LIST OF APPENDICES MONITORING PROCEDURES The alien plant in the photograph to the right is Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).
INTRODUCTION Settlement truly began when this part of the Northwest Territories was opened as Connecticut's Western Reserve in 1798. Use of the area progressed slowly until 1827 when the Ohio and Erie Canal was opened. Paralleling the Cuyahoga River between Cleveland and Akron, the canal opened new markets for farmers. Gristmills, sawmills, and related service industries quickly followed to meet the growing demands. The cities of Cleveland and Akron continued to grow and prosper with development of the railroad. More goods could then be transported quicker and cheaper than via the canal. Even though relatively isolated from these urban areas because of the restrictive topography, the Cuyahoga Valley also was increasingly exploited. Uses included agriculture, housing, industry, mining, commerce, roads, utility corridors and recreation. These uses all caused a disruption of the naturally functioning ecosystems. Localized environmental conditions changed and occupation by alien plant species occurred. These new plants were able to take advantage of the changes only because of the influence of man. Some were introduced on purpose for farm or landscaping uses. Others arrived accidently when they were brought in with household goods or supplies or when carried by domestic animals. No matter how these alien plants arrived, many were able to take good advantage of the human caused conditions. Many continue to thrive as equal partners with the native plants. Others, however, threaten to dominate. Andreas(1986) found 827 vascular plant species in Cuyahoga Valley. Of these, 186 or 22% are aliens. A list of these is shown in Appendix 1. While this compares favorably with Cooperrider's (1982) estimate of aliens comprising 33% of Ohio's flora, the data suggests that non-native plants could be a threat to the park's remaining natural systems. According to Andreas, seven of the alien plant species found could become serious problems. All have been documented as having the potential to form large stands which crowd out native plants and then become so permanently established that the populations are extremely difficult to eradicate. POLICIES FOR CONTROL OF ALIEN
SPECIES The National Park Service Management Policies (N.P.S., 1988) provide specific guidance for dealing with alien species. The control of populations of exotic plant and animal species, "up to and including eradication, will be undertaken wherever such species threaten park resources or public health and when control is prudent and feasible." Examples of threatening situations include: (1) posing a public health hazard or a hazard to public safety; (2) disrupting the accurate preservation of a historic scene; (3) damaging historic or archeological resources; (4) interfering with natural processes and the perpetuation of natural features or native species (especially those that are endangered, threatened, or otherwise unique) and; (5) significantly hampering the management of park or adjacent lands. "High priority will be given to the control of exotic species that have a substantial impact on park resources and that can reasonably be expected to be successfully controlled; lower priority will be given to exotic species that have almost no impact on park resources or that probably cannot be successfully controlled. The decision to initiate a control program will be based on existing, and where necessary newly acquired, scientific information that identifies the exotic status of the species, demonstrates its impact on park resources, and indicates alternative control methods and their probabilities of success." The General Management Plan (N.P.S., 1977) for Cuyahoga Valley also contains a policy statement related to alien plants. It states that "Noxious or exotic plant or animal species will be controlled or eradicated when deemed undesirable...." Several objectives in the Statement for Management (N.P.S., 1986) support management of alien plants. These are:
Finally, the Resource Management Plan (N.P.S., 1986) specifically discusses the potential threat of alien plants. Proposals for monitoring and subsequent control are included. POTENTIALLY THREATENING ALIEN
PLANT SPECIES Fortune's Wild Strawberry Bush - Found in Cuyahoga Valley around abandoned dwellings. Japanese Honeysuckle - Occurs at many localities throughout the area, primarily along roadsides. It is a pernicious and dangerous weed which can overwhelm and strangle the native flora. Purple Loosestrife - This species does particularly well in wetlands and has the ability to move rapidly, become firmly established and eliminate other species. Reed Canary Grass- This species is not yet a problem in the park. It tends to move into wetlands after frequent but temporary inundation such as the abandonment of beaver dams. It crowds out other grasses and sedges which have more wildlife value. Giant Reed Grass - These plants form extensive clones in wet areas such as sedge meadows, fens, wet fields, roadside ditches and floodplains. Japanese Knotweed - Spreads by underground rhizomes. It can form extensive populations rapidly. This escaped ornamental is found in waste places and neglected gardens. European Alder Buckthorn - Introduced