Administrative History
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Mount Rainier
Administrative History |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter Eleven
1Donald C. Swain, "Harold Ickes, Horace Albright, and the Hundred Days: A Study in Conservation Administration," Pacific Historical Review, vol.34, no.4 (November 1965): 455-65.
2The basis for the CCC's popularity is analyzed in John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham. North Carolina, 1967), pp.102-20.
3O.A. Tomlinson to CCC Camp Superintendents, June 10, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
4Donald C. Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," Pacific Historical Review, vol.41, no.3 (August 1972), p.325.
5Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (National Park Service, 1983), p.77.
6John A. Salmond, The Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham, North Carolina, 1967), pp.34-35.
7O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 18--Records of Key Officials, Records of Arno B. Cammerer, Box 8, File Mount Rainier National Park.
8General Statement of Operating Conditions and Appropriations, July 4, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
9O.A. Tomlinson, General Statement of Operating Conditions and Appropriations, July 4, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
10Frank A. Kittredge to the Director, October 28, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records-- Mount Rainier National Park, Box 91, Folder 304 Part I.
11C.E. Drysdale, Report on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier Nat'l Park for the Third Enrollment Period 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-1935, Box 36.
12Ernest A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
13E.A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
14O.A. Tomlinson to Camp Superintendents, June 10, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
15E.A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
16C.E. Drysdale, Report on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier Nat'l Park For the Third Enrollment Period 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-1935, Box 36.
17J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938.
18Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, p.90.
19Laura Soulliere Harrison, "By Motor Through Wonderland: Historic Roads in the National Park System," National Park Service draft report, 1994, p.4
20Quoted in Unrau and Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s, p.80.
21Edwin G. Hill, In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC (Pullman, Washington, 1990), p.xvi.
22Frank A. Kittredge to Director, October 28, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records, Box 91, Folder 304 Part I.
23W.C. Pabst, Quarterly Narrative Report of CCC Camp NP-2 Narada Falls, Mt. Rainier Nat'l Park, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-35, Box 34.
24M.J. Bowen to Robert Fechner, June 16, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
25Menu, Company 1303, CCC, Camp Narada, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
26John F. Estes to M.J. Bowen, June 14, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
27W.C. Pabst, Narrative Report of CCC NP-2, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-35, Box 34.
28Phoebe Cutler, The Public Lands of the New Deal (New Haven, 1985), p.94.
29Camp Tahoma Creek, NP-1, Narrative Report for May and June 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, Folder H-14.
30Quoted in Edwin G. Hall, In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC (Pullman, Washington, 1990), pp.115-17
31O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, p.1.
32M.J. Bowen to Robert Fechner, June 16, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
33Tacoma Daily Ledger, November 29, 1933.
34O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, p.1.
35E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), pp.121-22.
36O.A. Tomlinson, Proposed Civil Works Program for Mount Rainier National Park, November 16, 1933, and Report on Civil Works Program Accomplishments in Mount Rainier National Park, May 10, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1440, File 619 Civil Works Administration.
37Civil Works Program Statistical Summary, no date, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1440, File 619 Civil Works Administration.
38Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p.297; J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938; Mark H. Astrup to Director, June 24, 1939, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Mount Rainier; O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, MORA, Administrative Files.
39O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, MORA, Administrative Files.
40Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," pp.324-25; Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (New York, 1985), p.390.
41O.A. Tomlinson, Proposed Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
43O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program for Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, [1933], NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
44O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, [1933], and Tomlinson to Director, February 8, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
45Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, pp.244, 257.
46E.W. Clark (PWA) to E.K. Burlew, October 30, 1939, and Burlew to John M. Carmody (PWA), November 10, 1939, NA, RG 79. Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
47O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
48Memorandum of Conference held at Mount Rainier National Park Headquarters, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
50A third alternative considered was to locate the road through Stevens Canyon and then down the Muddy Fork of the Cowlitz River all the way to the state highway, thus avoiding Backbone Ridge. This route likewise involved additional mileage and a detour outside the park boundary, however, and did not seem like an attractive alternative.
51Tom C. Vint to Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
52F.A. Kittredge to Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
53O.A. Tomlinson to the Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
54E.A. Mills, History of East Side Construction and Development in Mount Rainier NP, 1976, PNRO file report MORA 152.
55Harlan D. Unrau, Historical Overview and Preliminary Assessment of Rock Work, Bridges, and Roadway-Related Appurtenances along State Highways 410 and 123 in Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service, December 1988, pp.14-15.
56J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938.
57E.A. Mills, History of East Side Construction and Development in Mount Rainier NP, 1976, PNRO file report MORA 152.
58Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System, pp.24, 49, 53.
59Story, The National Parks and Emergency Conservation, pp.25-30.
60Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, (Flagstaff, Arizona, 1988), p.133.
61O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
62O.A. Tomlinson to F.A. Kittredge, October 7, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1.
63A.E. Demaray to Frank A. Kittredge, October 12, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1. NPS Chief Engineer Kittredge was interested in protecting timber on the approach roads to Mount Rainier as well as winter range for deer.
64J. Lee Brown to Conrad L. Wirth, September 4, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1.
65O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
66O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 18--Records of Key Officials, Records of Arno B. Cammerer, Box 8, File Mount Rainier National Park.
67Harold L. Ickes to the Director, January 19, 1937, and A.E. Demaray to the Secretary, January 25, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1424, File 204.20.
68It appears that Cammerer first hinted to Tomlinson about the regional directorship in 1936, and that Tomlinson indicated that he preferred to remain where he was. Tomlinson refers to an unspecified job offer by Cammerer in October 1936 in Tomlinson to Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
69O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
70Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp.87-88. In Brant's account, Roosevelt's personal intervention in the battle for Olympic National Park was decisive.
71O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
72O.A. Tomlinson to A.E. Demaray, September 3, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
73Arno Cammerer to O.A. Tomlinson, October 6, 1938, and A.E. Demaray to Tomlinson, September 20, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
74A.E. Demaray to O.A. Tomlinson, March 2,1939, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
75Newton B. Drury to O.A. Tomlinson, April 29, 1941, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
Chapter Twelve
1A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, July 28, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
2O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
3Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
4According to a 1966 report by park ranger David D. May four tame Roosevelt elk were released at Longmire in 1924. These animals were removed again after several visitors were injured while feeding or closely approaching the animals. May, "Long Range Wildlife Management Plan 1966-70," [1966], FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 19941, File N16 MORA.
5John M. Davis to O.A. Tomlinson, October 1 and November 5, 1934, O.A. Tomlinson to Ben H. Thompson, November 5, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
6Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
7John M. Davis to O.A. Tomlinson, October 1,1934, and Tomlinson to Ben H. Thompson, November 6, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
8O.A. Tomlinson to F.A. Kittredge, October 7, 1935 and A.E. Demaray to Frank A. Kittredge, October 12, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Boundaries.
9Quoted in Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence. See Aldo Leopold, "Conservation Economics," Journal of Forestry, vol.32, no.5 (May 1934), pp.537-544; quotation on p.540.
10Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence; E.A. Kitchin, Report on Junior Naturalist Activities, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 207-04 Park Naturalists.
11E.A. Kitchin, Report on Contemplated Primitive Area in Mount Rainier National Park, August 1935, NA. RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
12George M. Wright to O.A. Tomlinson, January 17, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
13Adolph Murie to Victor H. Cahalane, January 6, 1936, George M. Wright to O.A. Tomlinson, January 17, 1936, Tomlinson to Cahalane, March 24, 1936, Cahalane to Murie, April 22, 1936, Cahalane to Tomlinson, May 22, 1936, Tomlinson to Cahalane, June 16, 1936, Cahalane to Tomlinson, July 10, 1936, Lowell Sumner, Jr., to Cahalane, December 1, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
14For example, the Wildlife Division was responsible for bringing about a more enlightened policy toward bear-human conflicts in national parks, which Tomlinson applauded. Commenting on Cahalane's report on bear depredations, Tomlinson wrote: "It is believed that the first step in solving the bear problem is to admit that we have made a serious mistake in encouraging the congregation of bears at feeding points to provide entertainment for visitors. This procedure is certainly unnatural, and we can hardly blame the average visitor for failure to resist the temptation to feed a bear he sees along the roadside, after he has attended an 'official feeding and lecture' at a bear pit." The campaign to educate park visitors about the consequences of feeding bears and to "renaturalize" the bear population by separating it from campgrounds (and CCC camps) began at Mount Rainier in the mid-1930s. O.A. Tomlinson to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
15Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective, National Park Service, 1986, p.113.
16M.C. Riley to H.E. Swanson, October 24, 1939, MORA, Administrative Files, File N50 Pest and Weed Control--Blister Rust.
17E.P. Meinecke to Lawrence F. Cook, November 10, 1936, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 97, File 600 Part 1.
18E.A. Kitchin, Memorandum, May 31, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 51, File 897-2.
19Lowell Sumner to L.E. Cook, July 29, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 51, File 897-2.
20R.D. Waterhouse to Superintendent, May 29, 1929, F.A. Kittredge to Director, February 29, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.04-3 Part 2.
21F.A. Kittredge to Director, March 4, 1932, and A.E. Demaray to F.A. Kittredge, February 27, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.04-3 Part 2.
22Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, pp.173-74.
23A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, December 8, 1932, MORA, Administrative Files, File D5027 Radio.
24C.D. Monteith, Report on Radio Telephone Development & Adaptability for Park Use, November 16, 1932, MORA, Administrative Files, File D5027 Radio.
25O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
26McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.292.
27Ralph McFadden, A Report on the Radio Communication System in Mt. Rainier National Park and Recommendations for Improved Effectiveness, September 5, 1940, and V.E. Rowley and Ralph McFadden, Rehabilitation of Radio System for Mt. Rainier National Park, September 5, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.04.3 Radio Parts II and IV.
28O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
29O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files; McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.180.
30O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
31C. Frank Brockman, Plan of Museum Development for Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1939, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 101, File 833.05.6 Museum Plans II.
33McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.180.
34Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.41.
35Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.43.
37Harold L. Ickes to Mr. Jensen, March 18, 1938, Harold L.. Ickes Papers, Box 222, File Parks (2).
38Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.40.
39McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.181.
Chapter Thirteen
1John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
2Ibid; History of Snow Removal Operations Nisqually Entrance to Paradise Valley Road, November 4, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
3Memorandum for the Ranger Naturalists, undated, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
4Annual Report Naturalist Department, July 24, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part III.
5Ibid; Report of the Naturalist Department, November 4, 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Files--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part I.
6Annual Report Naturalist Department, July 24, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part III.
7John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
8John C. Preston, Mount Rainier National Park Fire Control Plan, April 24, 1942, MORA, Longmire Library. Box Forest Fires, Pamphlet 9.
9W. Ward Yeager, Memorandum for the Superintendent, [1945], NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part V.
10Annual Forestry Report, January 6, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports. Also see Ralph McFadden, A Report on the Radio Communication System in Mt. Rainier National Park and Recommendations for Improved Effectiveness, September 5,1940, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.04.3 Radio Part II.
11The forest fire protection record for Mount Rainier is detailed in Burnett Sanford to Superintendent, March 1, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part V.
12MORA, Longmire Audio-Visual Collections, print file card for photographic negative 02390.
13Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, April 27, 1942, A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, April 28, 1942, Preston to Sceva, August 14, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
14Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, August 11, 1942, and Preston to Sceva, August 14, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
15O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, January 6, 1943, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, January 20, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
16Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, July 14, 1944, and Hillory A. Tolson to Superintendent, July 31, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, Folder 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
17John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1943, Paul H. Sceva to Preston, September 27, 1943, and Sceva to Preston, July 14, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Files--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Parts III and IV.
18The cabins had an occupancy rate of 33 percent through the 1930s, prompting the superintendent to comment that they were both obsolete and too numerous. Before the war, the NPS recommended the removal of 50 percent of the cabins and the installation of flush toilets, showers, and hot water in the rest. John C. Preston to Director, April 25, 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
19John C. Preston to Director, August 23, 1943, Hillory A. Tolson to Paul H. Sceva, September 18, 1943, and Sceva to Preston, September 27, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part III.
20Alexander Baillie to John C. Preston, October 14, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
21John C. Preston to Regional Director, November 9, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
22Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, October 31, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part V.
23Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.449.
24Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1943, p.197.
25Ole Oakland to Senator Mons Wallgren, March 30, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 609.1 Mining.
26Ole Oakland to Newton B. Drury, April 29, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 609.1 Mining.
27John E. Doerr to Carl Russell, October 31, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Mining.
28Conrad L. Wirth to John M. Coffee, August 27, 1942, John J. Collins to USGS Regional Office, September 15, 1942, John J. Campbell to Robert D. Campbell, October 9, 1942, John J. Preston to Director, October 15, 1942, and John E. Doerr to Carl Russell, October 31, 1942. NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Mining.
29National Park Service Grazing Policy Reaffirmed, April 1, 1943, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
30Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.450.
31Howard R. Stagner, "Some Ecological Factors Relating to Possible Cattle Grazing in Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing. The file copy was subsequently dated 1944.
33O.A. Tomlinson, Circular for Region Four Field Areas, April 18, 1944, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
34The NPS had tried to set up a water rights study of Mount Rainier as a WPA project in 1935, but for some reason the project never materialized. A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, February 7, 1935, O.A. Tomlinson to Joseph E. Taylor, and Taylor to Director, July 1, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.05-7 Part 1.
35A. van V. Dunn to Charles J. Bartholet, August 27, 1943 and February 24, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.05-7 Part 1.
37Carsten Lien, Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber Preservation (San Francisco, 1991), pp.221-28.
38Chronology of Events in the Case of Northern Pacific Railway Company Lands in Mount Rainier National Park, October 28, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Northern Pacific Railway Co. This 7-page memorandum provides a convenient digest of 58 items of correspondence.
