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MESA VERDE
Mug House Mesa Verde National Park—Colorado |
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF MUG HOUSE
The Setting
Previous Work
The Wetherill Mesa Project
Archeological Sequence
Construction Sequence
Abandonment
CHAPTER 2: HOUSE AND VILLAGE ARRANGEMENT
Suites (Household Units)
Courtyard Units
Dual Division
The Community
Summary
CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE: LIVING AND STORAGE QUARTERS
Rooms
Domestic Features
Additional Room Notes
Areas
Courtyards
Other Features
Mug House Reservoir (Site 1586)
CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURE: KIVAS AND TOWERS
Kivas
Kihu (Room 9)
Towers
CHAPTER 5 BURIALS (omitted from the online edition)
CHAPTER 6: ECONOMY
Human Feces
Cultivated Plant Remains
Fields
Agricultural Equipment
Storage
Pests
Mammal and Bird Bones
Domesticated Animals
Hunting Equipment
Wooden Club or Digging Stick
CHAPTER 7: CLOTHING AND ADORNMENT
Footwear
Robes or Blankets
Yucca Cordage
Cotton Cloth
Cotton Yarn
Human Hair Cordage
Animal Skins and Sinew
Ornaments
Paint
CHAPTER 8: UTENSILS
Pottery Vessels
Potsherds
Baskets
Pot Rests
Pot Covers
CHAPTER 9: TOOL KIT
Grinding Tools
Polishing and Rubbing Tools
Pounding Tools
Chopping Tools
Cutting Tools
Scraping Tools
Perforating Tools
Weaving Tools
Composite Tools
Miscellaneous Tools
CHAPTER 10: HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT
Mats and Matting
Cradle
Wooden Pillow
Fire-making Equipment
Wooden Stirring Paddle
Wooden Pokers
Worked Sandstone Slabs
Tumpline Headbands
Yucca Strips and Knots
CHAPTER 11: MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS
Probable Ceremonial Paraphernalia
Probable Toys and Gaming Objects
Objects of Unknown Purpose
CHAPTER 12: INTERPRETATIONS
Reconstruction of 13th-Century Environment
Utilization of the Environment
Trade
Untapped Resources
Reconstruction of Life in Mug House
Cultural Changes
APPENDIX: ROOM DESCRIPTIONS
INDEX (omitted from the online edition)
