De Bry, Theodore, 142, 147

"Debt peonage," 221

Deciduous trees, 20, See also specific types

Decision making, 5, 13, 88-89, 113

Deer, 62

in American Revolution Era, 162

in Colonial Era, 139

in Early Archaic Era, 25

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 41, 49

in Middle Archaic Era, 33

in Mississippian Era, 89, 99, 120

slaughteriing of, 139

in Woodland Era, 63

Defensive enclosures, See Protective enclosures

DeKnight, William, 217

Democratic Party, 223

Dendrochronology (tree ring dating), 57

Dental problems, 120

DePratter, Chester, 109, 132

Deptford wares, 70

De Soto, Hernando, 5, 10, 130-136

D'Estaing, Compte, 167

Dewberries, 97

Diamond Springs, 175

Diet, See Food

Digging sticks, 27

Dillard, Benny, 187

Disappearance of populations, 7, 101, 104, 122, 128, 129, 143

Discolorations, See Postmolds; Stains

Dishes, 242, 243, See also specific types

Ditches, 5, 103, 107, 126, 171, 172, 228

Divining the future, 144

Dock Street Theater, 141

Dogs, 137

of De Soto, 130, 131

domestication of, 36

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 40

in Middle Archaic Era, 35, 36

in Mississippian Era, 122

in Post-Revolution Era, 197

teeth from, 35

Dooley Ferry, 205

"Dr. King's New Discovery for Consumption," 210

Drawings, 66, See also Art

Drills, 46, 49

Droughts, 21-22, 37, 126

Drucker, Lesley, 209

Drying racks, 43

Duck River, 34

Duke Power Company, 268

Dunlap, 70

Dutch, 152

Dwellings, See Houses

Dye, Albert, 257

Dye, Bynum, 248, 249

Dye, George Washington, 222, 248, 259

Dye, Lucinda, 222, 248, 259
 

E

Eagle Hill, 28

Ear adornments, 67, 85, 94, 146

Early Archaic Era, 19-29

Early PaleoIndian Era, 16

Early Twentieth Century, 225-235

Earthenware, 163, 167

Earthlodges, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 95, 162

Earthworks, 66, 79

Eastern Star, 265

Echoee village, 148

Edinburg, Georgia, 174, 201, 225

Elbert County, Georgia, 1, 15, 34, 46, 54, 60, 70, 82, 104, 224, 238, 248

in 1930, 267, 268

in Civil War, 205

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 228, 229

lumber from, 263

oral histories from, 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 264, 265

in Post-Revolution Era, 177, 182, 187, 190, 194, 196, 199

in Reconstruction Era, 221, 222

Elberton, Georgia, 158, 229, 233, 246, 257, 258, 261

in 1920, 269

Main Street of, 270

railroads and, 245

in Reconstruction Era, 220

Elberton Granite Association, 269

Elberton Municipal Band, 261

<siElberton Star, The<ei, 225, 230, 257, 264

Elliott, Dan, 45, 46, 50

Embargoes, 175

English, See British

Entrada, 130, 132

Erosion, 21, 72, 91, 170, 171, 172, 176, 182, 212, 267

"Erosional tinderbox," 172

Estate Lands (State Lands), 256

Estatoe village, 128

Ethnoarcheology, 71

Etowah Mounds, 99, 113, 124, 125, 127, 128

Etowah River, 124

Eureka Mill, 227, 228, 229, 232, 238

Eurkea Church (Middleton Methodist Church), 238

European evolutionary changes, 9

Europeans, 69, 77, 83, 84, 109, 111, 114, See also specific explorers, countries

from England, See British

French, 136

in Mississippian Era, 92, 99

from Spain, See Spanish

Eva, 35-36

Evans, Oliver, 226

Evergreens, 20, See also specific types

Evolutionary changes, 9

Expedient unifaces, 35

Exposition Center, Savannah, 151

Eyebane, 99
 

F

Fabric, 69, 70, 85, 139, 144

"Falcon Warrior" carving, 126

Famine, 61

Farmers, 248

Farming, 251, 257

in 1930, 268

in Civil War, 206

in Colonial Era, 146

cotton, See Cotton

erosion caused by, 170, 171, 172, 212, 267

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 225

in Mississippian Era, 79, 83, 89, 97, 103, 120

planting vs., 195

in Post-Revolution Era, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 182, 187, 193, 198

in present times, 267

in Reconstruction Era, 218, 219-223

Russell Dam and, 270

tenant, 212, 219-223, 239, 240, 242, 247, 248, 258, 264, 267, 268

in Transition Era, 125, 126

tree, 268

in Woodland Era, 63, 64, 67

Fea Cave, Peru, 10

Feasting, 83

Featherstone, Douglas, 249

Features, See Stains

Federal Writer's Project, WPA, 187

Females

Cherokee Indian, 146

in decision making, 13

height of, 120

home ownership by, 112

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 56

as leaders, 13, 77

lineage through, 85

as midwives, 265

at Millwood Plantation, 189

in Mississippian Era, 85, 91-92, 93, 111, 112, 114, 117, 120

in PaleoIndian Era, 13

in Post-Revolution Era, 192

in Woodland Era, 77

Fences, 4, 5, 103, 146, 159, 160, 162, 171

Ferguson-Williams Academy (Harbison College), 254, 259-260

Ferries, 205, 245, 257, See also specific ferries

Fertilizer, 181

Festivals, 104, 109

Fibers, 54, 85

Fiber-tempered pottery, 54, 60

Fiber tools, 26

Fighting, 5, 146, See also Warfare

Figurines, 67

Fire, 14, 22, 24, 35, 39, 40, 45, 267

Fir trees, 20

Fish hooks, 37, 46, 54, 99

Fishing, 5, 251

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 40, 41, 43, 44-45, 51

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 35, 37

in Mississippian Era, 97-99, 120

in present times, 267, 273

in Woodland Era, 72

Fission track dating, 57

Flakes, 14, 26, 46, 49, 96, 116

Flatwoods, 256

Flint, 11, 13

Flint River, 133

Flooding, 21, 31, 82, 88, 235

Floodplain, 20, 21

Florida, See also specific places

in Colonial Era, 139, 151

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 58

Little Salt Springs in, 13

in Mississippian Era, 79

in PaleoIndian Era, 13, 15

in Reconstruction Era, 216

in Transition Era, 130

vandalism laws in, 91

in Woodland Era, 69

Flowerpots, 234

Fluking, 11

Flutes (grooves) in spearpoints, 11

Food, 5, 6, See also specific types

in American Revolution Era, 167

cooking of, See Cooking

in Early Archaic Era, 24

gathering of, 24, 32, 33, 49-50, 53, 64, 76

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 60, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 43, 45, 49-50