39Horace M. Albright to Charles Donnelly, January ,0. 1929, Charles Donnelly to Horace M. Albright, February 2,1929, Charles Donnelly to J.M. Hughes, February 2, 1929, J.M. Hughes to Charles Donnelly, February 5, 1929, Charles Donnelly to Horace M. Albright, February 5, 1929, and A.E. Demaray to Charles Donnelly, February 16, 1929, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
40Chronology of Events in the Case of Northern Pacific Railway Company Lands in Mount Rainier National Park, October 28, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Northern Pacific Railway Co.
43Seattle Times, Tacoma News Tribune, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 8, 1944.
44Margaret Thompson to Newton B. Drury, August 17, 1944 and Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
45Robert S. MacFarlane to W.E. Holt, October 6, 1944, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, Vice President/Assistant to the President, Subject Files, File 91-12.
46W.W. Anderson to J.M. Hughes, October 18, 1944, enclosing article "Mount Rainier Forests Threatened," MHS, Northern Pacific Railway Company Papers, President, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
47Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
48Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, Drury to the Secretary of the Interior, February 20, 1945 and J.M. Hughes to Hillory A. Tolson, September 10, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
49Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1943, p.198.
50Thompson, Historic Resource Study. Mount Rainier National Park, p.175.
52"Experiments in Freezing," Etc., 3, no.2 (February 1941), pp.10-11.
53Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, p.174.
54V.A. Firsoff, Ski Track on the Battlefield (New York, 1943), pp.104-08.
55Ibid, p.108. Also Hal Burton, The Ski Troops (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1971), p.95; Curtis W. Casewit, The Saga of the Mountain Soldiers: The Story of the 10th Mountain Division (New York, Julian Messner, 1981) , p.18.
56Unidentified clipping in Gene Curtis, "History of Fort Lewis," scrapbook, Seattle Public Library.
57John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
58Thompson, Historic Resource Survey. Mount Rainier National Park, p.175. The agreement between the NPS and the U.S. Army bound the latter to respect the park rules and regulations. No practice firing was allowed in the park, and all motorized equipment except over-the-snow vehicles were confined to roads and parking lots. John C. Preston, Plan of Operation for use of Mount Rainier National Park Ski Lodge by the U.S. Army, October 11, 1943, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14 Mountain Infantry Regiment.
Chapter Fourteen
1John C. Preston to Regional Director, May 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
2Arno B. Cammerer, Memorandum for the Washington Office and all Field Offices, January 27, 1940, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
3Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and all Field Offices, March 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
4Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and the Regional Directors, August 13, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
5O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, January 6, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
6Preston to Regional Director, May 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
7Some individuals in the Mountaineers confided to Superintendent Preston that they believed the club had been railroaded into taking that position by a few ardent ski enthusiasts among its membership. Arthur R. Winder to John C. Preston, April 1,1944, and Preston to Regional Forester, November 21, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Jobs Part VI; O.A. Tomlinson to Files, October 24, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy; Preston to Regional Director, December 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 868 Winter Use Part II.
8Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and all Field Offices, March 21, 1946, MORA, File 868 Winter Use.
9Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 25 and 26, 1945; Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1946, p.319.
10John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV.
11Harthon L. Bill to Director, November 26, 1948, NA, RG 79, Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201-11 Advisory Board.
12A.E. Demaray to Director, May 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 0.1 Conferences Part I; John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 24, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Development Part VII.
13Tom C. Vint to Director, May 21, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Development Part VII.
14Tom C. Vint to Director, May 11, 1948, NA, RG 79, Central Classified Files, Box 1411, File 630 Roads (General).
15Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, Library, History Pamphlet No.1, Box 2.
16Secretary of the Interior to Senator Harry P. Cain, October 5, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File Concessioner information Mount Rainier 1949.
17John C. Preston to Regional Director, October 28, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 201 Rainier Administration.
18Director to Assistant Secretary, April 4, 1950, NA, RG 79, Entry 19, Records of Newton B. Drury 1940-1951, Box 14, File Mt. Rainier National Park; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1950, p.323.
19Superintendent to Director, June 8, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, H2621 Annual Reports.
20Winter Use Committee to Regional Director, April 8, 1952, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 868 Winter Use Part VI.
22Ibid. One year later, Harold Fowler reported unfavorably on the potential for developing the Kautz Creek area for winter use. See Fowler to Regional Landscape Architect, February 23, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 204 Inspections and Investigations.
25John C. Preston to Regional Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV; "History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1947, p.1.
26Ibid, 1947, p.2; 1948, p.3; and 1949, p.3.
