LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, J. D. 1967. A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California. Am. Midl. Nat. 77:323-354.
Anderson, J. D. 1968. A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum, and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense. Herpetologica 24:273-284.
Arnold, S. J., and R. J. Wassersug. 1978. Differential predation on metamorphic anurans by garter snakes (Thamnophis): social behavior as a possible defense. Ecology 59:10 14-1022.
Bahls, P. 1992. The status of fish populations ad management of high mountain lakes in the western United States. Northwest Sci. 66:183-193.
Blaustein, A. R., ad D. B. Wake. 1990. Declining amphibian populations: A global phenomenon? Trends Ecol. Evol. 5:203-204.
Blaustein, A. R., D. B. Wake, ad W. P. Sousa. 1994a. Amphibian declines: judging stability, persistence and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions. Cons. Biol. 8:60-71.
Blaustein, A. R., D. G. Hokit, R. K. O'Hara, and R. A. Holt. 1994b. Pathogenic fungus contributes to amphibian losses in the Pacific Northwest. Biol. Cons. 66:251-254.
Bradford, D. F. 1989. Allopatric distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in high Sierra Nevada lakes of California: implication of negative effects of fish introductions. Copeia 1989:775-778.
Bradford, D. F., F. Tabatabai, and D. M. Graber. 1993. Isolation of remaining populations of the native frog, Rana muscosa, by introduced fishes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California. Cons. Biol. 7:882-888.
Branch, L. C., and R. Altig. 1981. Nocturnal stratification of three species of Ambystoma larvae. Copeia 1981:870-873.
Brophy, T. E. 1980. Food habits of sympatric larval Ambystoma tigrinum and Notophthalmus viridescens. J. Herpetol. 14:1-6.
Byron, E. R., C. L. Folt, and C. R. Goldman. 1984. Copepod ad cladocera success in an oligotrophic lake. J. Plank. Res. 6:45-65.
Crump, M. L., F. R. Hershey, and K. L. Clark. 1992. Apparent decline of the golden toad: underground or extinct? Copeia 1992:413-420.
Dobler, F. C. 1994. The tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) in the Columbia Basin of eastern Washington. Northwest Sci. 64:122.
Dodson, S. I. 1970. Complementary feeding niches sustained by size-selective predation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15:13 1-137.
Dodson, S. I. 1974. Zooplankton competition and predation: an experimental test of the size efficiency hypotheses. Ecology 55:605-613.
Dodson, S. I., and V. E. Dodson. 1971. The diet of Ambystoma tigrinum larvae from western Colorado. Copeia 1971:614-624.
Efford, I. E., and J. A. Mathias. 1969. A comparison of two salamander populations in Marion Lake, British Columbia. Copeia 1969:723-735.
Fellers, G. M., and C. A. Drost. 1993. Disappearance of the Casacades frog (Rana cascadae) at the southern end of its range, California, U. S. A. Biol. Cons. 65:177-181.
Figiel, C. R., and R. D. Semlitsch. 1990. Populations variation in survival and metamorphosis of larval salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in the presence and absence of fish predation. Copeia 1990:818-826.
Freda, J. 1983. Diet of larval Ambystoma maculatum inNew Jersey. J. Herpetol. 17:179-181.
Gill, D. E. 1978. The metapopulation ecology of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rainesque). Ecol. Monogr. 48:145-166.
Goldman, C. R., and A. J. Horne. 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hill. New York. Gresswell, R., W. J. Liss, G. A. Lomnicky, E. A. Deimling, R. L. Hoffman, and T. Tyler. 1997. Using mark-recapture methods to estimate fish abundance in small mountain lakes. Northwest Sci.
Haney, J. E., and D. J. Hall. 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: a preservation technique for Cladocera. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:331-333.
Haski, I., and M. Gilpin. 1991. Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 42:3-16.
Harrison, S. 1991. Local extinction in a metapopulation context: a empirical evaluation, pp. 73- 88, In M.E. Gilpin, and l. Hanski (eds.), Metapopulation dynamics: empirical and theoretical investigations. Academic Press, London.
Harrison, S. 1994. Metapopulations and conservation. Pages 111-128 in P.J. Edwards, R. M. May, and N. R. Webb, editors. Large-scale ecology and conservation biology. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Oxford.
Hayes, M. P., and M. R. Jennings. 1986. Decline of ranid frog species in western North America: Are bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) responsible? J. Herpetol. 29:490-509.
Helfman, G. S. 1983. Underwater methods. Pages 349-369 in L. A. Nielson and D. L. Johnson, editors. Fisheries techniques. Southern Printing, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Henderson, B. A. 1973. The specialized feeding behavior of Ambystoma gracile in Marion Lake, British Columbia. Can. Field-Nat. 87:151-154.
Hoffman, R. L., W. J. Liss, G. L. Larson, E. K. Deimling, and G. Lomnicky. 1996. Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of northern Cascade mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Arch. Hydrobiol. 136:363-389.
Howard, J. H., and R. L. Wallace. 1985. Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes. Am. Midl. Nat. 113:361-373.