ILLUSTRATIONS
2. Western part of the Mesa Verde.
3. Mug House alcove and Adobe Cave.
4. Stripping trash slope.
5. Equipment for lowering materials.
6. A-frame and tube chute.
7. Mug House (Site 1229), before excavation and after excavation and stabilization.
8. South part of Mug House.
9. Lower cave of Mug House.
10. Courtyards C, D, and G.
11. North part of Mug House.
12. Kiva B and adjacent rooms.
13. Crack in sandstone roof above upper ledge.
14. Removing separated sandstone slab.
15. Map of the Mug House trash slope.
16. Schematic profile of the Mug House trash slope.
17. Plan of slab cist on banquette of Component A kiva, Mug House.
18. Site 1227, showing area where structures were razed.
19. Painting on back wall, Site 1227.
20. Adobe deposit in Adobe Cave (Site 1228).
21. Adobe Cave.
22. Rooms 1 and 2, Adobe Cave.
23. Lower cave and upper ledge of Mug House.
24. Profiles of Mug House.
25. Suite 1.
26. Suite 10/1.
27. Suite 12/1.
28. Suite 19.
29. Suite 11/2.
30. Suite 71.
31. Suite 26.
32. Suite 30/1.
33. Suite 36/1.
34. Artist's reconstruction of Suite 37/1.
35. Suite 42/1.
36. Suite 45/2.
37. Suite 46/2.
38. Early Courtyard Unit B.
39. Early Courtyard Unit D.
40. Mug House locality.
41. Pecked and ground stones in masonry wall, with spalls used for chinking.
42. Single-coursed (simple) wall construction with white plaster on exterior.
43. Double-coursed (compound) wall construction.
44. Stone veneer "peeling off" interior masonry walls.
45. Footing of rough stones under double coursed wall.
46. Adobe quarry at rear of Adobe Cave.
47. Puddling basins near adobe quarry, Adobe Cave.
48. Red sandstone spalls, Room 25.
49. In-place roof beams and monochrome plaster, Room 45.
50. Roof-beam seats cut into existing walls.
51. Large T-shaped doorway.
52. Rectangular doorways.
53. Wooden lintel.
54. Oak loops around doorway.
55. Stick across top of doorway.
56. Mud-covered frame in doorway.
57. Stone door slab.
58. Masonry shelf.
59. Suspension pole.
60. Wall pegs.
61. Wall loops found in rubble.
62. Possible balcony support timber.
63. Corner hearth.
64. D-shaped hearth.
65. Sandstone concretions, probably used as pot supports.
66. Various in-place items, Room 71.
67. Mud collar around storage jar.
68. Ladder grooves in face of upper ledge.
69. Steps pecked in sandstone boulder near south tower (Room 76).
70. Stone masonry steps leading to trash slope in north part of Mug House.
71. Stone wall of dam, Mug House reservoir (Site 1586).
72. Mug House reservoir, after excavation.
73. Pilaster construction in four kivas.
74. Interpilaster measurements in Kiva B.
75. Rendering of outermost painting on plaster wall, Kiva C.
76. White painted band and triangles on plaster wall, Kiva C.
77. Rendering of early wall painting, Kiva C.
78. Pot supports in kiva hearth.
79. Hearth with embedded pot supports, Kiva C.
80. Hearth with pot supports and slab fragment, Kiva D.
81. Jar-neck lining of sipapu, Kiva C.
82. Double rectangular and round niches, Kiva C.
83. Large niche, Kiva H.
84. Kiva A.
85. Kiva B.
86. Kiva C.
87. Tunnel in south side of recess, Kiva C.
88. Shallow basins in floor near southeast wall, Kiva C.
89. Kiva D.
90. Remains of grinding bin, Kiva D.
91. Objects on floor, Kiva D.
92. Kiva E.
93. Overall view of Kiva E, with banquette formed by shallow alcoves.
94. Kiva F.
95. Overall view of Kiva F, showing circular wall built inside earlier square chamber.
96. Kiva G.
97. Hearth, deflector, and ventilator, Kiva G.
98. Overall view of Kiva G, after excavation and stabilization.
99. Kiva H.
100. Hearth, deflector, and ventilator, Kiva H.
101. Kihu (Room 9).
102. Sketch showing probable position of a weaver in kihu (Room 9).
103. Burial M21. (omitted from the online edition)
104. Burial M31. (omitted from the online edition)
105. Burial M34. (omitted from the online edition)
106. Burial M6. (omitted from the online edition)
107. Burial M27. (omitted from the online edition)
108. Burial M25. (omitted from the online edition)
109. Burial M5. (omitted from the online edition)
110. Burial M9. (omitted from the online edition)
111. Burial M43, in Adobe Cave. (omitted from the online edition)
112. Burial M30. (omitted from the online edition)
113. Burial M46, in Adobe Cave. (omitted from the online edition)
114. Grave offerings, Burial M31. (omitted from the online edition)
115. Grave offerings, Burial M6. (omitted from the online edition)
116. Artificial flattening of back of skull, Burial M27. (omitted from the online edition)
117. Decay, tartar, and attrition in maxillary teeth, Burial M43. (omitted from the online edition)
118. Caries and evidence of pyorrhea, Burial M46. (omitted from the online edition)
119. Impacted canines, Burial M43. (omitted from the online edition)
120. Various remains of corn plants.
121. Various remains of squash plants.
122. Remains of bean plants.
123. Air view of possible main farmlands for Mug House in middle distance.
124. Blade ends of digging sticks.
125. Digging-stick impressions in adobe quarry, Adobe Cave.
126. Fragments of bowstring.
127. Fragments of arrow shafts.
128. Stone arrow points.
129. Wooden club or digging stick.
130. Fragments of twilled yucca sandals.
131. Fragment of twined cord sandal.
132. Feather-cord sock on model's foot.
133. Feather-cloth blanket with Burial M2, Adobe Cave.
134. Fragment of feather cloth.