27History of Snow Removal Operations Nisqually Entrance to Paradise Valley Road, prepared November 4, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
28Superintendent to Director, June 8, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
29Preston P. Macy to Director, May 29, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
30Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 6, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
31Brief of Contacts with Governor Langlie on Developments for Mount Rainier, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Winter Use Study Mt. Rainier 1953-1954.
32Conrad L. Wirth to Regional Director, November 6, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L,S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 vol.1 MORA.
33Mount Rainier National Park Development Study Committee to Arthur B. Langlie, July 15, 1955, Olympia State Archives, Albert Rosellini Papers, Box 63, File Mount Rainier Development.
34Regional Director to Director, December 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L, S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 vol. 1 MORA.
35Brief of Contacts with Automobile Club of Washington Officials, no date, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L,S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 Report--Proposed Developments Mount Rainier from the Director to the Secretary.
36National Parks Association, News Release Number 75, August 27, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
37Conrad L. Wirth, Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier National Park, September 29, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files.
38Olympic Park Associates, Inc., Mount Rainier Emergency, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
39Conrad L. Wirth to Secretary of the Interior, September 29, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File Report on Proposed Developments For Mount Rainier.
40This was Wirth's own interpretation of his letter to McKay. Six weeks later he confided to Sigurd F. Olson, president of the NPA, that at the risk of being asked to resign, he had told McKay that he was opposed to the chair lift and that the administration would be making the mistake of a lifetime to authorize it or such deals as Echo Park Dam. Sigurd F. Olson to Devereux Butcher, December 29, 1954, MHS, Sigurd F. Olson Papers, Box 24.
41Douglas McKay to Arthur Langlie, December 17, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
42Polly Dyer to Preston Macy, April 19, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 WinterSports--Paradise.
43Sigurd Olson to Devereux Butcher, December 29, 1954, Charles G. Woodbury to Butcher, December 29, 1954, and Conrad L. Wirth to Olson, February 15, 1955, MHS, Sigurd F. Olson Papers, Box 24.
44Fred M. Packard to Sigurd Olson, February 16, 1955, MHS, Sigurd Olson Papers, Box 24.
45Virlis L. Fischer to Howard Zahniser, October 27, 1958, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-1962 (A & C) 9NSS 79 92 002, Box 6, File A9815 #18 Areas Mt. Rainier.
46Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, September 30, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
47Polly Dyer interview by Susan R. Schrepfer, 1983, in Pacific Northwest Conservationists (Berkeley, 1986), p.137.
48Superintendent to Regional Director, August 4, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports-- Paradise.
49Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, September 30, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise; Harold G. Fowler, A Report on the Study for the Revision of Paradise Area for an All Year Development, Mt. Rainier National Park, March 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427.
50An important breakthrough in this proposed ski area development was the agreement by BPR and USFS officials to commit federal funds to construction of the access road by listing it as part of the Forest Highway System. Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 1, 1960, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427.
Chapter Fifteen
1Annual Report of the Director National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1947, p.320.
2U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation and the Subcommittee on Public Lands, September 8, 1947--Salt Lake City, Utah and September 15, 1947--Mount Rainier National Park, Wash., WGPO, 1948, p.249.
3The remaking of this partnership of the federal government and private capital may be viewed as part of a broad environmental policy shift from the Roosevelt to the Truman administrations. This policy shift is given lucid analysis in Clayton R. Koppes, "Environmental Policy and American Liberalism: The Department of the Interior, 1933-1953," Environmental Review, 7 (Spring 1983), pp.16-53.
4John C. Preston to the Director, June 23, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 204.21 Visitors Part I.
5Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 18, 1946.
6Ibid; Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury and enclosure, June 5, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1935-1949.
7Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury and enclosure, June 5, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1935-1949.
8Annual Report of the Director National Park Service, 1946, pp.312-13.
9Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, 1946, p.313.
10U.S. Congress, Senate, 76th Cong., 1st sess., S. 2055, "A Bill to authorize the acquisition, rehabilitation, and operation of the facilities for the public in the Mount Rainier National Park, in the State of Washington, and for other purposes," April 3, 1939. Under the proposed law, the Secretary of the Interior would have authority to rehabilitate, complete, and operate these facilities directly or by contract at the Secretary's discretion. No "exclusive privileges" would be permitted, but the Secretary would have authority to limit the character and number of nonexclusive privileges in the park. In other words, the regulated monopoly would be replaced by government service or a government-subsidized franchise or franchises. Senator Bone inserted an additional paragraph in his version of the bill which sought to link the national park concession to the free market economy. "Such privileges," Bone's bill insisted, "shall be let at competitive bidding to the highest and best bidder."
11Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury, March 22, 1947, Drury to Sceva, March 25, 1947, and Drury to Regional Director, March 25, 1947, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.08-3 Purchase of RNPC's Facilities by Government.
12Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 81st Cong., 1st sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.28, November 12, 1949, p.18.
13U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings Salt Lake City. Utah, and Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Committee Hearing No.24, September 1947, p.211.
14U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, p.17.
15Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, p.17.
17History of the Rainier National Park Company, 1948, p.3; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, pp.17-20.
18Paul H. Sceva to Julius A. Krug, September 30 and October 4, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract.
19Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, 1950, p.320.
20Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings Salt Lake City. Utah, and Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Committee Hearing No.24, September 1947, p.236.
21Tacoma News Tribune, July 28, 1949.
22Paul H. Sceva to Secretary of the Interior, August 30, 1949, Secretary of the Interior to Sceva, September 13, 1949, Sceva to John C. Preston, September 21, 1949, Newton B. Drury to Girard C. Davidson, October 5, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1934-1949.
23Paul H. Sceva to Henry M. Jackson, January 3, 1950, Newton B. Drury to Superintendent, August 18, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, File Purchase of RNPC Facilities by Government.
24Congress, House, Report No.2721, "Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to Acquire on Behalf of the United States Government all Property and Facilities of the Rainier National Park Co.," 81st Cong., 2d sess., July 24, 1950, p.4.
25Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1950, p.320; Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park, October 15, 1956, p.6.
26Congress, Senate, Report No. 2448, "Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to Acquire on Behalf of the United States Government all Property and Facilities of the Rainier National Park Co.," 81st Cong., 2d sess., August 28, 1950, p.1.
27Assistant Superintendent to Director, February 16, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.08-3 Purchase of RNPC Facilities by Government.
28Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 23, 1952.
29Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings, Committee Hearing No.24, September 15, 1947, p.201.
30John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV.
31Paul H. Sceva to Julius A. Krug, October 4, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contact 1934-1949.
32Paul H. Sceva to Conrad L. Wirth, October 28, 1953, and Wirth to Sceva, December 4, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 RNPC.
33Acting Director to Regional Director, April 16, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC Correspondence 1953-58.
34Hillory A. Tolson to Stuart Faber, September 1,1960, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1954-61 (A & C) 9NSS 79 91 001, Box 4, File C58 vol.3 Mt. Rainier.
35Regional Director to Director, August 14, 1953, and September 14, 1953, and Conrad L. Wirth to Paul H. Sceva, October 2, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contracts 1950-53.
36Superintendent to Regional Director, May 7, 1954, and Preston P. Macy to Paul H. Sceva, May 22, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC Correspondence 1953-58.
37Paul H. Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 1966, WSHS, Paul H. Sceva Papers, Box 1, Folder 16.
38Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1946, pp.315-16.
39Regional Director to Director, October 6,1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 Contracts.
40John C. Preston to Regional Director, January 9, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
41John C. Preston to Regional Director, January 9, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations; Preston to Regional Director, June 2, 1948, and Jackson E. Price to Oliver G. Taylor, March 23, 1948, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
42Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, May 12, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
43John C. Preston to H.C. Higgins, June 1, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
44Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, August 14, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
45John C. Preston to Gray Top Sightseeing Company, August 31, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
46John C. Preston to H.C. Higgins, June 1, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Files--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
47Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, August 14, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
49The issue did not quite end there. When the RNPC and the NPS began negotiating a new longterm concession contract in 1952, Sceva suggested that the company's exclusive transportation privilege somehow be restored. This request led to an investigation by Chief Counsel Price of the jurisdiction over U.S. Highway 410 in Mount Rainier National Park. Price reviewed the state and federal laws which granted exclusive jurisdiction over the park to the federal government, the act of January 31, 1931, a special use permit to the state of Washington dated February 1, 1933, a solicitor's opinion of January 21, 1942, and correspondence pursuant to the special use permit, which was admittedly spotty. Price repeated what Drury had indicated three years earlier, that the NPS could not prohibit Gray Line from using the road. As for Sceva's allegation that Gray Line was committing false advertising, that was a matter for state authorities to pursue unless the advertising was done inside the park. Jackson E. Price to Assistant Director, November 12, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Rainier National Park Company.
50O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
52Regional Director to Director, March 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part III.
53John C. Preston to Regional Director, October 27, 1941, Paul R. Franke to Director, March 11, 1946, and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 23, 1946. NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
54Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, February 6,1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Mount Rainier Concessions Part II.
55Preston Macy to Martin Kilian, April 2, 1956, and Conrad L. Wirth to Warren G. Magnuson, June 7, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File Kilian Prospectus Ohanapecosh.