from Europe, this species is commonly found in mixed woods, shaded ravines or around the edges of sphagnum bogs. It was found in many locations throughout the park. Eradication might be impossible because of wider distribution, however. It is a threat to sensitive, high-quality natural areas like Stumpy Basin. PLAN OBJECTIVES (1) to identify the sites being invaded by problem aliens, (2) to generally quantify and qualify the extent of invasion, (3) to provide baseline data for selection of appropriate control measures, and (4) to establish an ongoing monitoring program for the continued evaluation of threats, if necessary. These objectives are based on information from literature reviews and consultations with experts in alien species management (see bibliography and Appendix 2). Data collected as part of this program will be assessed by park resource management staff, regional science personnel and others as appropriate to develop such recommendations. Appropriate controls will be implemented following this review and consultation process. INVENTORY METHODOLOGY Field Survey - The general habitat requirements for the seven alien species in question are shown in Table 1. In the very broadest sense there are only two habitat types for all the plants. These are wet areas and dwelling sites. In this case wet areas includes streams and pond margins, wetlands and roadside drainage ditches. Dwelling sites encompass abandoned homes, orchards and gardens. Unfortunately, these two habitat types cover numerous possible invasion sites throughout the area. Wet areas include: twenty-one perennial streams, over 100 ponds, wetlands and several hundred miles of roadside ditches. There are over 400 abandoned homes (including sites where houses have been demolished.) It should also be noted that the Service does not control all potential habitats. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the habitats to be inventoried so the most important can be addressed first. Based on literature reviews and consultations with experts (see Appendix 2) purple loosestrife appears to be the most serious threat to the natural ecosystem of Cuyahoga Valley. It spreads rapidly, can become a monoculture (totally replacing all other plants), has virtually no wildlife value and is extremely difficult to eradicate once it is established. Buckthorn has invaded other midwest parks and dominated the woodland understory. None of the others appear to present such a widespread danger. TABLE 1 Alien Species Habitat Requirements Fortune's Wild Strawberry - abandoned dwellings Japanese Honeysuckle - orchards, gardens, fence rows, thickets, forest edges, roadsides Purple loosestrife - wetlands, stream margins, lake shores, wet ditches (roadside) Reed Canary Grass - wetlands, river banks, moist places (ditches) Giant Reed Grass - wetlands, roadside ditches, floodplains Japanese Knotweed - waste places, neglected gardens European Alder Buckthorn - mixed woods, shaded ravines, bog edges While loosestrife can be found in any moist area it is most threatening to our wetlands. Therefore, they will be inventoried first by park resource management staff. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) maps from the National Wetlands Inventory will be used to identify sites to be surveyed. Non-forested stream margins will be assessed second. These are generally in natural settings. Therefore, any invasions by aliens could disrupt extant conditions. U.S.G.S. topographic maps, park tract maps and aerial photographs will be used to identify open areas where invasion could occur. Once identified these will be field checked. Ponds on park lands will be inventoried third. While none of these are natural waters, they provide suitable habitat for loosestrife. They could, therefore, serve as seed sources for natural areas nearby. The Pond Management Plan (N.P.S., 1983) will be used to locate those ponds not classified as wetlands by the USFWS. Finally, roadside ditches will be inspected to determine the presence of loosestrife. Invasions which occur on non-park lands will be inventoried. Once the basic data is gathered, they will be assessed to determine potential threats to adjacent park property. Habitats on private property or on lands managed by other public agencies will be surveyed if permission is granted. If permission is refused, we will attempt to survey the sites from adjacent lands where we have access. Several of the other problem alien species use the same type habitat as loosestrife. These are Reed Canary Grass, Giant Reed Grass, Japanese Honeysuckle (roadsides) and European Alder Buckthorn. Survey crews will look for these at the same time they search for loosestrife. No other areas will be investigated solely to determine if these plants are present. The majority will be found during the wet areas inventory. Those occurring in other habitat types (floodplains, mixed woods or shaded ravines) will not be specifically evaluated as part of this plan because of staff/resource limitations. They may be addressed as additional information suggests potential problems are developing in such habitats. At that time either this plan will be amended or a new plan developed. Other alien plants not considered in this plan which threaten to become problems will be similarly treated. Once the wet areas are inventoried, the