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 35, 37

in Mississippian Era, 84, 96, 97, 116, 120

in PaleoIndian Era, 15, 16

preservation of, 53

storage of, 39, 67, 96, 116, 167

in theory formation, 71

in Woodland Era, 63, 64, 67, 70

Forest fires, 22

Forest Service, 91

Fort Charlotte, 157

Fort Delaware Federal Prison, 204

Fort Independence, 158-159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169

Fort Moultree, 164

Fort Mountain, 69

Fort Polk, 28

Fort Prince George, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153

Fort Rutledge, 160

Forts, See also Protective enclosures; specific types

in American Revolution, 159, 160, 164, 165

in Colonial Era, 143, 146, 148

in Mississippian Era, 103, 107, 109

in Transition Era, 125

in Woodland Era, 69

Fort Stewart, 270

Fort Sumter, 203

Foss, John, 37

Fossils

from Early Archaic Era, 20

from PaleoIndian Era, 9, 11

of pollen, 20, 63, 64

of wooly mammoths, 11

Fourneyron, Benoit, 227

Foxes, 99

Freedmen's Bureau (Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), 214, 216,

217

Freed slaves in Reconstruction Era, 213-223

French, 136, 139, 142, 147, 167

French Protestants (Huguenots), 152

French Train method, 237, 239

Frison, George, 11

Fruit, 45, 64, 97, 122, 152, 162, 184, 251, See also specific types

Frying pans, 143

Funeral homes, 263

Furniture, 60, 102, 144

Furs, 139, 140

Futato, Eugene, 131
 

G

Games, 5, 46, 81, 82, 95, 107, 111, 116, See also specific types

Garbage

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45-46, 49

in Mississippian Era, 84, 96, 103, 116

in Woodland Era, 76

Gardner, William, 15, 16

Garments, See Clothing

Gatherings, 35, 49, 78, See also specific types

Georgia, 5, 7, See also specific places

in American Revolution, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164, 165, 167

boll weevils in, 248

in Civil War, 201, 204, 205, 211

in Colonial Era, 140, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155

in Early Archaic Era, 28

first millionaire in, 172

founding of, 172

in Late Archaic Era, 30, 40, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 59

