100-year floodplain: The area along the river corridor that would receive floodwaters during a 100-year flood event. A 100-year flood event has the probability of occurring 1% of the time during any given year. If a 100-year flood event occurs, the following year will still have the same probability for occurrence of a 100-year event. For the purposes of this environmental assessment, the 100-year floodplain also includes wetlands associated with the hydrologic and ecological processes of the river.

Affected environment: Existing biological, physical, social, and economic conditions of an area that are subject to change, both directly and indirectly, as a result of a proposed human action.

Alluvial: An adjective referring to alluvium, which are sediments deposited by erosional processes, usually by streams.

Alternatives: Sets of management elements that represent a range of options for how, or whether to proceed with a proposed project. An environmental assessment analyzes the potential environmental and social impacts of the range of alternatives presented.

Ambient noise: The existing sounds at a given location coming from all sources, both near and far.

Annosus root disease: A root disease caused by a widespread native fungus (Heterobasidion annosum). In pines, the fungus spreads through the root system, attacking the inner bark and sapwood. Two to six years after initial infection, the fungus reaches the root crown and girdles the tree, but remains active as a wood-decaying organism within the roots and trunk of the dying tree. Pines weakened by annosus root disease are often killed by bark beetles. Incense-cedars, however, are not affected by bark beetles and will stand green for many years until the disease so weakens the trees that they fall down. Cedars are thought to act as a reservoir for annosus root disease because they take so long to die from the disease.

Background noise: The all-encompassing sound associated with a given environment at a specified time, usually a composite of sound from many sources and directions. Background noise remains in a given location in a given situation when all uniquely identifiable, discrete sound sources are eliminated, rendered insignificant, or otherwise not included.

Basin: Refers to a drainage basin. A region or area bounded by a drainage divide and occupied by a drainage system. Specifically, an area that gathers water originating as precipitation and contributes it to a particular stream channel or system of channels. Synonym: watershed.

Bed and bank: The area below the ordinary high water mark in a river or stream. The ordinary high water mark is defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as the line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as a clear, natural line impressed on the bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding area.

Bed: Refers to the relatively flat or level bottom (substrate) of a body of water, as in a lakebed or riverbed.

Best Management Practices: Effective, feasible (including technological, economic, and institutional considerations) conservation practices and land- and water-management measures that avoid or minimize adverse impacts to natural and cultural resources. Best Management Practices may include schedules for activities, prohibitions, maintenance guidelines, and other management practices.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is generally accepted to include genetic diversity within species, species diversity, and a full range of biological community types. The concept is that a landscape is healthy when it includes stable populations of native species that are well distributed across the landscape.

Biological community: An association of plants and animals in a region dominated by one or more prominent species or by a physical characteristic (e.g., California black oak community).

Blasting: Use of explosives to break hard rock where the subsurface is such that normal excavation methods cannot be used.

Boundaries: The areas that receive protection under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Boundaries include an average of not more than 320 acres of land per mile, measured from the ordinary high water mark on both sides of the river.

California black oak woodland: A vegetation community dominated by California black oak (Quercus kelloggii). Other species that may be present include canyon live oak, California buckeye, Douglas-fir, incense-cedar, and ponderosa pine.

Classifications: The status of rivers or river segments under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (“wild,” “scenic,” or “recreational”). Classification is based on the existing level of access and human alteration of the site.

Comprehensive management plan: A programmatic plan to protect and enhance a Wild and Scenic River. The Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan is the National Park Service’s comprehensive management plan for segments of the Merced River corridor under its jurisdiction.

Colluvial soils: Loose earth material (such as rock fragments, sand, etc.) that accumulates on steep slopes or at the base of talus slopes through the action of gravity.

Community: When used in a biological context, refers to any group of interacting organisms belonging to a number of different species that occur in the same habitat.

Connectivity: The degree to which physical connections are maintained between large areas of habitat and patches of habitat, and between different types of habitat. Connectivity increases biodiversity and enhances reproduction and survival of species.

Council on Environmental Quality regulations: The Council on Environmental Quality was established by the National Environmental Policy Act and given the responsibility for developing federal environmental policy and overseeing the implementation of National Environmental Policy Act by federal agencies.

Cultural landscape: A geographic area, including both cultural and natural elements, associated with a historic event, activity, or person, or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values. There are two primary types of cultural landscapes in Yosemite Valley: historic designed landscapes, such as The Ahwahnee and the Yosemite Village Historic District and ethnographic landscapes, such as the entirety of Yosemite Valley.

