Historic Context: Period Sources Briggs, George R. Gardening in the South. A.T. DeLaMare Company, Inc., New York, 1931. Focus on the design, planting and maintenance of gardens in the middle and upper South from an author based in Greenville, South Carolina.  Most illustrations focus on  foundation plantings but there are a number of examples of  formal garden designs similar to Reynolda. Draper, Earle S. “Southern Plantations” Landscape Architecture. 23 (no 1, pp. 1-14 and no 2, frontispiece and pp. 117. Two-part article published in 1933 is the result of seventeen years of research and documentation.  Among the first published works to include plans of southern plantations drawn by a landscape architect. Lockwood, Alice G.B. Gardens of Colony and State. Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1931-34. [re-published 1999 by the Garden Club of America, NYC, NY.] A landmark survey of pre-1840 American gardens and gardeners in two volumes is among the best references on gardening in the colonies and the Republic. Volume II includes North and South Carolina. Sears, Thomas W. Architecture and Design 5 (September 1941) and  (November 1953).  Both of these issues are “devoted to the work of Thomas W. Sears, Landscape Architect.” Sears, Thomas W. “Estate at Winston-Salem, N.C.” Landscape Architecture. 14 (no. 1., p. 37) Documentation of Sears’ work at Reynolda at the end of “Phase II” (see Historical Overview) Shaffer, E.T. H. Carolina Gardens: The History, Romance and Tradition of Many Gardens of Two States Through More than Two Centuries. The University of North Carolina Press, 1939. Prepared with the Garden Clubs in both states for “those caring for the fine old gardens of the Carolinas or of developing some of the many new ones.” Many photographs.  Historic Context: Contemporary Sources Betts, Elizabeth. “In Search of a Country Place." Southern Accents  (September/October 1995): pp. 92-98. A brief overview of the Country Place Era which focuses on the landscape of Reynolda and places it within a broader context. Griswold, Mac and Weller, Eleanor.  The Golden Age of American Gardens, Proud Owners, Private Estates, 1890-1940. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988. Overview of an era places Reynolda in its historical context and includes a specific discussion of the Reynolda landscape, pp. 213-214. Hewitt, Mark Alan. Architect and the American Country House, 1890-1940. Yale University Press. 1990. A Study of the American country house focuses on “their creation, the architectural theory and building technology that influenced their design.” Focus on relationship between the client and designer, a parallel with the vision of Sears and Mrs. Reynolds at Reynolda. Lilly, Rachel M. and Reuben M. Rainey. "The Country Place Era In Virginia: The Residential Site-Planning of Charles F. Gillette." Landscape Journal 11, no. 2 (Fall 1992): pp. 99-115. This monograph of the work of Charles F. Gillette provides an overview of the design principles embraced by practitioners of the Country Place Era. Mayer, Barbara. Reynolda: A History of an American Country House.  Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair for Reynolda House Museum of American Art, 1997. This study of the evolution of the Reynolda property includes discussion of Thomas Sears’ contribution in providing design services for specific areas of the estate. Restoring Southern Gardens and Landscapes. 1997. The Influence of Women on the Southern Landscape. Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Restoring Southern Gardens and Landscapes, 1995. North Carolina: Old Salem, Inc.  A collection of papers provides excellent context for Reynolda with its emphasis on themes and periods rather than on individual women or gardens. Preservation Planning and Treatment Issues Batdorf, Lynn R., Dr. Boxwood Handbook: A Practical Guide to Knowing and Growing Boxwood. St. Louis, Missouri: The American Boxwood Society, 1995. Publication designed to serve as a practical guide to identify, propagate, care and enjoy boxwoods that grow in the temperate zones of the world. Document was produced as a cooperative effort between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. National Arboretum (UCNA) and the American Boxwood Society (ABS). Birnbaum, Charles A. Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. Preservation Brief 36. Washington, DC: Preservation Assistance Division, NPS, 1994. 20pp. Step-by-step overview includes many garden examples as well as a discussion of preservation maintenance and implementation strategies. Birnbaum, Charles A. with Christine Capella Peters. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships Heritage Preservation Services, Historic Landscape Initiative, Washington, DC, 1996. Applies the Standards and preservation planning principles to historic and cultural landscapes. Includes a number of examples of the treatment of historic garden and historic plant materials. Birnbaum, Charles A. Landscape Composition Preservation Treatment: Defining an Ethic for Designed Landscapes. National Association for Olmsted Parks, Bethesda, MD, 1992. 