Jarvis, J. 1987. Natural lakes management and fish stocking meeting, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, November 30, 1987. 800 State Street, Sedro Woolley, Washington, U. S. A. 98284
Kezer, J., and D. S. Farner. 1955. Life history patterns of the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum in the high Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon. Copeia 1955:127-131.
Lambou, V. W., W. D. Taylor, S. C. Hern, and L. R. Williams. 1983. Comparisons of trophic state measurements. Water Res. 17:1619-1626.
Leonard, W. P., H. A. Brown, L. L. C. Jones, K. R. McAllister, and R. M. Storm. 1993. Amphibians of Oregon and Washington. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington.
Licht, L. E. 1975. Growth and food of larval Ambystoma gracile from a lowland population in southwestern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 53:1716-1722.
Liss, W. J., G. L. Larson, E. K. Deimling, R. Gresswell, R. Hoffman, M. Kiss, G. Lomnicky, C. D. McIntire, R. Truitt, ad T. Tyler. 1995. Ecological effects of stocked trout in naturally fishless high mountain lakes: North Cascades National Park Service Complex, WA, USA. Technical Report NPS/PNROSU/NRTR-95-03. National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington.
Lomnicky, G. A. 1996. Lake classification in the glacially influenced landscape of the north Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. PhD. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
McWilliams, S. R., and M. Bachmann. 1989. Foraging ecology and prey preference of pond- form larval small-mouthed salamanders, Ambystoma texanum. Copeia 1989:948-961.
McQueen, D. J., J. R. Post, and E. L. Mills. 1986. Trophic relationships in freshwater pelagic ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 43:1571-1581.
Miller, R.G. 1981. Simultaneous statistical inference. Springer-Verlag, New York. Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie, ad R. M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho.
Paloheimo, J. E., and R. R. Fulthorpe. 1987. Factors influencing plankton community structure and production in freshwater lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 44:650-657.
Pechmann, J. H. K., D. E. Scott, R. D. Semlitsch, J. P. CaIdwell, L. J. Vitt, and J. W. Gibbons. 1991. Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations. Science 253:892-895.
Petranka, J. W. 1983. Fish predation: a factor affecting the spatial distribution of a stream breeding salamander. Copeia 1983:624-628.
Rice, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223-225.
Semlitsch, R. D. 1987. Interactions between fish and salamander larvae. Oecologia 72:482-486.
Semlitsch, R. D. 1988. Allopatric distribution of two salamanders: effects of fish predation and competitive interactions. Copeia 1988:290-298.
Sih, A., J. W. Petranka, and L. B. Kats. 1988. The dynamics of prey refuge use: a model and tests with sunfish ad salamander larvae. Am. Nat. 132:463-483.
Sih, A., L. B. Kats, and R. D. Moore. 1992. Effects of predatory sunfish on the density, drift, and refuge use of stream salamander larvae. Ecology 73:14 18-1430.
Sjogren, P. 1991. Extinction and isolation gradients in metapopulations: the case of the pool frog (Rana lessonae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:135-147.
Snyder, R. C. 1956. Comparative features of the life histories of Ambystoma gracile (Baird) from populations at low and high elevations. Copeia 1956:41-50.
Sprules, W. G. 1972. Effects of size-selective predation and food competition on high altitude zooplankton communities. Ecology 53:375-386.
Sprules, W. G. 1974a. The adaptive significance of paedogenesis in North American species of Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata): a hypothesis. Can. J. Zool. 52:393-400.
Sprules, W. G. 1974b. Environmental factors and the incidence of neoteny in Ambystoma gracile (Baird) (Amphibia: Caudata). Can. J. Zool. 52:1545-1552.
Stangel, P. W. and R. D. Semlitsch. 1987. Experimental analysis of predation on the diel vertical migrations of a larval salamander. Can. J. Zool. 65:1554-1558.
Stoddard, J. L. 1987. Microcrustacean communities of high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada, California. J. Plank. Res. 9:631-650.
Taylor, J. 1983. Orientation and flight behavior of a neotenic salamander (Ambystoma gracile) in Oregon. Am. Midl. Nat. 109:40-49.
Taylor, J. 1984. Comparative evidence for competition between the salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Taricha granulosa. Copeia 1984:672-683.
Taylor, B. E., R. A. Estes, J. H. K. Pechmann, and R. D. Semlitsch. 1988. Trophic relationships in a temporary pond: larval salamanders and their microinvertebrate prey. Can. J. Zool. 66:2192-2198.
Thompson, E. L., J. E. Gates, and G. J. Taylor. 1980. Distribution and breeding habitat selection of the jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, in Maryland. J. Herpetol. 14:113-120.
Wake, D. B. 1991. Declining amphibian populations. Science 203:860.
Wassersug, R. J., and D. G. Sperry. 1977. The relationship of locomotion to differential predation on Pseudacris triseriata (Anura: Hylidae). Ecology 58:830-839.
Wetzel, R. G. 1983. Limnology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishing, Orlando.
Wissinger, S. A., ad H. H. Whiteman. 1992. Fluctuation in a Rocky Mountain population of salamander: anthropogenic acidification or natural variation? J. Herpetol. 26:377-391.
Chapter 5