Familiar and mysterious birds - the rails
The ve'a, or “roadrunner”, is one of Samoa's most recognizable birds. It is a familiar sight tiptoeing out of the grass or running crazily across the road, its neck stretched out and its big feet trying to keep up. And its loud, screeching voice is a familiar sound, seeming to complain at the disturbance as we walk to the taro patch. However, for all its abundance, the ve'a is still a little-known bird, quickly disappearing from view when disturbed and impossible to follow in the thick grass it favors. What's more, the ve'a has two even more mysterious cousins in American Samoa, and another in western Samoa that, as we will see, is the most mysterious Samoan bird of all.
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| All illustrations on this page used with permission from Dick Watling from “Birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa” and “Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia” (Pacificbirds.com). |
The ve'a and its cousins belong to the family of birds known as the rails (named from a old English word meaning to screech - many of these birds have loud, harsh voices). The ve'a is called the Banded Rail, because of the black and white bands on its sides and underparts. It is found all across the Pacific from the Philippines and Indonesia to Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and on to Australia and New Zealand. It is usually common wherever it occurs, with the exception of Fiji. On Fiji this formerly abundant bird has been exterminated on the large islands of Vanua Levu and Viti Levu by an introduced predator, the mongoose. This shows how important it is to keep Samoa free from such destructive introduced animals.
The ve'a is a very useful bird, eating many insects that can harm crops. In fact, it will eat almost anything, including fruit, worms, snails, mice, and even toads squashed flat on the roads. It sometimes can be seen deep in the forest, but prefers open areas with dense grass. Therefore, taro and banana plantations are some of its favorite places. The nest of the ve'a is very hard to find, being built on the ground well-hidden in thick grass. The ve'a lays 4 to 6 eggs. Like young chickens, young ve'a can run around almost as soon as they hatch, and they leave the nest immediately. It is common to see one or two fuzzy, dark gray chicks being led into the grass by their watchful parents.
The
other Samoan rail that most people know is the manu ali'i, known
as the Purple Swamphen. This large and beautiful bird is a dark purple,
with a bright red beak that extends up over the forehead. It is even more
widely distributed than the ve'a, occurring from southern Europe
through Africa and all the way to Australia and New Zealand. It is much
less common than the ve'a in American Samoa, but occurs in low
numbers almost everywhere, especially in more remote plantation areas.
This bird is more often heard than seen; it gives a loud screech with
an echoing, honking quality.
Like the ve'a, the manu ali'i prefers areas with thick undergrowth rather than true forest. It has a very wide diet, including many insects and much plant material. It sometimes gets into trouble with farmers because of its fondness for green bananas and taro tops. However, usually it does little damage, and repays it by eating soldier worms and other crop pests. In former times, the manu ali'iwas sometimes hunted, and this may be why it is so shy, usually running or flying off with loud screams as soon as it sees you. Like the ve'a, it nests in thick vegetation, either on the ground or in a low bush. It lays 3 or 4 eggs, and the young leave the nest to follow their parents as soon as they hatch.
Our
third kind of rail is a real mystery bird, as shown by the fact that it
has no Samoan name. In English it is called the Spotless Crake. Although
its wide range in the Pacific is very similar to the ve'a, in American
Samoa it has only been sighted on the island of Ta'u. The Spotless Crake
is very small, only about half the size of a ve'a, and is all dark
gray except for red legs and eyes. It lives in dense grass, almost never
flies, and is active at dawn and dusk. All this makes it a very hard bird
to find. In fact, only a single bird was seen by biologists in 1986, and
another was sighted in 2001.
There is one more kind of rail to mention, and this is the most mysterious Samoan bird of all. It is the puna'e, or Samoan Woodhen. This bird was first described by scientists in 1874, and last seen in 1908. In the whole world, only 11 preserved specimens of it exist. It apparently occurred only on Savai'i in western Samoa.
Old stories tell that the puna'e lived in burrows in the mountain forests, and that it was formerly so abundant that it was hunted with nets and dogs specially trained to tell which burrows were occupied. If these stories are true, the puna'e was a very special bird indeed, since no other rails live in burrows. In the last ten years, there has been an unconfirmed report of the puna'ebeing seen in the mountains of Savai'i. These remote forests have been rarely visited by biologists, and we can hope that this unique bird may yet survive in the depths of that misty wilderness.
Pepper Trail, DMWR