56O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
57Assignment and Acceptance, October 21, 1947, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
58Marlow Glenn to Regional Director, October 6, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
60Regional Director to Director, March 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part III.
59William Heckman to Albert Rose, September 26, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
61Curtis K. Skinner to Regional Director, May 31, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1954-61 (A & C) 9NSS 79 91 001, Box 4 File C58 Mount Rainier; Martin Kilian to Preston P. Macy, March 24, 1956, Macy to Kilian, April 2, 1956, Conrad L. Wirth to Warren G. Magnuson, June 7, 1957, Kilian to Superintendent, June 20, 1957, Kilian to Wirth, January 20, 1958, Superintendent to Director, February 4, 1959, Macy to Charles A. Thielen, February 18, 1959, Kilian to Henry M. Jackson, June 11,1959, Jackson E. Price to Jackson, June 24, 1959, MORA, Administrative Files, File Kilian Prospectus Ohanapecosh.
62Narrative Statement Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Concession Operation, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File C6215.
63John W. Douglas to Department of the Interior, July 9,1965, Bernard R. Meyer to Director, August 9, 1965, Jackson E. Price to Regional Director, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs (Kilian) Part 2.
64Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.228.
65"The Need for a National Mountaineering Safety Program," May 1, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
66O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, June 15,1948, and Tomlinson to Superintendents, July 13, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
67Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 13, 1948; National Park Service, "Mountain Climbing and Rescue Training School, September 13-17, 1948," MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
68John C. Preston, "Annual Mountain Climbing Report, Mount Rainier National Park, 1948," NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 857.06 Rainier Mountain Climbing.
69Regional Director to Superintendent, February 27, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 857.06 Rainier Mountain Climbing.
70By 1957 these included, in addition to the NPS, the Rescue Squadron, Paine Field; Alpine Club of Canada; American Alpine Club; Civil Aeronautics Administration; Civil Air Patrol; County Sheriffs Offices of King, Snohomish, and Yakima counties; National Ski Patrol; Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Seattle Unit, Aircraft Owners and Pilot's Association; The Mountaineers; U.S. Army, Camp Hale, Colorado; U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Navy Search and Rescue Unit; Naval Air Station, Seattle; Washington Alpine Club; Washington Safety Council; Washington State Aeronautics Commission; Washington State Sportsman's Club; Washington State Department of Education; and Washington State Patrol. Acting Superintendent to Regional Chief of Operations, June 5, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Coded Subject Files, File D Development & Maintenance, Box 8, File D-22.
71Superintendent to Regional Director, July 15, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
72Acting Regional Director to Director, September 13, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
73Superintendent to Regional Director, July 15, 1957, Acting Regional Director to Director, September 13, 1957, and Acting Director to Superintendent, October 4, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
74Dee Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, (Seattle, 1979), pp.301-02.
75Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, pp.301-02.
76Concession Permit No. 14-10-426-8, June 17, 1952, and Schedule of Rates for the 1952 Season, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 James and Louis Whittaker (1954-55).
77Lou Whittaker and Andrea Gabbard, Memoirs of a Mountain Guide (Seattle, 1994), pp.59-60.
78Curtis K. Skinner to Director, February 3, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File C2615 Guide Service Annual Report.
79Superintendent to Director, May 15, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Rainier National Park Company.
80Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.303.
Chapter Sixteen
1Philip A. Zalesky to Director, Bureau of the Budget, December 14, 1953, UW, Warren Magnuson Papers, Accession 3181-3, Box 100, Folder 25.
2Conrad L. Wirth, Parks. Politics, and the People (Norman, 1980), p.242.
3Expressed in terms of visitor-use-days, the numbers were somewhat less disproportional. It reveals something about official thinking in the 1950s that the NPS emphasized visits over visitor-use-days. National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
4Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier National Park, September 1954. MORA, Administrative Files, File Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier.
5National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, January 1957, p.1.
6National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
8U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park, October 15, 1956, p.66.
9Thomas C. Vint to Director, April 7,
1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03
Part 1,
10O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 24, 1946, and John C. Preston to Regional Director, May 13, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1.
11John C. Preston to Regional Director, April 19, 1946, and A.E. Demaray to Director, May 10, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1.
12National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, January 1957, pp.10-12.
13National Park Service, Improving Visitor Use of Mount Rainier National Park, March 26, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66. Opinions varied as to whether the park boundary should be extended to bring the Skate Creek site inside the park. The advantage of a boundary extension would be to bring the development under the jurisdiction of the NPS; the disadvantage would be that the park would then include some cutover forest lands.
15U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park October 15, 1956, pp.2, 38, passim.