135. Types of yucca fiber used in cordage.
136. Varieties of 2-ply Z-twist yucca twine.
137. Feather-wrapped 2-ply Z-twist yucca twine.
138. Varieties of 2-ply S-twist yucca twine.
139. Varieties of multitwist yucca cordage.
140. Yucca-fiber bundles prepared for spinning.
141. Wrapped yucca-fiber bundle.
142. Yucca twine in 1-, 2-, and 3-ply patterns, and 3-ply Z-twist yucca twine.
143. Change from S- to Z-twist, and addition of third ply, in yucca twine.
144. Spliced lengths of yucca twine.
145. Wraps and knots of yucca twine.
146. Single-strand looping, and simple chain of two strands twisted at intervals.
147. Lengths and bundles of unspun yucca fiber.
148. Fragment of plain-weave cotton cloth.
149. Well-preserved piece of cotton cloth.
150. Fragment of decorated cotton cloth recovered by Nordenskiold in 1891.
151. Lengths of cotton yarn.
152. Lengths of twine made from human hair.
153. Fragments of human-hair fabric made by knotless netting.
154. Various animal-skin fragments.
155. Sewing on animal-skin fragments.
156. Fragments of animal hide.
157. Bundle of sinew tied with yucca twine.
158. Skin objects: pouch and point guard or sheath.
159. Skin pouch or bag.
160. Length of cotton, 13-strand sennit braid, and drawing showing construction of braid.
161. Various ornaments.
162. Paint stones of hematite.
163. Variations in corrugation on Mesa Verde Corrugated sherds.
164. Large and extra-large corrugated jars.
165. Small corrugated jars.
166. Medium corrugated jars.
167. Large corrugated jars.
168. Large corrugated jars.
169. Zone patterning on sherds of Mancos-Mesa Verde Corrugated jars.
170. Applique figures on sherds of corrugated jars.
171. Painted figures on interior surface of rim sherds of corrugated jars.
172. Diagram of measurements needed to compute capacity of a corrugated jar.
173. Shapes of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
174. Rim forms of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
175. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs: simple band lines.
176. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs: narrow and broad lines.
177. Band motifs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
178. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
179. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
180. Opposed stepped triangle motifs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
181. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
182. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
183. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
184. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
185. Opposed ticked triangle motifs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
186. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs: opposed triangles with pendent dots.
187. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl designs.
188. Various combinations of framing lines for band designs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
189. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls: non-band designs.
190. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls: non-band designs.
191. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls: centered designs.
192. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls: miscellaneous designs.
193. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls: unusual design patterns.
194. Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl with similar band designs on its interior and exterior surfaces.
195. Band designs on exteriors of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
196. Designs on exteriors of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
197. Designs on exterior and interior bottoms of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
198. Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl with facing birds on exterior.
199. Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl with related designs on its interior and exterior surfaces.
200. Designs on rims of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowls.
201. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white dip pers.
202. Band and other designs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white dippers.
203. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white dipper designs.
204. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white dipper designs.
205. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white mugs.
206. Designs on McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white mug handles.
207. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white pitchers.
208. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white canteens.
209. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white seed jars.
210. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white kiva jars.
211. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white water jars.
212. Top and side views of Mesa Verde Black-on-white jar.
213. McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white (?) jar.
214. Undecorated white ware vessels with slipped surfaces.
215. Undecorated white ware vessels with slipped surfaces.
216. Mancos Black-on-white vessels.
217. Chapin Gray bowl.
218. Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl mended with original length of yucca twine.