Cultural resources: Properties such as landscapes or districts, sites, buildings, structures, objects, or cultural practices that are usually greater than 50 years of age and possess architectural, historic, scientific, or other technical value. By their nature, cultural resources are non-renewable.

Cumulative effects: Effects on the environment that result from the incremental impacts of an action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of which agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such actions. Cumulative effects can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.

Day visitor: Visitors that do not stay overnight in the park. Includes both local overnighters and day excursion visitors.

Digital data: Information stored electronically and accessed using data management programs such as Geographic Information Systems.

Ecological restoration: Work conducted to remove impacts to natural resources and restore natural processes, and to return a site to natural conditions.

Ecosystem: An ecosystem can be defined as a geographically identifiable area that encompasses unique physical and biological characteristics. It is the sum of the plant community, animal community, and environment in a particular region or habitat.

Electric transformer: A device that transfers electricity from one voltage to another voltage; typically used to lower voltage from a major electric transmission line to a voltage that is more commonly used for equipment.

Emergent wetland: A wetland characterized by frequent or continual inundation dominated by herbaceous species of plants typically rooted underwater and emerging into air (e.g., cattails, rushes). The emergent wetland class is characterized by erect, rooted, herbaceous hydrophytes (e.g., cattails, rushes), excluding mosses and lichens. This vegetation is present for most of the growing season in most years. Perennial plants usually dominate these wetlands. All water regimes are included, except sub-tidal and irregularly exposed.

Environmental assessment (EA): A public document required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) that identifies and analyzes activities that might affect the human and natural environment. An environmental assessment is a concise public document which provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an EIS, aids an agency's compliance with NEPA when no EIS is necessary, and it facilitates preparation of an EIS when one is necessary.

Environmental impact statement (EIS): A public document required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) that identifies and analyzes activities that might affect the human and natural environment.

Excavator: A piece of heavy equipment that is used to dig or scoop material with a bucket attached to a hinged pole and a boom.

Facilities: Buildings and the associated supporting infrastructure such as roads, trails, and utilities.

Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI): The public document describing the decision made on selecting the “preferred alternative” in an environmental assessment. See “environmental assessment.”

Floodplain: A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless protected artificially.

Fluvial: Of or pertaining to a river. Fluvial is a technical term used to indicate the presence or interaction of a river or stream within the landform.

Force main: A wastewater pipe that moves wastewater from one area to another area under pressure from a pumping (or lift) station.

Free-flowing condition: Existing or flowing in natural condition without impoundment, diversion, straightening, riprapping, or other modification of the waterway (as defined in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act – 16 United States Code 1286 [b]).

Geologic hazards. Natural geologic processes (i.e., rockfall) that occur or could potentially occur in locations that present a threat to humans or developed areas.

Geographical information system: A unique assemblage of hardware, software, and personnel that integrates digital databases, spatial technologies and analytical methods in order to capture, store, edit, analyze, and display geographic data.

Glacial till: Unconsolidated mixtures of clay, silt, sand, and gravel deposited directly by and underneath a glacier without being reworked by melt water.

Glaciation: Effects on landforms produced by the presence and movement of a glacier.

Grader: A piece of heavy equipment used to level or smooth road or other surfaces to desired gradient.

Gravity wastewater line: A wastewater pipe that is designed to move wastewater from one area to another area that is lower in elevation using only gravity to move the flow.

Hazardous material: A substance or combination of substances, that, because of quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may either: (1) cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness; or (2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.

Hazardous waste: Hazardous wastes are hazardous materials that no longer have practical use, such as substances that have been discarded, spilled, or contaminated, or that are being stored temporarily prior to proper disposal.

Headwaters: The point or area of origin for a river or stream.

Herbaceous wetland plant: An annual, biennial, or perennial hydrophyte (see below) that does not develop persistent woody tissue (bark), but dies at the end of the growing season.

Highly Valued  Resource Soils: Soils designated as highly valued resources in Yosemite National Park. The criteria used to designate highly valued resource soils include their potential for restoring highly valued vegetation communities, protection by federal laws, and their potential significance as a sensitive area (such as soils that take an inordinately long time to recover from disturbance).

Historic character: The sum of all visual aspects, features, materials, and spaces associated with the historic nature of a site, structure or landscape.

Historic District: A geographically definable urban or rural area, possessing a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, landscapes, structures, or objects united by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical developments. A district may also be composed of individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history.

Hydric soil: Soil that is wet long enough to periodically produce anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions.

Hydrodynamics: The flow, fluctuation, and character of water once in a wetland or system.