in Middle Archaic Era, 30, 32, 34, 35

in Mississippian Era, 79, 83, 84

in PaleoIndian Era, 13, 15

in Post-Revolution Era, 171, 173, 174, 176, 181, 184, 185, 190, 194, 195-198

in Reconstruction Era, 216, 221, 222, 223

in Transition Era, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136

in Woodland Era, 67-69, 74, 77

<siGeorgia and Carolina Gazette, The<ei, 173

Georgia-Carolina Memorial Bridge, 245, 246

Georgia State University, 124

Georgia Volunteer Infantry, 200

Germans, 152

Ghost towns, 171, 174, See also specific towns

Giant land tortoises, 15, 22

Glaciers, 9, 10, 61

Glass, 139, 144, 146, 240, 243

Glen, James, 146, 148

Global warming, 37

Gold mining, 237, 238

Good luck charms, 144

Good Samaritans, 265

Goodyear, Albert, 50, 60

Gorgets, 85, 86, 87, 92, 96, 99

Gourds, 103

Governmental centers, 84, 111

Grains, 152, 163, 225, 228, 268, 284, See also specific types

Grains of pollen, 20, 21, 63, 64

Granite, 24, 27, 238, 242, 257, 266, 268-270

Grant, Ulysses S., 203, 217

Grapes, 64, 97, 122, 152, 162, 184

Graphite, 96

Gravers, 26, 27

Gray, Gilbert, 259

Gray, Marlessa, 206, 251

Gray-Heardmont Mill, 232

Gray Mill, 228

Great Depression, 251

<siGreat Georgians<ei, 158

Great Lakes, 66

Great Philadelphia Wagon Road, 152, 153

Green Corn Ceremony, 83

Greene, Nathanael, 168

Gregg Shoals site, 23, 25, 27, 31, 34, 35, 56, 61, 120, 247

Grenville, Richard, 142

Gresham, Tom, 14

Grist mills, 227, 231

Grit, 70

Grogan, Elmira, 242

Grogan, John Henry, 228, 229, 238, 240

Grogan, Leela, 228

Grogan family, 240-242, See also specific members

Grogan House, 240, 241, 242, 243

Ground sloths, 15

G.S. Lewis site, 67

Guilford spearpoints, 37

Gulf of Mexico, 13, 58, 66, 69, 77

Gullies, 171, 268

Gully, Clyde, 79

Gum trees, 20

Guns, 139, 140, 146, 153

H

Habersham, James, 173

HABS, See Historical American Buildings Survey

Haddon, Ursula Mae, 260

Hair decoration, 87, 92

Hair plucking, 146

Hall County, Georgia, 231

Hally, David, 83, 89, 95, 96

Hammerstones, 14, 27, 35, 46, 95

Hammond, James Henry, 172

Hampton, Janie, 258, 259

Hanson, Glen, 24, 28, 61

Harbison, Samuel P., 260

Harbison College (Ferguson-Williams Academy), 254, 259-260

Harbors, 103

Hardwood trees, 22, See also specific types

Harmon, Michael, 143

Harper, Alice, 249

Harper, Clarence, 249

Harper, Henry, 201, 202-203, 204, 206, 249

Harper, Jane (Jenny) Harris, 201, 202

Harper, Jennie, 249

Harper, Lyndsey, 201-202

Harper, Weston, 249

Harper family, 201-205, 240, 249, See also specific members

Harper-Featherstone house, 240

Harper House, 241

Harper Plantation, 245

Harper's Bottom, 70-72

Harper's Ferry, 60, 205, 240, 245

Harris, Jane (Jenny) (Mrs. Lyndsey Harper), 201, 202

Hart, Benjamin, 158, 165, 166

Hart, Morgan, 165

Hart, Nancy, 156, 157-158, 165, 166

Hart County, Georgia, 158, 176, 187, 200, 267, 270

Hartwell, Georgia, 158

Haw River, 24

Hayes, Rutherfod B., 223

Headdresses, 85, 88, 94, 127, 251

Head shaping, 92

Heard, Eugene, 229

Heard, Stephen, 172, 221, 222, 229, 231

Heardmont, Georgia, 221, 222, 229, 245, 248, 249, 259

Heardmont Mills, 228, 229, 231, 232

Heardmont Plantation, 172

Hearths, 45, 46, 71, 102, 114

Height, 120

Hematite, 97

Hemlock trees, 20

Henry Grogan House, 243

Henry's Chapel, 230

Herbs, 20, 39

"Hermit of Millwood," See Calhoun, James Edward

Hickory nuts, 5, 33, 35, 45, 50-51, 64, 97, 122

Hickory trees, 20, 39, 40, 122

Highways, 245

Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, 40

Historical American Buildings Survey (HABS), 240, 242

History Group research organization, 213, 255

Hobbs, Leela Grogan, 228

Holly, 6, 112, 184

Hollywood Mound, 125

Homesteads, 89, 104, See also Houses

Hooks, 37, 46, 54, 99

Hopewellian culture, 66, 67

Horses, 128, 136, 146, 147

Hot house (rotunda) council house, 107-109, 110

House, John, 50

Houses, 6

in American Revolution Era, 162

"boat" of Calhoun, 183-184

in Colonial Era, 144, 147

in Early Archaic Era, 24, 26

female ownership of, 112

at Fort Independence, 168, 169

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46

in Middle Archaic Era, 32

in Mississippian Era, 83, 89, 95, 96, 102, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114, 116-117

in PaleoIndian Era, 9

in Post-Revolution Era, 189, 195-198

of slaves, 189

summer, 6, 114, 116

tenant, 219

winter, 6, 114, 116

in Woodland Era, 64-65, 66, 70-72, 76

Hudson, Callie May, 231

Hudson, Carrie, 190, 192

Hudson, Carroll Mary, 269

Hudson, Charles, 83, 84, 132, 139

Hudson, Charlie, 187, 190

Huguenots (French Protestants), 152

Hunting, 5

in Colonial Era, 139, 143, 146

in Early Archaic Era, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 56, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 49, 51