resource management staff will begin collecting information on abandoned dwelling sites. Initially, park files and other sources of information such as the Small Disturbed Site Plan will be reviewed to develop a list of such sites. This list of sites will then be field checked to determine if any of the problem aliens are present. Those using this habitat are Fortune's Wild Strawberry Bush, Japanese Honeysuckle and Japanese Knotweed. To the extent feasible, all the areas around the dwelling sites which were used during occupation will be inspected. Specifically, all building sites, garden areas, and drives will be checked when these can be readily recognized. Historic aerial photographs will be used as appropriate to help identify such areas. Whenever alien species are found during any of these efforts, pertinent data will be recorded. Sample field data sheets and instructions are included in Appendix 3. A list of equipment needs for inventory personnel appears in Appendix 4. Informal Observations - Information on locations of other sites containing these seven alien species will also be solicited from other park staff. An information packet (see Appendix 5) will be distributed to each visitor center, district ranger and maintenance office. This visual aid will show the seven plants and ask all employees to complete a Natural History Field Observation form (10-257) if they see any of these plants during their field travels. The resource management staff will then survey these sites and collect the necessary information for the formal inventory. MONITORING PROCEDURES Following the inventory, data will be analyzed to determine if more detailed monitoring efforts are necessary. These could include density counts, detailed mapping, field marking the extent of alien colonies, or quantitative statistical sampling. However, until we have a better idea of what's out there we cannot be more specific. Unless more detailed monitoring is needed, each invasion site will be reinspected each year until: (1) data suggests that the populations are stable and not a threat, (2) the sites are treated and the aliens are no longer present, or (3) it is determined that management of the populations is not a viable option. Data sheets will be completed and new photographs taken from the previously established points. Every five years all the sites inventoried should be revisited to determine if new invasions have occurred. ALTERNATIVE CONTROLS Purple Loosestrife: While no final solution has yet been identified, several techniques do work in certain situations. Cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical treatments can all be successful. Since loosestrife spreads rapidly on bare ground during low water periods, planting acceptable cover types is one way of eliminating or reducing takeover. Voyageurs National Park in northeastern Minnesota used a combination of approaches in 1988. Staff removed seedheads then treated the plants with an aquatic herbicide (SEE 2,4-D). Finally, it appears that some form of biological control may be developed in the near future. In Europe at least fourteen phytophagous insect species are host specific to loosestrife. One or several of these may become an important tool. Fortune's Wild Strawberry: According to Andreas' report, this species is fairly uncommon in the park. She believes our building demolition program (replacement of aliens with native plants) will effectively eliminate this plant species. Only one small population exists elsewhere and mechanical control would work on it. Reed Canary Grass: Although this species is actually native to the area, Andreas listed it as a potential threat because it is out of its natural habitat when found in wetlands. Controls may not be appropriate. Japanese Honeysuckle: The National Park Service Integrated Pest Management Manual lists several control techniques. These include: pulling, mowing, cutting, burning, and herbicides (SEE 2,4-D, regularly approved by MWRO in past). Giant Reed Grass: Recommended controls include salt or glyphosates (Roundup/Rodeo). Multiple treatments are necessary. Japanese Knotweed: Either broad leaf herbicides or frequent cultivation to grub out the rhizomes are recommended controls. European Alder Buckthorn: Andreas indicates that this species is common throughout the park. She suggests that management only be conducted in high-quality sensitive areas like Stumpy Basin, i.e. where endangered plants are present. Control treatments include cutting and application of herbicides to stumps or foliage. Other viable controls may evolve before action is necessary in Cuyahoga Valley. These will be evaluated and may be used if positive results can be expected under conditions encountered here and if the natural resources are not harmed. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS The data collected will be assessed to determine: (1) if populations are not found or are remaining at a level which does not threaten natural conditions or communities, (2) if populations are at a level which threaten natural conditions or communities and control/management seems to be a viable option, or (3) if extremely high population levels exist and management seems impossible, impractical or undesirable. These determinations will be made following evaluations and consultations among and between park staff, regional science personnel and other experts as necessary. Each of these situations is presented below and briefly discussed. A recommended action for each is also given. Species Absent or Stable - Some species may not be detected during the inventory. While Andreas (1986) found them, they may have disappeared or be in such low numbers that they are not a concern. Natural occurrences may have altered the localized habitats of the plants and caused them to die or fail to regenerate. Overshadowing by other plants, changes in water availability, soil slumping, or other changes may have occurred since they were first found. Plants around former residential sites may have been destroyed during building demolition or by other activities of man. If this situation is encountered, active monitoring for the species involved will be terminated. The park staff will be asked to report any observations of these plants. Annual spring reminders will be made to help maintain alertness and enthusiasm. If non-threatening, stable populations are found, the species will only be rechecked on a five year cycle. This will provide periodic information on the status of the plants without placing a burden on staff resources. Species Present at Manageable Levels - When the monitoring staff finds populations in very low levels, immediate eradication should be attempted. Plants should be pulled and carried away from the site for disposal outside the park. While this probably will not succeed completely, it may significantly retard spread. If this approach is impractical, the control options previously outlined should be evaluated on the basis of extant conditions, and the best method implemented as soon as feasible. Annual monitoring should continue until the plants are at acceptable levels or have been completely eradicated. Species at Extremely High Levels - Some species may already be present in the park in very high numbers at many sites. A careful analysis of such a situation may indicate that control/management is impractical. Inadequate funds or time may prohibit action. In other cases, controls for high numbers may not be environmentally acceptable. Excessive use of herbicides or increased erosion because of plant removal could be examples. Also, there may simply be too much in to many places to expect complete and effective treatment. Annual monitoring will terminate in such situations. Populations will be rechecked and evaluated every five years to identify changes which might suggest other action. CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Stuckey, R.L. 1980. Distribution history of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife) in North America. Bertonia 47:3-20. Cooperrider, T.S., (ed). 1982. Endangered and threatened plants of Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Biol Notes No. 16, Columbus, Ohio 92 p. Braun, E. Lucy. 1974. The woody plants of Ohio. Hafner Press, New York. Brown, Lauren. 1979. Grasses. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, Mass. 240 p. Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Vol. 2. Dover Publications, Inc., New York 569 p. Muenscher, W.C. 1955. Weeds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 586 p. Page, N.M. and R.E. Weaver, Jr. 19. Handbook on wild plants in the city. Harvard University, Mass. Super, J.H. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. ROM, Toronto. 495 p. Symonds, G.W.D. 1963. The shrub identification book. William Morrow & Company, New York. 379 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1971. Common weeds of the United States. Dover Publications,Inc. New York 463 p. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American Wetlands. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 55 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1988. Management Policies. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1977. General Management Plan. Denver Service Center, Denver, Colorado. 107 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1986. Statement for Management. 71 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1986. Resource Management Plan, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. 278 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1983. Pond Management Plan, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. APPENDIX 1. Alien Plants of Cuyahoga Valley National Park Abutilon theophrasti Medicus Velvet-leaf Acer platanoides L. Norway Maple Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horsechestnut Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Witch-grass, Quack grass Agrostis alba L. Red Top Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Tree-of-heaven Alliaria officinalis Andrz. Garlic Mustard Allium vineale L. Field Garlic Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Black Alder Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus, Wild Beet Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal Grass Aralia spinosa L. Devil's Walking-stick Arctium lappa L. Great Burdock Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Wild Mustard, Yellow Rocket Berberis thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry Betula alba L. European White Birch Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch Betula pendula Roth European Birch Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Chinese