Hydrology: The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.

Hydrophilic: Refers to soils that have an affinity for water, usually soils with high clay content.

Hydrophytes: Any plant growing in water or in a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water. Plants typically found in wetland habitats.

Hydrogeomorphic classification: A wetland classification system that distinguishes wetland features based on position in the landscape, geomorphic setting, and hydrodynamics.

Hydrologic response: The response of a watershed due to precipitation. Usually refers to the resulting streamflow from a precipitation event.

Impacts: Effects, both adverse and beneficial, of an action on the human environment. Direct effects are those occurring at the same time and place as the action itself. Indirect effects occur later in time or are farther removed in distance from the action, yet are reasonably foreseeable.

Infrastructure: The various systems and facilities needed to support park operations and visitor services (e.g., sewer and water systems, electric systems, communications lines, road and trails, and various support buildings).

Integrated utility corridor: A corridor where multiple utility lines are placed parallel to each other along the same pathway.

Impoundment: A dam or other structure to obstruct the flow of water in a river or stream.

Lift Station: A system of piping and pumps that is used to move wastewater under pressure from one point to another. This is typically done if wastewater must be moved from a lower elevation area to a higher elevation area.

Main stem (Merced River): The sections of the Merced River beginning at the headwaters near the Sierra Crest and continuing through Yosemite Valley, the Merced River gorge, El Portal, and further downstream.

Management zone: A geographical area for which management directions or prescriptions have been developed to determine what can and cannot occur in terms of resource management, visitor use, access, facilities or development, and park operations. One of the seven management elements prescribed in the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan.

Manhole: An access point adjacent to utility lines that is used to access those lines for maintenance and repairs.

Metamorphic rock: Metamorphic refers to rocks derived from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical, chemical, structural changes.

Mission 66 style (architecture): Refers to buildings developed in national parks between 1956 and 1966, during a period of experimentation with new structural forms, modern materials, and machine-driven methods of construction. The intent was to provide low maintenance, economical, permanent structures.

Mitigation: Activities that will avoid, reduce the severity of, or eliminate an adverse environmental impact.

Mixed conifer zone: Plant communities consisting of a mix of conifers such as pine, fir, incense-cedar, and Douglas-fir. The zone includes lower montane, montane, and upper montane coniferous forests. California black oak and other hardwoods are common associates.

Montane: Of, relating to, or growing in the biogeographic zone of relatively moist cool upland slopes below the timberline, dominated by large coniferous trees.

Moraine: Debris, such as boulders, stones, or sediment deposited by a glacier.

Multi-use paved trail: A trail that is intended for pedestrian and bicycle use. Occasionally, short segments of multi-use trails may also be used for horses, maintenance, and emergency access by motor vehicles.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): The federal act that requires the development of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement for federal actions that might have environmental, social, or other impacts.

National Historic Landmark: A district, site, building, structure, landscape, or object of national historical significance designated by the Secretary of the Interior under authority of the Historic Sites Act of 1935 and entered in the National Register of Historic Places.

National Register of Historic Places: The comprehensive list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of national, regional, state, and local significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture. This list is maintained by the National Park Service under authority of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.

Natural processes: All processes (such as hydrologic, geologic, ecosystemic) that are not the result of human manipulation.

Natural quiet: The absence of human-caused sounds.

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU): Units in which turbidity in water is measured, calculated qualitatively by measuring how light is scattered by suspended particulate material in a sample of water.

No Action Alternative: The alternative in a plan that proposes to continue current management direction. “No action” means the proposed activity would not take place, and the resulting environmental effects from taking no action would be compared with the effects of permitting the proposed activity or an alternative activity to go forward.

Non-native species: Species of plants or wildlife that are not native to a particular area and often interfere with natural biological systems.

Nonpoint pollution sources: Pollutants that enter the environment from locations that generally are not contained. Examples of nonpoint sources are roadways, parking lots, and landscaped areas. Pollutants from these locations can include petrochemicals, heavy metals, and fertilizers.

Ordinary high water: The line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as a clear, natural line impressed on the bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding area.

Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Those resources in the corridor of a Wild and Scenic River that are of special value and warrant protection. Outstandingly Remarkable Values are the “scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural or other similar values…that shall be protected for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations” (16 United States Code 1272).

Oxbow: A bend in a meandering river channel that is abandoned as the river shifts its course over time. Oxbows can remain saturated with surface water or groundwater for some time, providing diverse wetland habitats for vegetation and wildlife.