14 pp. The role of research, integrity analysis and understanding design intent when rehabilitating a historic park’s plant materials. Birnbaum, Charles A. and Tallant, Sandra L. “Balancing Natural and Cultural Issues in the Preservation of Historic Landscapes: Selected Papers from the National Association for Olmsted Parks Conference.” George Wright FORUM 13 (I:1996). 104 pp. Explores the relationship between cultural landscape preservation and public support for relatively natural landscapes. The Louisville, Olmsted parks and parkway system case study (by Rolf Sauer and Patricia O’Donnell) have direct applications with the issues for designed landscapes such as Reynolda. Cobham, Ralph, ed. Amenity Landscape Management: A Resource Handbook. New York: Van Nostrand. 1990. Preservation planning objectives which recognize maintenance operations and public use. Includes U.S. examples from Biltmore, Asheville, NC and the Emerald Necklace Parks, Boston, MA. Coffin, Margaret. Guide to Developing a Preservation Maintenance Plan for a Historic Landscape. Cultural Landscape Publication No. 7, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 1995. The Guide is a useful tool for integrating preservation objectives into landscape maintenance operations. Coney, William B. Preservation of Historic Concrete: Problems and General Approaches. Preservation Brief 15. Washington, DC: Preservation Assistance Division, NPS, nd. 12pp. Step-by-step overview includes historic background discussion and methods of repair. Exploration of the causes of deterioration, planning for preservation and repair include several landscape examples. Firth, Ian  and Cramer, Marianne. “A Case Study in Ecosystems and Preservation: Lessons Learned from New York’s Central Park.” APT Bulletin XXX, no. 1 (1999): pp. 15-21. An exploration of the ecological and social issues involved in the rehabilitation of the Ravine woodlands and the Harlem Meer landscapes Central Park. Grimmer, Anne. The Preservation of Historic Stucco. Preservation Brief 22. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Assistance Division, NPS, 1990. 16pp. Step-by-step overview includes historic background discussion and methods of repair. Exploration of maintenance techniques, damage assessment, identification of stucco type, planning the repair, color tints and product information. Laird, Mark. “Approaches to Planting in the Late Eighteenth Century: Some Imperfect Ideas on the Origins of the American Garden.” Journal of Garden History 11, no. 3 (1991): PP.154-172. Although earlier that Reynolda, an interesting analysis of planting plans for flower beds at Hartwell, U.K. Linden-Ward, Blanche. “Stan Hywet.” Landscape Architecture 77, no. 4 (1987): pp. 66-71. Current planning and treatment response to fifty year decline of vegetation and vistas at Akron, Ohio estate designed by landscape architect Warren Manning. McGann, Martin R. “Securing the Plant Link.” Landscape Architecture 77, no. 4 (1987): pp. 91-92. Historic plant material resources. McGann, Martin R. “Maintaining the Historic garden.” The Public Garden 4, no. 3 (1989) pp.22-25,38. Maintenance methods, machinery, use of heirloom plants and historic garden personnel training discussed. Meier, Lauren G.; Mitchell Nora J. “Principles for Preserving Historic Plant Material.” CRM 13, no. 6 (1990): pp. 17-24. Importance of vegetation as character-defining feature of historic landscapes; processes for inventory, documentation, analysis and treatment as applied to vegetation in historic landscapes. Meier, Lauren G. “The Treatment of Historic Plant Material.” The Public Garden 7, no.2 (1992) pp. 24-27. Describes categories of vegetation treatment consistent with the US Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for historic preservation projects. Meier, Lauren G. “Restoring Landscape Character at Fairsted, the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.” APT Bulletin XXX, no. 1 (1999): pp. 29-35. The comprehensive landscape restoration of Fairsted in Brookline, MA, included the re-establishment of the profuse plantings and its picturesque character. Page, Robert R., Gilbert, Cathy A and Dolan, Susan. A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process and Techniques. NPS, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Program, 1998. The Guide includes the Landscape Lines series that features tree coring, pollen, phytolith and macroflora analyses and historic plant material sources. (Numbers 4, 7 and 8) Park, Sharon C. Holding the Line: Unwanted Moisture in Historic Buildings. Preservation Brief 39. Washington, DC: Heritage Preservation Services, NPS, 1996. 16pp. Step by step process for diagnosis and treatment of uncontrolled moisture. Although the focus is on buildings, the analytical tools, survey and treatment strategies also apply to landscape features such as the walls at Reynolda.  Rempel, Sharon. “Conserving and Managing Living Plant Collections.” APT Bulletin XXIV, No. 3-4 (1992): pp. 69-70. Most common questions to raise when identifying, assessing and managing living artifacts such as plants.