Mustard Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Black Mustard Bromus commutatus Schrad. No common name Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome Grass Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese Brome Grass Bromus nottowayanus Fern. No common name Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpet-creeper Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Sheperd's Purse Cerastium vulgatum L. Common Mouse-eared Chickweed Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Dwarf Snapdragon Chelidonium majus L. Celandine Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarter Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye, White Daisy Cichorium intybus L. Common Chicory Cercis canadensis L. Redbud Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore Common Thistle Chaenomeles speciosa L. Flowering Quince Commelina communis L. Dayflower Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemlock Coronilla varia L. Crown-vetch Cotinus coggyrgria Scop. Smoketree Crataequs monoqyna Jacq. English Hawthorn Dactylils glomerata L. Orchard Grass Datura stramonium L. Jimsonweed Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William Digitaria sanquinalis (L.) Scop. Smooth Crab Grass Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Teasel (D. fullonum L.) Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass Echium vulgare L. Blueweed, Blue Devil Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. Oleaster, Russian Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Helleborine Eragrostis poaeoides R. & S. No common name Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. Winged Spindle-tree Euonymus fortunei L. No common name Euphorbia dentata Michx. No common name Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Alta Fescue Festuca pratensis Huds. Meadow Fescue Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Forsythia Galium mollugo L. No common name Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake No common name Glecoma hederacea L. Gill-over-the-ground Hedera helix L. English Ivy Hemerocallis fulva L. Orange Day-lily Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's Rocket Hieracium aurantiacum L. Devil's paint-brush, Orange Hawkweed Hieracium pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed Hieracium pratense Tausch Meadow King Devil Holcus lanatus L. Velvet Grass Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Barley Humulus japonicus L. Japanese Hop Hydrangea arborescens L. Hydrangea Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort Iris pseudacorus L. Yellow Iris Juniperus horizontalis Moench Creeping Juniper Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth Summer-cypress Lactuca scariola L. Prickly Lettuce Lamium purpureum L. Purple Henbit Larix decidua Mill. European Larch Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) G. Beck Fall Dandelion Liqustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. Privet Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet Linaria vulgaris Mill. Butter-and-eggs Liquidambar styraciflua L. American Sweetgum Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye-grass Lolium perenne L. Perennial Rye-grass Lonicera x bella Zobel No common name Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera maacki Maxim. Amur Honeysuckle Lonicera morrowi Gray Morrow's Honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle Lonicera xylosteum L. European Honeysuckle Lotus corniculatus L. Birdsfoot Trefoil Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort Lythrum salicaria L. Spiked Loosestrife Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid Osage Orange Malva neglecta Wallr. Cheeses, Common Mallow Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Pineapple Weed Porter Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa Melilotus alba Desr. White Sweet Clover Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover Mentha spicata L. Spearmint Mentha x piperita L. Peppermint Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape Hyacinth Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L. Daffodil Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Watercress Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star-of-Bethlehem Pachysandra terminalis Pachysandra Parthenocissus tricuspidata L. Boston Ivy Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip Philadelphicus coronarius L. Mock-orange Phleum pratense L. Timothy Picea abies (L.) Karst Norway Spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce Picea pungens L. Colorado Blue Spruce Pinus nigra Arnold Austrian Pine Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch Pine Plantago lanceolata L. English Plantain Plantago major L. Common Plantain Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass Poa compressa L. Canada Bluegrass Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed Polygonum caespitosum Blume No common name Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Knotweed Polygonum punctatum Ell. Water Smartweed Populus alba L. Silver Poplar Portulaca oleracea L. Common Pigweed Potamogeton crispus L. Curly-leaf Pondweed Pontentilla recta L. Upright Cinquefoil Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. Alkali Grass Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. Mountain Ash Pyrus communis