Palustrine: The palustrine system was developed to group the vegetated wetlands traditionally called by such names as marsh, swamp, bog, fen, and prairie, which are found throughout the United States. It also includes the small, shallow, permanent, or intermittent water bodies often called ponds. Palustrine wetlands may be situated shoreward of lakes, river channels, or estuaries; on river floodplains; in isolated catchments; or on slopes. They may also occur as islands in lakes or rivers. The palustrine system includes all nontidal wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, persistent emergents, emergent mosses or lichens, and all such wetlands that occur in tidal areas where salinity due to ocean-derived salts is below 0.5%. It also includes wetlands lacking such vegetation, but with all of the following four characteristics: (1) area less than 8 hectares (20 acres); (2) active wave-formed or bedrock shoreline features lacking; (3) water depth in the deepest part of basin less than 2 meters at low water; and (4) salinity due to ocean-derived salts less than 0.5%.

Particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5): Fractions of particulate matter characterized by particles with diameters of 10 microns or less (PM₁₀) or 2.5 microns or less (PM_2.5). Such particles can be inhaled into the air passages and the lungs and can cause adverse health effects. High levels of PM_2.5 are also associated with regional haze and visibility impairment.

Pipe bursting: A process for repairing underground utility lines without the need to excavate a trench along the pipeline. A mechanical device consisting of a drill head and jackhammer-type unit is pulled through the existing pipeline, which bursts the line in place. If a pipeline is being replaced, the pipe bursting equipment is fitted with a spreader device that can expand the underground utility trench and pull a new pipe through as the existing pipe is burst.

Potable water: Water that has been treated and may be used for drinking water.

Prescription: A guideline that directs the management of a specific area by describing the type and intensity of activities, facilities, and park operations that can and cannot occur. See “management zone.”

Pristine: Unaltered, unpolluted by humans.

Recessional moraine: A moraine deposited by glaciers as they retreat across a landscape.

Record of Decision (ROD): The public document describing the decision made on selecting the “preferred alternative” in an environmental impact statement. See “environmental impact statement.”

Resilient soils: Types of soil that can withstand certain levels of human impact (e.g., foot traffic) without changing its natural character and biological function.

Riffle (riffle/pool): A riffle is part of the natural sequence of a stream pattern as it alters between riffles and pools in the linear direction. Riffles are the steeper, shallower areas where turbulence is usually present due to shallow water flowing over the channel substrate. Pools are the calmer, less steep areas where deeper water is present, typically in a wider channel width. Additionally, there are glides that are linear stream areas where no turbulence is present due to sufficiently deep water but stream velocities are higher than typical of pool areas. Glides are usually not as wide across the stream channel as compared to pools.

Riparian areas: The land area and associated vegetation bordering a stream or river.

Riprap: A layer of large, durable fragments of broken rocks specially selected and graded, thrown together irregularly or fitted together to prevent erosion by waves or currents.

Riverine: Of or relating to a river. A riverine system includes all wetlands and deepwater habitats contained within a channel, with two exceptions: (1) wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, persistent emergents, emergent mosses, or lichens, and (2) habitats with water containing ocean-derived salts in excess of 0.5%. A channel is an open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically or continuously contains moving water, or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of standing water.

River corridor: The area within the boundaries of a Wild and Scenic River (e.g., the Merced River corridor).

River Protection Overlay: A buffer area within and adjacent to the river that allows for the protection and restoration of natural and aquatic ecosystem processes. At Cascades Diversion Dam, it includes the river channel itself and extends 150 feet from the ordinary high water mark. Downstream of the dam, it includes the river channel itself and extends 100 feet from the ordinary high water mark. One of seven management elements prescribed in the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan.

Rockfall talus zone: The area extending out from the talus zone, the area in which individual rocks may travel outward from the talus.

Rockfall shadow zone: A distance calculated to determine outlying boulder locations beyond the extent of talus.

Sediment: A particle of soil or rock that was dislodged, entrained, and deposited by surface runoff or a stream. The particle can range in size from microscopic to cobble stones.

Snag: A standing dead tree.

South Fork (Merced River): The segments of the Merced River passing through Wawona and entering the main stem west of El Portal.

Succession: The process by which vegetation recovers following a disturbance or initially develops on an unvegetated site.

Talus: Rock fragments of any size or shape derived from and lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rocky slope. Also refers to outward sloping and accumulated heap of loose broken rock considered as a unit and formed primarily by falling, rolling, and sliding.

Talus zone: Area where the majority of rock materials are deposited during a mass movement (rockfall) event.

Terminal moraine: Ridges of material deposited at the terminus of a glacier.