219. Three views of Mesa Verde Black-on-white bowl with mend holes.
220. Small coiled basket.
221. Fragments of coiled basket trays (?).
222. Closeup of stitching in small coiled basket shown in fig. 220.
223. Beginnings of coiled baskets.
224. Three-quarter view of small yucca ring basket.
225. Bottom view of small yucca ring basket shown in fig. 224.
226. Small yucca ring basket.
227. Woven yucca headring.
228. Diagram of weaving pattern in yucca head ring shown in fig. 227.
229. Woven yucca headring from Mug House in Wilmarth collection, Colorado State Museum.
230. Tied yucca bundles and wrapped cornhusk ring.
231. Ceramic jar lids.
232. Ceramic jar lids and sherds reworked into jar lids.
233. Sandstone covers.
234. Sandstone covers found atop corrugated storage jars.
235. Adobe stopper.
236. Some metates from Mug House.
237. Top and side views of metates and metate blank.
238. Some manos from Mug House.
239. Various mano styles.
240. Top and side views of two grinding stones.
241. Handstones.
242. Stone mortar in Mesa Verde Museum collections.
243. Paint pestles.
244. Notched and grooved hammer heads.
245. Hammer head with oak handle.
246. Pitted pounding stones.
247. Ax heads showing degrees of finish.
248. Ax heads.
249. Ax heads from Room 77.
250. Ax head with fragmentary oak handle.
251. Comparison of bits and cutting edges of ax head and probable adz head.
252. Celt.
253. Chipped stone knives.
254. Chipped stone knives, drills, and saw.
255. Humerus scrapers.
256. Blade ends and edges of humerus scrapers.
257. Tibia scraper.
258. Bone awl styles.
259. Kit of pointed bone tools found with Burial M31.
260. Bone reamers.
261. Bone needles.
262. Yucca-leaf needle and thread, and length of similar cordage.
263. Wooden awls and punch.
264. Bone awls with transverse grooves, matting (?) tool, and weaving tool.
265. Wooden battens.
266. Fragment of wooden spindle whorl.
267. Stone shaft straightener.
268. Bone spatulas.
269. Worn tips of antler flakers.
270. Fragment of a willow mat with Burial M2, Adobe Cave.
271. Fragment of a willow mat.
272. Fragments of twilled rush matting, and a reed with twine through it.
273. Fragment of a twined mat of reeds from Mug House in Mesa Verde Museum collections.
274. Diagram of twining technique of reed mat shown in fig. 273.
275. Sketch of wooden cradle elements.
276. Wooden fire drill and hearth.
277. Wooden stirring paddle and pokers.
278. Tumpline headbands.
279. Tumpline headband from Mug House in Wilmarth collection, Colorado State Museum.
280. Lengths of twine sewed together.
281. Various yucca-strip knots.
282. Yucca-strip wrappings.
283. Yucca-strip ties.
284. Yucca strips used in mesh, chains, and braids.
285. Narrow-leafed yucca plant.
286. Stone tablets.
287. Probable ceremonial objects.
288. Animal (?) effigy.
289. Reed cigarettes.
290. Feather quill inserted in corncob.
291. Bundle of sagebrush twigs.
292. Miniature clay bowls.
293. Clay figurines from Adobe Cave.
294. Clay figurines from Mug House representing a possible human head or face and body.
295. Sherds reworked into unusual shapes.
296. Tchamahias.
297. Tchamahia fragments.
298. "Club heads."
299. "Specialized rubbing stone."
300. Small mammal tibia with ground and cored proximal end and perforated shaft.
301. Perforated tibias of jackrabbit and cottontail.
302. Aspen bark "cylinder."
303. Stick figure.
304. Sticks wrapped with yucca strip and yucca twine.
305. Cornhusk bundle.
306. Ground oak chip.
307. Folded cornhusk wad.
308. Composite pollen profile of Mug House.
TABLES
2 Clustering of tree-ring dates from Mug House.
3 Component A sherd counts.
4 Component B sherd counts.
5 Site 1227 artifact assemblage.
6 Adobe Cave artifact assemblage.
7 Component C sherd counts.
8 Relative proportions of pottery types by component.
9 Wooden architectural items in Suite 12/1.
10 Mug House and Adobe Cave burials. (omitted from the online edition)
11 Probable food animals.
12 Twilled sandal fragments.
13 Yucca fibers in cordage.
14 Yucca cordage, class A fiber.
15 Yucca cordage, class B and C fibers.
16 Twines over 17 inches (45.0 cm.) in length.
17 Cotton textiles.
18 Distribution of calculated or measured capacities of 59 Mesa Verde Corrugated jars.
19 Dipper handle shapes.
20 Estimated total vessel counts.
21 Total counts of McElmo-Mesa Verde Black-on-white sherds.
22 Total counts of corrugated sherds.
23 Total counts of non-corrugated utility ware sherds.
24 Total counts of sherds of all other pottery types.
25 Metates and metate blanks.
26 Manos.
27 Stone ax heads.
28 Bone awls.
29 Bone reamers.
30 Bone awls with transverse grooves.
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Last Updated: --2007