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37

in Mississippian Era, 81, 89, 93, 99, 103, 120, 122

in PaleoIndian Era, 9, 11-13, 13, 15, 16, 17

in Transition Era, 126

in Woodland Era, 63, 76

Hutchison, Bandon, 197, 198, 268

Hutchison, Katherine, 197, 198, 268

Hutchison, Robert, 201

Hutchison family, 201, 269, See also specific members

Hutchiton, Robert Barney, 201

Hypisthermal, 37

Hypothesizing, 71
 

I

Ice Age, 9, 11, 15, 20

Ice houses, 183

Igneous rocks, 19, 49

Illinois, 36, 66, 79

Illinois River, 36

Indiana, 61, 69

Indian Congress, 150, 151

Indians, See specific tribes

Indigo, 152

Industrialization, 174, 225, 229-230, 237, 247, 270, See also specific

industries

Industrial Revolution, 225

Interagency Archeological Services Division, National Park Service, 2

Irene ceremonial center, 125

Irish, 152

Irish wolfhounds of De Soto, 130, 131

Irmo, South Carolina, 261

Iron, 226

Iroquoi Indians, 143

Iva, 245

J

Jackson, Andrew, 155

Jackson, Thomas "Stonewall," 203

James White House, 249

Jars, 71, 72, 76, 96, 100, 114, 117, 167, 234

Jasper, 59

Jeane, Gregory, 229

Jefferson, Thomas, 57, 150

Jewelry, See also specific types

in Colonial Era, 139, 143, 146

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 46

in Middle Archaic Era, 35, 36, 37

in Mississippian Era, 85, 86, 87, 92, 94, 96

in Woodland Era, 67

Joseph, J. W., 2, 150, 196, 206, 215

Jugs, 143, 234

K

Keiser, Edward, 243

Kentucky, 13, 61, 69, 70

Keowee Path (Cherokee Path), 143, 153

Keowee River, 143

Keowee town, 146, 153

Kettle Creek, 165

Kettle Creek Battle, 168

Kettles, 143

Kirk spearpoints, 25, 26

Kitchens, 114

KKK, See Ku Klux Klan

Knives, 26, 35, 39, 46

Kolomoki site, 77

Koster, Illinois, 36

Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 217, 261

L

Lacrosse, 81, 107

Lady of Cofitachequi, 134, 136

Land clearing, 39, 45, 49, 97, 171, 172, 176

Larsen, Clark, 77

Larson, Lewis, 125

Late Archaic Era, 30, 37, 38, 69

Ceramic, 53-61

Preceramic, 39-51

Late Nineteenth Century, 225-235

Late PaleoIndian Era, 16, 25

Leaders, See also specific leaders, types

in Colonial Era, 140, 146, 148, 151, 153

death of, 77

De Soto and, 132, 136

Elberton's Black, 258

females as, 13, 77

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 49-50

in Mississippian Era, 77, 79, 83, 84-85, 87, 88-89, 90, 109-111, 113

in Transition Era, 126, 129, 132, 136

in Woodland Era, 77

Ledbetter, Jerald, 59, 126

Lee, Lighthorse Harry, 168

Lee, Robert E., 168, 201, 203, 204

Levees, 20-21, 23, 39, 40, 45

Lewis, G. S., 23

Life spans, 27, 29, 120

Limestone, 67

Lincoln, Abraham, 217

Lincoln, Benjamin, 167

Lincoln County, Georgia, 264

Lindbergh, Charles, 245

Lisbon, Georgia, 174

Little Salt Springs, 13

"Liver regulator," 210

Livestock, 162, 171, 173

Log tombs, 66

Long Canes Creek, 143, 150, 163, 176

Louisiana, 28, 58, 59, 65, 142, 184, 215, 237, See also specific places

Lower Cherokees, 143, 147, 148, 153, 154, 160

Lowndes, William, 174

Lowndesville, South Carolina, 174-175, 176, 201, 245-246

"Loxotising" (contour plowing), 182

Loyalists, See British Loyalists

Loyola University, 178

Lumber mills, 263, 264

Lynchings, 261

Lyndsey Harper Plantation, 202

Lyttleton, William Henry, 148
 

M

Mabila settlement, 136

MacAdams, Elbert, 216

Macon, Georgia, 83, 84, 133

Madison, Georgia, 133

Malvern Hill, 204

Mammoths, 11-13, 15, 17, 22

Mandeville, Georgia, 67, 68

Manufacturing, 26, 46, 270, See also Industrialization

Marble, 128, 266

Marion, Francis, 168

Marquardt, William, 27, 35, 79

Marshall Plan, 214

Masks, 66

Masons, 265

Mating, 27-29, 35, 53, 112

Mattox, William, 227, 228, 229

Mattox Mill, 227-228, 230, 232

Maygrass seeds, 97

Maypop fruit, 45, 64, 97, 122

McCalla, George, 206, 208, 229, 248

McCalla, Isaac, 248, 249

McCalla, John, 205-206, 229, 248, 249

McCalla, Mary Jane, 208

McCalla Bottoms, 34, 35, 54, 56, 57, 59

McCalla family, 205-208, 248, See also specific members

McCalla Island, 228

McCalla State Park, 273

McClellan, John B., 201

McCormick County, 268

McGowan, John, 225

McGowan's Ferry, 227

McIntire, Annie, 265

McIntire, Henry, 263, 264

McKinney, Addison Reynolds, 263

McKinney, Janesta, 263

Mead Paper Company, 268

Medicines, 99, 210

Memphis, Tennessee, 79

Menstruation, 114

Metals, 139, 143, 144, 146, See also specific types

Metamorphic rocks, 19, 32, 45

Metavolcanic rocks, 46, 59

Mexico, 61

Mica, 67, 96, 135

Micco, 112

Midden, 45-46, 49, 59, See also Garbage

Middle Archaic Era, 29, 30, 31-37

Middle Cherokees, 143, 148

Middleton, Georgia, 245, 247

Middleton Methodist Church (Eurkea Church), 238

Midway Plantation, 182, 195

Midwives, 265

Milk glass quartz, 25

Milledgeville, Georgia, 133, 174

Miller, Zell, 158

Millrace ditches, 228

Mills, 174, 225-226, 256, 263, See also specific mills, types

cotton, 228, 235, 246

grist, 227, 231

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231,

232, 233, 235

saw, 263, 264

textile, 174, 175, 229, 235

Millwood Plantation, 237, 242, 255, 256, 258, 268, See also Calhoun, James

Edward

in Civil War, 211

house on, 209

medicine bottles from, 210

in Post-Revolution Era, 170, 180-185, 188, 189, 195

in Reconstruction Era, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223

tenant farming at, 239

view from, 211

Mirrors, 146

Mississippi, 139, 142, 175, 184, See also specific places

Mississippian Era

900-1300 A.D., 77, 79-101

1300-1450 A.D., 103-124

arrowheads from, 133

burials in, 81-82, 85-87, 89, 90-92, 93, 94, 101, 116-120

ceremonial centers in, 81-82, 84, 87, 89, 101, 120

clothing in, 87, 94, 114-116

farming in, 79, 83, 89, 97, 103, 120

fishing in, 97-99, 120

houses in, 83, 89, 95, 96, 102, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114, 116-117