Till: Glacially transported and unconsolidated material deposited directly by ice, without having been reworked by melt-water. Material size varies widely and can range from clay to boulders.

Threatened and endangered species: Species of plants that receive special protection under state and/or federal laws. Also referred to as “listed species” or “endangered species.”

Transportation corridor: A linear area of land that is used as the location for one or more transportation facilities, such as a road and/or trail.

Trench Plug: Use of a material with low permeability to block a trench to prevent water from flowing through it.

Upland community: The vegetation found where soil conditions are average to dry and where soils are only infrequently flooded or saturated. In Yosemite Valley, mixed conifer, California black oak, and live oak communities dominate uplands.

User capacity: As it applies to parks, user capacity is the type and level of visitor use that can be accommodated while sustaining the desired resource and social conditions based on the purpose and objectives of a park unit.

U-shaped valley: A glacially carved valley having a pronounced parabolic cross-sectional profile suggesting the form of a broad letter “U” and characterized by steep sides and a nearly flat bottom.

Utility corridor: A linear area of land that is used as the location for one or more utility facilities, such as water and/or wastewater lines.

Vault: A subsurface structure made of concrete that houses utility infrastructure such as electric transformers or wastewater effluent pumps.

Visitor experience: The perceptions, feelings, and reactions a park visitor has in relationship with the surrounding environment.

Visitor Experience Resource Protection (VERP) framework: A process developed for the National Park Service to help manage the impacts of visitor use on the visitor experiences and resource conditions in national parks. One of the seven management elements prescribed in the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan.

Walk-in campground: A campground with consolidated parking areas separated from the individual campsites. Campers would walk a short distance from the parking area to their campsites.

Water resources project: Any dam, water conduit, reservoir, powerhouse, transmission line, or other works project under the Federal Power Act, or other developments that would affect the free-flowing characteristics of a wild and scenic or congressionally authorized study river. In addition to projects licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, water resources projects may also include: dams, water diversions, fisheries habitat and watershed restoration, bridges and other roadway construction/reconstruction projects, bank stabilization projects, channelization projects, levee construction, boat ramps, fishing piers, and activities that require a Section 404 permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council 1999).

Watershed: The region drained by, or contributing water to, a stream, lake, or other body of water. Synonym: basin or drainage basin.

Wetland: Wetlands are defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Code of Federal Regulations, Section 328.3[b], 1986) as those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands, as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (often referred to as the Cowardin classification system) (USFWS 1979), and adopted by the National Park Service, are lands in transition between terrestrial and aquatic systems, where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. For purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one or more of the following attributes: the land supports predominantly hydrophytes, at least periodically; the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soils; and/or the substrate is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year.

Wild and Scenic Rivers: Those rivers receiving special protection under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

Wilderness: Those areas protected by the provisions of the 1964 Wilderness Act. These areas are characterized by a lack of human interference in natural processes.

Wilderness Act of 1964: The Wilderness Act restricts development and activities to maintain certain places where wilderness conditions predominate.

Acronyms

BLM                                      Bureau of Land Management

BMP                                      Best Management Practice

CDFG                                    California Department of Fish and Game

CDMG                                  California Department of Mines and Geology

CEQ                                       Council on Environmental Quality

CFR                                       Code of Federal Regulations

cfs                                           cubic feet per second

CNDDB                                California Natural Diversity Database

USCOE/Corps                      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

dB                                          decibels

dBA                                       decibels on the “A” weighted scale

DNL                                      day-night level

EIR                                        environmental impact report

EIS                                         environmental impact statement

GIS                                        geographic information system

MOU                                    Memorandum of Understanding

NAGPRA                             Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

NEPA                                   National Environmental Policy Act

NHPA                                   National Historic Preservation Act

NHRP                                  National Register of Historic Places

NOx                                      nitrogen oxide

NPS                                      National Park Service

NRI                                      National Rivers Inventory

NWI                                     National Wetlands Inventory

ORVs                                   Outstandingly Remarkable Values

RIMS                                   Regional Input Output Modeling System

ROD                                     Record of Decision

RPO                                      River Protection Overlay

CRWQCB                            California Regional Water Quality Control Board

SCADA                                 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System

SHPO                                    State Historic Preservation Officer

SNEP                                     Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project

USC                                       United States Code

USDOI                                  United States Department of the Interior

USEPA                                  United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFS                                     United States Forest Service

USFWS                                 United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS                                    United States Geological Survey

VERP                                    Visitor Experience and Resource Protection

VOC                                      volatile organic compound