L. Pear Pyrus malus L. Apple Ranunculus acris L. Tall Buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup Rhamnus frangula L. European Alder Buckthorn Rosa gallica L. Gallic Rose Rosa multiflora Thunb. Multiflora Rose Rosa rugosa Thunb. Rugose-leaved Rose Rumex crispus L. Yellow Dock Rumex obtusifolius L. Blunt-leaved Dock Salsola Kali L. var. Russian Thistle tenuifolia Tausch Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort, Bouncing Bet Secale cereale L. Rye Sedum telephinum L. Live-forever, Garden Orpine Senecio vulqaris L. Common Grounsel Setaria faberii Herrm. No common name Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Yellow Foxtail Grass Solanum dulcamara L. Deadly Nightshade Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Prickly Sow-thistle Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Sand-spurrey Spiraea vanhouttei Vanhoutee's Spirea Stachys aspera Michx. No common name Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Giant Chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo Common Chickweed Symphytum asperum Lepechin Prickley Comfrey Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac Taraxacum offincinale Weber Dandelion Taxus canadensis Marsh American Yew Taxus cuspidata L. Japanese Yew Thuja occidentalis L. Arborvitae Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC Hedge-parsley Tragapoqon porrifolius L. Salsify Trifolium aqrarium L. Yellow or Hop Clover Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover Trifolium repens L. White Clover Tsuqa caroliniana Engelm Carolina Hemlock Tussilago farfara L. Coltsfoot Verbascum blattaria L. Moth-mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein Veronica officinalis L. Common Speedwell Veronica persica Poir Bird's Eye Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell Viburnum opulus L. var opulus European Cranberry-Bush Viburnum plicatum L. Double-file Viburnum Vinca minor L. Periwinkle, Myrtle Weigelia florida (Sieb. & Zucc.) A.DC Weigelia Xanthium strumarium L. Cocklebur APPENDIX 2. Persons Contacted
APPENDIX 3. ALIEN SPECIES OBSERVATION FORM, CUYAHOGA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK 1. Species: _______________ 2. Tract # _______ 3. Site # ______
4. Observer: ___________________________ 5. Date ________________
6. Nearest road intersection: ____________________________________
7. Direction of site from intersection: __________________________
8. Site location: ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
9. Number of plants: 1-5 _____ 6-10 _____ 11-50 _____ 51-100 _____ Too numerous to count (See Item 10) _____
10. Size of area infested: ________________________________________
11. Percent of area infested: 0-25 ______ 26-50 ______ 51-75 ______
76-100 ______
12. Description of infestation: Few aliens mixed with other plants .......... ________ Many " " " " " .......... ________ Large pure stands " " " " .......... ________ Monoculture ........................................ ________
13. Type area: Wetland ___________ USFWS Category ___________ Stream/River ___________ " " ___________ Pond ___________ " " ___________ Road Ditch ___________ Natural Gully ___________ House Site ___________ Other ______________________________________
14. Ownership: NPS ______ Public ______ Private ______ ROW ______ ___________________________________________________________________
15. Universal Transverse Mercator location:________________________
DIRECTIONS
SKETCH OF SITE LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INFESTATION APPENDIX 4. FIELD SURVEY EQUIPMENT NEEDS
APPENDIX 5 - Not currently available ALIEN SPECIES
1. Tract number ________________ 2. Site number ________________
3. Site photopoint number _______________
4. Description of photopoint location: __________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
5. Azimuth ______ 6. Camera Height ______ 7. Exposure No. ______ 8. Photographer ______________________ 9. Photo date ____________
10. Time of Day _______11. Film ________ 12. Lens__________________
13. Weather conditions: Temperature ___________________________
Cloud Cover (%) ___________________________
Wind Speed ___________________________
Wind Direction ___________________________
Precipitation ___________________________
14. Additional comments: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
DIRECTIONS
APPENDIX 7. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE A major portion of this plan outlines strategies for inventorying and monitoring alien plant species. In accordance with two sections of Appendix 7, Chapter 6 of part 516 of the Departmental Manual, these actions are categorically excluded from further National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) evaluation. These sections are quoted below.
Control actions which may subsequently be taken as outlined in this plan are also categorically excluded from further NEPA compliance. The pertinent sections of the Departmental Manual are: Section C.(19) - "Landscaping and landscape maintenance in previously disturbed or developed areas." Section E.(4) - "Stabilization by planting native plant species in disturbed areas." Section E.(6) - "Restoration of noncontroversial native species into suitable habitats within their historic range, and elimination of exotic species."
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