hunting in, 81, 89, 93, 99, 103, 120, 122

leaders in, 77, 83, 84-85, 87, 88-89, 111, 113

population size in, 79

Mississippi River, 13, 79, 185

Missouri, 16, 79

Missouri River, 13, 79

Mobile, Alabama, 69

Molasses, 237, 239

Mollusks, 53, 61

Montana, 11

Moore, Josselyn, 122

Moore, Shirley, 255

Morrow, Robert, 245

Morrow Mountain spearpoints, 32, 33, 34

Morse, Dan, 16

Morse, Phyllis, 16

Mosley Ferry, 205

Mounds, See also specific mounds

in Colonial Era, 146

in Mississippian Era, 79, 81-82, 85-86, 88-89, 90-91, 93, 95, 111, 116-117

in Transition Era, 125, 126, 131, 132

in Woodland Era, 65-67, 76, 77

Mound State Monument, 131

Moundville, 131

Mr. Lee's School (Calhoun Falls Mission School), 259

Mulberries, 184

Munsell color chart, 65

Musical instruments, 67

Muskrats, 25

Mussels, 36, 53, 61

N

Nails, 166

Nancy Hart Highway, 158

Nanos, 46

Napier designs, 74

National Park Service, 2, 91, 104, 131

National Register of Historic Places, 201, 271

Necklaces, 35, 85, 87, 143

Needles, 144

Nellie, Buck, 264

Nets, 99

Netsinkers, 45, 46

Neuse River, 28

New Echota, 154

New England, 140, 175

Newman, Robert, 226

New Mexico, 11

"New Purchase," 150

New York, 245

Ninety Six Militia, 160, 163, 165, 167, 168

Ninety Six trading post, 152-153, 157, 162, 166, 168

Nodes, 114

North Carolina, 24, 28, 32, 67, 91, 134, 136, See also specific places

Norwood, Floread, 259

Norwood, Marie, 259

Novick, Andrea Lee, 49, 71

Nuts, See also specific types

in American Revolution Era, 162

hickory, 5, 33, 35, 45, 50-51, 64, 97, 122

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45, 50-51

in Middle Archaic Era, 33, 35

in Mississippian Era, 97, 122

in Post-Revolution Era, 184

in Woodland Era, 64
 

O

Oak trees, 20, 22, 40, 122

Oats, 184

Obsidian, 66

Ocher, 96

Ocmulgee National Monument, 78, 83, 84, 85

Ocmulgee River, 28

Oconee River, 17, 76, 133, 171

Ocute Indians, 126, 133, 134

Odd Fellows, 265

Oglethorpe, James Edward, 148, 150, 172

Ohio, 13, 65, 66, 69

Oklahoma, 79, 155

Old Capitol Prison, 204

"Old Dan Tucker," 205

"Old Quartz Culture," 32

Oliver, A. S., 264

Oliver, Dionysus, 173

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 189, 191, 198

Opossums, 25

Orange sprouts, 184

Orser, Charles, 178, 215, 237

O'Steen, Lisa, 17

Osteomyelitis, 87

Osteophytes, 120

Ovens, 64, 65

Overhill Cherokees, 143

P

Paint, 67, 71, 96, 128

Paint brushes, 97

PaleoIndian Era, 9-17

Early, 16

Early Archaic Era compared to, 19, 20, 23

Late, 16, 25

Middle Archaic Era compared to, 33

Palmer spearpoints, 24, 25, 26

Paris Island South, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

Parsnips, 114

Passion flower, 45

Patofa, 133, 134

"Patrol," 194

Peaches, 162, 184, 251

Pearle Mill, 224, 229, 230, 231-233, 234-235

Pearls, 135, 136

Pearlware, 183

Pecans, 184

Pemmican, 178

Pendants, 36, 46, 54, 85, 87, 96, 143

Pennsylvania, 9, 160

Perfume, 99

Perico, 131-132, 133, 134

Persimmons, 64, 97, 162

Peru, 10

Petersburg, Georgia, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 185

Petersburg, Virginia, 204

Pewter, 143

Phosphate, 49

Pickens, Andrew, 165, 168

Pieces esquilles, 26, 27

Pigeons, 99

Pigments, 96-97

Pine pollen, 97

Pine trees, 20, 22, 39, 122

Pipes, 67, 81, 95, 98, 113, 125, 146

Pitchers, 234

Pits

cooking, 39, 40, 46, 53

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 46

in Middle Archaic Era, 35

in Mississippian Era, 89, 107

storage, 35, 39, 46, 69, 72, 76

in Woodland Era, 69, 72, 76

Pitted rocks, 27, 60

Pitted stones, 46

Plagues, 135

Plantations, 172, 175, 178, 181, 187, 189, 193, 242, See also specific

plantations

in Civil War, 206, 207

in Reconstruction Era, 216, 219, 221

Planters, 195, 209, 215, 218, 225, 242, See also Farming; specific people

Plants, 5, 20, 24, 60, 61, 63, 64, See also specific types

Plates, 242, 243

Platte River, 13

Pleistocene Age, 9

"Ploughing Cotton, Columbus, GA" postcard, 186

Plowing, 171, 182

Plums, 97

Points, See Spearpoints

Poison, 99

Polished stones, 37

Political constructions, 82-83, 84

Political organization, 79, 83, 103, 111, 154

Pollen, 20, 21, 63, 64, 93, 97

Population size

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 60, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45

in Middle Archaic Era, 33, 35

in Mississippian Era, 79

in Post-Revolution Era, 176, 2173

in Reconstruction Era, 220

in Transition Era, 125-126

in Woodland Era, 63, 69, 70

Porcelain, 163

Postmolds

from American Revolution Era, 159

from Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 40, 43, 44, 46

from Mississippian Era, 85, 89-90, 92, 95, 113-114

from Rucker's Bottom, 113-114

at Sara's Ridge, 43, 44

from Woodland Era, 64, 72

Post-Revolution Era, 170, 171-185, 187-198

Calhoun (James Edward) in, 170, 176, 178, 179-185, 188-189

farming in, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 182, 187, 193, 198

