THOMAS R. GARTH

Table of Contents 1948 Report

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Archeological Procedure

Part 3:

Framing



Endnotes (1948 Report, Part 3)




Illustrations for Part 3

Figure 4: Probable Floor Construction

Part 4: Possible Appearance of Mission House & Mission Period Artifacts

Part 5: Fort Waters & Conclusions

Other Archeology Reports

FRAMING

Although there is considerable evidence as to the construction of the floors, most of the walls were worn down to floor level or below, so that information as to the construction of the upper part of the house is meager. More than probably a frame was buried in the adobe walls with posts (studs) at intervals of 4 feet by means of which the roof was tied in with the rest of the house. The header-stretcher method of laying up the brick facilitated the burying of posts in the wall in this manner. One of Whitman's associates, Rev. H. H. Spalding, says that the house was, "timber fastened."¹⁰ Although I have been unable to find the exact meaning for this term, it would seem to imply that there was framework which fastened the roof and flooring together. Burying a frame in the walls was, besides, the most common method of adobe construction in the West, and other buildings at the mission were so constructed.¹¹ Archeological evidence of such a buried frame occurred in the wall just north of the doorway between room C and the kitchen (E) and again 6 1/2 feet to the south along the same wall, where another door led to the outside. The wall in this area was higher than usual (close to 12 inches). In the first instance, in the center of the wall there were the charred remains of a post with charred joists coming into it from either side. In the second case, the charred joists came from the west to the center of the wall. Possibly such posts were only buried in the walls so that door casings could be attached and would occur only adjacent to doorways. However, it is much more likely that they were buried at intervals throughout the walls whether in door areas or not.

The appearance of the charred joists here gives us an inkling as to the height of the floors themselves. Assuming the joists to be two by sixes, as they were in some cases, this would put the floors at a height of approximately 17 inches above the ground. Thus there would have been ample space for the Osborn family to hide under the floor, as they did during the massacre. There were breather holes in the adobe walls below floor level, about 12 inches by 4 inches in size, according to Mrs. Nancy Osborn Jacobs.¹² Buried in the southeast corner of the east wing of the building was a charred 3-inch-diameter corner post flanked by a similar post 4 feet away in the south wall and a 3-inch diameter post hole 4 feet away in the east wall. Here is our most conclusive evidence of a framework buried in the walls. These posts were apparently charred at about the floor level, i.e., 14 to 18 inches above the base of the walls. In Plate II you will note the adobe-brick lugs coming out from the walls at intervals of 2 1/2 to 3 feet. These lugs, which were usually two bricks high, must have supported a horizontal timber (sleeper) laid next to the wall to support the floor joists which were probably tenoned or notched to fit into it. Whitman used a heterogeneous collection of timbers for floor joists. As mentioned previously, some were sawed or square-hewed 2 by 6 pine timbers. Most, however, were rounded logs of cottonwood (and some alder?) which were hewed to a flat surface on the upper face.¹³ These were called puncheons. T. J. Farnham, who visited the mission in 1839 at the time the Mission House was being constructed, wrote as follows:

[Dr. Whitman] giving orders to others to yoke their oxen, get the axes,
and go into the forest for the lower sleepers of the new mission
house.... The doctor returned near night with his timber, one elm
[alder?] and a number of quaking-asp [cottonwood?] sticks; and
appeared gratified that he had been able to find the requisite number of
sufficient size to support his floor.... Mr. Monger [sic] and a Sandwich
Islander were laying the floors, making the doors, etc. The lumber used
was a very superior quality of yellow pine plank, which Dr. Whitman
had cut with a whipsaw among the blue mountains, fifteen miles distant.¹⁴

The sleepers referred to were no doubt the heavy timbers which rested adjacent to the wall on the adobe lugs.

The joists in rooms B, C, and D ran the 18-foot width of the house and were placed every 2 feet. They were supported by three parallel sleepers, one on the east side of the room, a second on the west side, and a third in the center. Adobe bricks spaced from 4 to 6 feet apart supported the central sleeper.

The joists in the pantry, kitchen, room G, and the schoolroom ran the long-way of the building (east-west). In the schoolroom (H) the 2 by 6 joists were spaced 3 feet 4 inches apart with their east end buried in the wall or resting on a sleeper. The three center joists were supported by posts where they abutted the chimney in the west end of the room. (See Figure 4.) The space between joists seems excessive and must have been resorted to because of a lumber shortage, The full one-inch thickness of the plank flooring must have helped prevent the floors from being too springy. A central sleeper ran crosswise of the joists, it in turn being supported by a post resting on the granite footing mentioned previously.

There was no evidence of a floor in rooms I and K, though possibly the room in the southeast end of the building was floored, or partially so, if it is the new room referred to in accounts of the massacre. According to Spalding it was to be a cook room, probably for use in summer to keep from heating the main part of the house.¹⁵ Rooms I and K, one of which was a hen-house and the other a storehouse or wood-house very probably, may well have had only dirt floors.¹⁶

Next: Part 4

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Endnotes

¹⁰Spalding, in Richardson, Whitman Mission, 150.
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¹¹T. R. Garth, "Early Architecture in the Northwest," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, XXXVIII (1947), 224-27.
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¹² Nancy O. Jacobs, "Reminiscences of Josiah Osborn and His journey to the Pacific Coast and Life at the Whitman Mission," MS, Whitman College.
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¹³ Of 18 charred joists analyzed 10 proved to be black cottonwood and 8 were ponderosa pine. Of 3 sleepers identified, 2 were ponderosa pine and one was cottonwood. We are indebted to Professor Harvey D. Erickson of the College of Forestry at the University of Washington for the identifications.
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¹⁴ T. J. Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, in R. G. Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XXVIII (Cleveland, 1906), 333-37.
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¹⁵ 41st, Congress, 3rd Session, Executive Document No. 37, 27 ff.
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¹⁶ The inventory (Richardson, op. cit., 151) mentions an "Outkitchen with Store room above 20 x 24." The 20-foot width as well as the location of the description following an enumeration of items in the Indian Room of the Mission House might lead one to the conclusion that the outkitchen was part of the Mission House, i.e., that rooms I and K had been reconverted into an outkitchen. Although this is a possibility, the greatest weight of evidence points to the First House, a building 75 feet to the south, as being the outkitchen referred to in the inventory. Although this building was actually 30 by 36 feet, Spalding was often inaccurate as to the dimensions he quotes. Two years after the massacre it would be surprising if he could still accurately enumerate the dimensions of all buildings at the Whitman Mission, which he had only visited from time to time, his own mission being near present-day Lewiston, Idaho. Besides, in 1847 the First House may have been little used except as a storehouse and outkitchen in summer (this function is mentioned in letters), and so not well remembered by Spalding and others. If the outkitchen referred to in the inventory had been in rooms I and K, there would not have been much space for a storeroom above- as there was only a low attic here. The First House, on the contrary, had a half-story above the main part of the house. We found no evidence of a floor in rooms I and K, whereas the inventory lists elaborate flooring and joists for the outkitchen as well as a good fireplace, all of which were to be found in the First House.
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