houses in, 189, 195-198

personal experiences of slavery in, 187-198

population size in, 176, 2173

trade in, 172

Potherbs, 97, See also specific types

Potomac River, 152

Pots

in Colonial Era, 143

Deptford, 70

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 56, 58, 60

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 233, 234

in Mississippian Era, 84, 96, 100, 103, 117, 118, 120, 123

in Woodland Era, 70, 71, 76

Potsherds, See Sherds

Pottery, See also Ceramics

Cartersville, 70, 72, 73

fabric woven, 69, 70

fiber-tempered, 54, 60

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53-61, 69

in Late Nineteenth Century-Early Twentieth Century, 233, 234

in Mississippian Era, 79-81, 95, 96, 99-100, 107, 114, 115, 120

punch-and-drag style of, 57, 60, 69

punctations in, 114, 115, 117, 120

red-painted, 67, 71

Refuge, 69

sand-tempered, 60

spread of, 58

in theory formation, 71

Thom's Creek Series of, 60

in Transition Era, 126

in Woodland Era, 67, 69, 70, 74-76

Poverty Point, 58, 65

Preceramic Late Archaic Era, 39-51

Presbyterian Church, 254, 259, 260

Preservation methods for sites, 91

Pressley, Lillie, 261, 265

Pressley's Post Office, See Lowndesville, South Carolina

Prince Medoc of Wales, 69

Prismatic blades, 67

Proprietors in Charleston, 139, 140

Protective enclosures, 4, 5, See also specific types

in American Revolution, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165

in Colonial Era, 143, 146, 148

in Mississippian Era, 79, 103, 107, 109, 120

in Transition Era, 125, 126

in Woodland Era, 69

Prunty, Merle, 194, 219

"Puc Puggy" (Flower Hunter), 152

Punch-and-drag style of pottery, 57, 60, 69

Punctations in pottery, 57, 58, 60, 114, 115, 117, 120

Purslane, 97

Putnam County, Georgia, 67-69

Q

Quarries, 50, 268-269

Quartz

cold cream jar, 25

crystal, 27, 81

in Early Archaic Era, 24, 25, 26, 27

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45, 46

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 34

milk glass, 25

in Mississippian Era, 81, 95

in PaleoIndian Era, 17

spearpoints made of, 32

vein, 25

in Woodland Era, 63, 69

Quartz crystals, 144

Quilts, 269

R

Rabbits, 25, 99, 162

Racoons, 25

Radiocarbon dating, 27, 54, 57, 107

Ragweed, 45

Railroads, 174, 185, 237, 244, 245, 246, 247, 252-253, 258

Rainfall, 126

Ramsey, Eleanor Mason, 255, 256

Ranjel, Rodrigo, 132, 134

Raspberries, 97

Rattlesnakes, 35, 151

Ray, Marlessa, 194

Razors, 146

Rebuilding, 44

Reconstruction Era, 204, 209, 213-223, 249

Red jasper, 59

Red-painted pottery, 67, 71

Red River, 13, 28

Refuge pottery, 69

Refuse, See Garbage; Midden

Reitz, Elizabeth, 135

Religion, 31, 65, 67, 69, 83, 84, 96, 103, 261

Rembert ceremonial center, 101, 103, 125

Reoccupations, 44

Replanting of seeds, 63

Republican Party, 217, 223

Revolutionary War, See American Revolution

Reynolds, Grace, 259, 264

Reynolds, Spearman Edwards, 264

Rice, 173, 175, 194

Richmond, Virginia, 203

Rituals, 3, 5-6, 31, 67, 77, 79, 83, 87, 88, See also Ceremonies; specific types

Roads, 245

Roasting, 60, 99

Rock Eagle formation, 69

Rocks, See also Stones; specific types

chert, See Chert

choice of, 59

containers from, 56

from Early Archaic Era, 23

igneous, 19, 49

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45, 49

metamorphic, 19, 32, 45

metavolcanic, 46, 59

in Middle Archaic Era, 33, 34

pitted, 27, 46, 60

quartz, See Quartz

sedimentary, 19-20

slate-like, 59

in Woodland Era, 64

Rocky River, 158, 159, 161, 205

Rocky River Post Office, See Lowndesville, South Carolina

Rocky River site, 38, 47, 49, 50, 51, 71, 72

Rogers & Calhoun, 209

Roland, Charles P., 267

Roofs, 113

Rotunda (hot house) council house, 107-109, 110

Royston, Georgia, 238

Rucker, Grace, 205

Rucker, J. D., 205

Rucker, John, 172, 263

Rucker, Joseph, 172, 190

Rucker family, 172, See also specific members

Rucker's Bottom, 6, 7, 15, 104, 108, 122

artifacts at, 117

artist depiction of, 104-105

bones at, 117

ceramics at, 121

in Early Archaic Era, 25, 26, 28

food at, 120

games at, 111

health of residents at, 120

houses at, 116

kitchens at, 114

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54, 57, 60

leaders at, 111, 112

in Middle Archaic Era, 34, 35

postmolds from, 113-114

pots from, 123

pottery from, 57

protective enclosures at, 107, 125

site drawing of, 110

toolmaking at, 116

in Woodland Era, 72, 74, 76

Ruckersville, Georgia, 172

Rudolph, James, 83, 89, 95

Rudolph, Teresa, 76

Rulers, See Leaders

Rum, 146

Russell, Richard B., 1

Russell Cave, 36

Rye, 173, 184

S

"S. Barker," 164

Sabine River, 28

Salicin, 99

Salt Cave, Kentucky, 69, 70

Saluda River, 134

Sand, 60, 70, 84

Sand-tempered pottery, 60

Sara's Ridge, 38, 40-46, 43, 44, 47, 50, 51

Sassafras tree bark, 99

Sassaman, Kenneth, 33, 35, 46, 58

Saucers, 243

Savannah, Georgia, 125, 150, 152, 163, 165, 201

Savannah River Power Company, 247

Savannah River Stemmed (Broadpoint) spearpoints, 59, 60

Saw mills, 263, 264

Saws, 26

Saxon, Rufus B., 216

Scarification (skin scratching), 81

Schiffer, Michael, 16

Schuldenrein, Joseph, 37, 49, 107

Scissors, 144

Scotch, 152, 174

Scotch-Irish, 152

Scraping tools, 26, 34, 46, 71, 144

Sculpture, 69, 77, 81

Seaboard Air Line, 245

Seaboard Railroad, 252, 269

Sea level, 37, 61

Seashells, See Shells

Sedimentary rocks, 19-20, See also specific types

Sedimentation, 21

Seeds, See also specific types

in American Revolution Era, 162

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 45

maygrass, 97

maypop, 45, 64

in Mississippian Era, 97

replanting of, 63

sumpweed, 97

sunflower, 97

in Woodland Era, 63, 64

Segovia, Antonio, 21, 22

Segregation, 264

Sequoah, 154-155

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 251

Shad, 44-45

Sharecropping, 219-220, 257, See also Tenant farming

Shark teeth, 66

Sharpsburg battle (Antietam battle), 201

Shawano Indians, 143, 147

Shaw University Medical School, 264

Sheehan, Mark, 20

Shellfish, 32, 51, 53, 61, 72, 120, See also specific types

Shells

in Colonial Era, 139

as cups, 3, 6

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 54, 61

in Mississippian Era, 85-88, 92, 96, 99, 101, 112, 117, 122

in Transition Era, 135

in Woodland Era, 66, 72

Shenandoah Valley, 152, 203

Sherds (potsherds)

in American Revolution Era, 164

in Colonial Era, 143

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58

in Mississippian Era, 79, 100, 116

in theory formation, 71

in Woodland Era, 74, 76

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 201

Shipping crates, 144

Shoes, 69-70

Shoulderbone site, 133

Shrubs, 20

Siberia, 9

Sifting screens, 77

Silkworms, 152

Silver Bluff ceremonial center, 125

Simkins, Maria Edgeworth (Mrs. James Edward Calhoun), 182-183

Simpson's Field, 64, 65, 66, 72-74, 76, 117, 118

Single pole game, 107

Siou Indians, 143

Six Flags site (9FU14), 76

Skin scratching (scarification), 81

Slate-like rocks, 59

Slavery, 128, 130, 132, 138

in Colonial Era, 139, 140, 148

people Freed from, 213-223

personal experiences of, 187-198

in Post-Revolution Era, 172-173, 175, 176, 178, 185

personal experiences of, 187-198

Sloths, 15

Smallpox, 143

Smith, Marion, 143, 164

Smith, Marvin, 132

Smoking pipes, 67, 81, 95, 98, 113, 125, 146

Soapstone, 39, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50, 56, 59, 95

Social clubs, 265

Social strata, 79, 89, 96, 172, 174, See also specific types

Soil

acidic, 10-11, 21

erosion of, 21, 72, 91, 170, 171, 172, 176, 182, 212, 267

examination of, 10-11, 21, 22, 27

layering of, 82

mineral content of, 21

in Mississippian Era, 82, 101

stratigraphy of, 10-11, 27

in Woodland Era, 64

Sol Legare Island, 40

Sorghum cane, 237

Soups, 96, 97, 99

South, Stanley, 164

South America, 10, See also specific countries

South Carolina, 5, 243, 249, See also specific places

in American Revolution, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 169

Beaufort District of, 203

boll weevils in, 248

in Civil War, 201, 202, 203, 208, 210

in Colonial Era, 139-143, 148-150, 151, 152, 153

in Early Archaic Era, 23, 28

in Late Archaic Era, 30, 40, 51, 52, 54, 60

in Middle Archaic Era, 30, 32, 34, 35

in Mississippian Era, 117

in PaleoIndian Era, 13, 15

in Post-Revolution Era, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181, 182, 184, 185, 189,

190, 195-198

in Reconstruction Era, 214, 216, 217, 223

in Transition Era, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136

in Woodland Era, 64, 71, 74

South Carolina Rangers, 157

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (Southern Cult), 87

Southern Methodist University, 71

Spanish, 7, 10, 69, 111, 128-136, See also specific explorers

Spearpoints, See also specific types

bifurcate, 29

Broadpoint (Savannah River Stemmed), 59, 60

by-products of production of, 26

Clovis, 11-13, 15, 16, 37

Dalton, 16-17, 25

in Early Archaic Era, 25, 26, 29

flutes (grooves) in, 11

Guilford, 37

Kirk, 25, 26

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59, 60, 61

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 46, 49

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

Morrow Mountain, 32, 33, 34

in PaleoIndian Era, 11-13, 14, 15, 16-17, 33

Palmer, 24, 25, 26

quartz, 32

Savannah River Stemmed (Broadpoint), 59, 60

Stanly Stemmed, 32

in theory formation, 71

in Woodland Era, 63

Spear shafts, 27

Spearthrowers (atlatles), 36-37

Spikemoss, 93

Spirits, 31, 84

Spoons, 96

Spotsylvania, Virginia, 203

Springs, 22

Spruce trees, 20

Squash, 63, 64, 97

Squirrels, 25, 99

St. Catherine's Island, 77

St. John's River, 58

St. Louis, Missouri, 79

Stabilization methods for sites, 91

Stained glass, 240, 243

Stains, See also Postmolds

from Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 59

from Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 40, 43, 45-46

from Middle Archaic Era, 35

from Mississippian Era, 104, 107, 109

from Woodland Era, 64, 69, 72

Stallings Island, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61

Stamp Act, 157

Stanfield-Worley rock shelter, 36

Stanly Stemmed spearpoints, 32

Starr, 245, 246

State Lands (Estate Lands), 256

Steamboats, 174

Steam houses, 114

Steward, Austin, 188, 190, 191, 194

Stews, 40, 53, 60, 97, 99

Stockades, 103, 159, 160, 162, 164

Stonemasonry, 268

Stones, 9, See also Rocks

bird shape made with, 69

boiling, 45, 53, 56, 60, 95

in Colonial Era, 139, 144

in Early Archaic Era, 26

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 53, 56, 60

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 45, 46, 49

in Middle Archaic Era, 33, 35, 37

in Mississippian Era, 95, 98, 117

in PaleoIndian Era, 11

pitted, 27, 46, 60

polished, 37

tablets made from, 66

in theory formation, 71

tools made from, 11, 26, 33, 35, 39, 40, 45, 46, 49, 71, 117, 139

in Woodland Era, 67, 69

Stoneware, 163

Storage pits, 35, 39, 46, 69, 72, 76

Store rooms (barbacoas), 114

Storms, 31

Stratigraphy of soil, 10-11, 27

Strawberries, 97

Stripping tools, 33

Stuart, James "Jeb," 203

Sugar, 211, 237, 252

Sugar Act, 157

Summer houses, 6, 114, 116

Sumpweed, 63-64, 97

Sumter, Thomas, 168

Sunflowers, 63, 64, 97

Surgery, 93

"Swamp Fox," See Marion, Francis

Sweeney, Charlotte, 257, 259

Sweetgum trees, 99

Sweet potatoes, 173

Swift, James, 229

Swift, Thomas, 229, 230

Swift, William, 229, 230-231

Swift Creek designs, 74, 75

T

Tablets, 66

Taboos, 31

Tait, Charles, 174

Talimeco, 135

Tallahassee, Florida, 130

Tampa Bay, Florida, 130

Tanner's Mill, 231

Tarleton, Banastre, 167, 168

Tattooing, 81

Taxation, 157

Taylor, Richard, 143, 164

Tea, 3, 5-6, 112, 113, 185

Tea Act, 157

Teeth, 35, 61, 66

Temples, 65, 67, 77

Tenant farming, 212, 219-223, 239, 240, 242, 247, 248, 258, 264, 267, 268, See

also Sharecropping

Tennessee, See also specific places

in Colonial Era, 154

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 58, 59

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37

in Mississippian Era, 79

in PaleoIndian Era, 13, 15

in Woodland Era, 67

Tennessee River, 35

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 91

Terraces, 20-21, 23, 37

Texas, 33, 79, 155, 185, 248

Textile mills, 174, 175, 229, 235

Theft of artifacts, 91, 131

Theory origination, 71

Thermoluminescence dating, 57

Thomas, David, 77

Thompson, James, 264, 265

Thompson, Lloyd, 264

Thom's Creek Series of pottery, 60

Tigers, 151

Tin, 143

Tippitt, Ann, 27, 35, 79

Tire factories, 257

Tobacco, 113, 146, 173, 174

Tools, See also specific types

in American Revolution Era, 164

biface, 35

bone, 26, 36, 37, 54, 95

in Colonial Era, 139, 144

cutting, 27

in Early Archaic Era, 24-25, 26-27, 28

fiber, 26

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 54, 59

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 45, 46, 49

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37

in Mississippian Era, 90, 95, 116, 117

in PaleoIndian Era, 11, 16

scraping, 26, 34, 46, 71, 144

stone, 11, 26, 33, 35, 39, 40, 45, 46, 49, 71, 117, 139

stripping, 33

in theory formation, 71

uniface, 35

wielding, 27

wood, 26, 27, 36, 45, 46

in Woodland Era, 69

Tortoises, 15, 22

Townshend Act, 157

Trade

in Colonial Era, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 153

in Early Archaic Era, 26

in Late Archaic Era, 37, 46, 58, 59

in Middle Archaic Era, 33

in PaleoIndian Era, 15

in Post-Revolution Era, 172

in Transition Era, 126

in Woodland Era, 66, 67, 69

"Trail of Tears," 155

Trains, See Railroads

Transition Era, 125-136

Traps, 99

Tree farming, 268

Tree ring dating (dendrochronology), 57

Tree Ring Laboratory, University of Arkansas, 126

Trees, See also specific types

beech, 20

chestnut, 20

clearing of, 39, 45, 49, 97, 171, 172, 176

deciduous, 20

in Early Archaic Era, 20, 22

evergreen, 20

fir, 20

gum, 20

hardwood, 22

hemlock, 20

hickory, 20, 39, 40, 122

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 39, 40, 49

in Mississippian Era, 99, 122

oak, 20, 22, 40, 122

pine, 20, 22, 39, 122

in Post-Revolution Era, 171

spruce, 20

sweetgum, 99

Trenches, 95-96, 109

Trimble, Stanley, 171

Trotter's Shoals, 182

Trunks, 144, 146

Tuberculosis, 93

Tucker, Dan, 205, 251

Tucker's Ferry, 205, 251

Tugalo village, 128

Tunacunnhee site, 67, 68

Turbines, 227-228, 230

Turkeys, 25, 99, 122

Turman, Phoebe, 256, 261

Turner, Patricia, 255

Turtles, 15, 22, 99, 122

Tuscarora Indians, 143

Tuskegee Institute, 261

TVA, See Tennessee Valley Authority

<siTwo Little Savages<ei, 251

Typhoid fever, 225

Tyzzer, Robert, 87

U

Uktena myth, 144

Ulunsuti, 144

Uniface tools, 35

University of Alabama, 131

University of Arkansas, 126

University of Georgia, 32, 83, 104, 135, 227

University of Michigan, 104, 122

University of North Carolina, 97

University of Soth Carolina, 143

University of South Carolina, 104, 143

University of Wisconsin, 104

University of Wyoming, 11

Uplands, 20

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1, 2, 91, 104, 185, 264, 270, 271, 273

U.S. Forest Service, 91

Utensils, 96, 143, 163, 164, 243, See also specific types

V

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 160

Van Creek, 103, 120, 165, 166

Vandalization of sites, 89, 91, 92, 95

Vein quartz, 25

Verdell family, 259

Vienna, Georgia, 174

Vigilante rule, 153

Villages, See also specific villages

in Mississippian Era, 79, 89, 104, 107, 111

in Transition Era, 134

in Woodland Era, 64, 72, 74, 76

Virginia, See also specific places

in American Revolution, 169

in Civil War, 201, 203, 204, 205

in Colonial Era, 143, 147, 150, 152

in Middle Archaic Era, 33

in PaleoIndian Era, 15-16

in Post-Revolution Era, 174

Voting rights, 216, 217, 218

W

Wake Forest University, 104, 118

Walker, Caroline, 242-243, 243

Walker, Louella, 262

Walker, Minnie, 255, 256, 262, 265

Walnuts, 45, 50, 64, 162

War of 1812, 175, 205

War Between the States, See Civil War

Warfare, See also Fighting

against British (American Revolution), 153, 154, 157-169

Civil, See Civil War

in Colonial Era, 148

in Late Archaic Ceramic Era, 61

in Mississippian Era, 79, 101, 104

in Transition Era, 125, 126, 136

"Warwoman," See Hart, Nancy

Warwoman Creek, 158

Washington, D.C., 174, 204, 245

Washington, George, 160, 169, 206

Wateree River, 134

Waters, Alice, 245

Waters, Lester, 245

Waterwheels, 226

Weapons, See also specific types

altered, 63

in American Revolution, 168

in Colonial Era, 139, 140, 146, 152

in Early Archaic Era, 24, 26

in Late Archaic Preceramic Era, 40

in Middle Archaic Era, 32, 33, 36

in Mississippian Era, 90, 95

in PaleoIndian Era, 9, 11, 13, 17

of Spanish explorers, 136

in theory formation, 71

in Transition Era, 136

in Woodland Era, 63

Weather, 17, 31, See also Climate

Weaver, David, 118

Weavings, 69-70

Wedges, 26

Weeds, 63, 97

Weirs, 49, 51, 99

Well pumps, 240

Wells, Tobe, 263, 264

West Indies, 140

Wheat, 163, 173

White, James, 249

White, Jim, 248

White Hall community, 162

White Mill, 225, 226, 227, 232

Whitney, Eli, 174

Wielding tools, 27

Wild cats, 151

William Allen House, 194, 195, 196, 198

Williamson, Andrew, 157

Willow bark, 99

Windover bog, Florida, 69

Winter houses, 6, 114, 116

Wire, 146

Wisconsin, 79

Wolfhounds of De Soto, 130, 131

Wolves, 11, 151

Women, See Females

Wood, 26, 27, 36, 45, 46, 64, 67, 70, 144, 146

Wood, Dean, 40, 45, 50, 53, 64

Wood, Kay, 135

Woodland Era, 61, 63-77

burials in, 65, 66, 67, 69, 76, 77

farming in, 63, 64, 67

fishing in, 72

houses in, 64-65, 66, 70-72, 76

hunting in, 63, 76

population size in, 63, 69, 70

Wooly mammoths, 11-13, 15, 17, 22

Works Progress Administration, 187

Worthy, Linda, 177, 195

Wrought iron, 226

Wynn, Jack, 126

Wyoming, 11

Wyth, John, 142

Y

Yadkin Triangulars, 63, 64

Yamacraw Bluff, 150, 163

Yamasee Indians, 140

Yarn, 230

Yellow fever, 174

Yorkstown, Virginia, 169

Young, C. M., 260

Young, Matthew, 175

Yupaha (Cofitachequi) Indians, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136

Z

Zinc, 120

Zooarcheology, 135