16National Park Service, Preliminary Planning Data for a Proposed Hotel Development at Paradise to Mount Rainier National Park, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
17Henry M. Jackson to Conrad L. Wirth, May 16, 1957. UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
18Henry M. Jackson to Laurance S. Rockefeller, July 2, 1957, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
19Laurance S. Rockefeller to Henry M. Jackson, January 22, 1959, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, File 23.
20Laurance S. Rockefeller to Henry M. Jackson, January 22, 1959, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, File 23.
21Roger Ernst to Elmer L. Alverts, April 21, 1960, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
22Congress, Senate, 86th Cong., 2d sess., S.J. Res. 193, "To Authorize the Construction of a Hotel and Related Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park," May 17, 1960; Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess., vol. 106, pp.10397 and 14831; Thor C. Tollefson to Stewart L. Udall, January 21, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
23Conrad L. Wirth to Legislative Counsel, February 14, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
24Hillory A. Tolson to Wayne S. Pritchard, September 1, 1961, MORA, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
25The Seattle Times, October 18, 1961.
26Tacoma News Tribune, October 19, 21, 22, 1961.
27Stewart L. Udall to Albert D. Rosellini, November 8,1961, Olympia State Archives, Governor Albert D. Rosellini Papers, Box 286, File Mt. Rainier Study.
28John A. Rutter to Lawrence Merriam, January 23, 1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
29Tacoma News Tribune, January 5, 10, 15, 17; Seattle Times, January 2,11; Albert D. Rosellini to Stewart L. Udall, January 31, 1962, Olympia State Archives, Governor Albert D. Rosellini Papers, Box 286, File Mt. Rainier Study.
30U.S. Department of the Interior and Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Report on Study of the Public Need with Respect to Visitor Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park, by Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company, November 1963, p.1-5.
31John A. Rutter to Regional Director, August 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
32George F. Prescott to Members of Governor's Mount Rainier Study Committee, September 16, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
33U. S. Department of the Interior and Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Report on Study of the Public Need with Respect to Visitor Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park, by Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company, November 1963, p.1-5.
34"Commercial Development in Mt. Rainier National Park," The Mountaineer, vol.55, no.3 (March 1962), p.5.
35"The Paradise Valley Hotel," National Parks Magazine, vol.38, no.198 (March 1964), p.3.
36George F. Prescott to Members of Governor's Mount Rainier Study Committee, September 16, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
37U.S. Congress, 88th Cong., 1st sess., H.J. Res. 685, September 5, 1963; Director to Legislative Counsel, January 2, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
38John A. Rutter to Lawrence Merriam, June 14, 1963, and Paul H. Sceva to Board of Directors, June 13, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC 1962-63. Rutter and Sceva each describe in detail Jackson's day in the park, his musings and thoughts so far as they could determine. Their two accounts are very different; the wily politician managed to convince Rutter that he was opposed to overnight accommodations at Paradise at the same time that he gave Sceva assurances that the visitor center would not preclude such a development. What was crucial, however, was Jackson's change of strategy in pressing Congress for funds with which to build a day-use facility instead of an overnight facility.
39Seattle Times, July 24, 1963.
40Wimberly, Whisenand, Allison and Tong and McGuire and Muri, "Report on Construction Program for a Day Use Facility at Paradise Park in Mount Rainier National Park, State of Washington," prepared for the National Park Service, no date, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 94, File 11.
41Barry Head, "Is It a Boon or Boondoggle?" Seattle Magazine, vol.4, no.34 (January 1967), p.51.
42Paradise Visitor Center, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington (flyer for opening ceremony, September 3, 1966), UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-4, Box 231, File 42.
43Barry Head, "Is It a Boon or Boondoggle?" Seattle Magazine, vol.4, no.34 (January 1967), pp.15-16, 50-51.
44Tacoma News Tribune, June 11, 1965.
45Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess., May 12, 1960, vol.106, Pt. 8, p.10200-01. During the congressional hearings on Mission 66 for Mount Rainier, Senator Jackson took pains to separate the problem of moving headquarters, a fiscal matter, from the more politically-charged problem of overnight accommodations.
46R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAP SR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
48Sanford Hill to Regional Director, October 1, 1948, and Regional Director to Superintendent, October 8, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
49R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
50R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
51John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 26, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File 620.58 Employees Quarters Part I.
52John C. Preston to Regional Director, July 28, 1948, and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, July 6, 1948, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File 620.58 Employees Quarters Part 1.
53National Park Service, A Comparative Analysis of the Rehabilitation or Relocation of Park Headquarters Mount Rainier National Park, June 1955 (Revised September 1955), MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
54R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
56National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
57E.A. Davidson to Regional Director, March 11, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administration Site.
58John C. Preston to Regional Director, April 8, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
59John C. Preston, et al., Report on the Problem of a Suitable Location for Park Headquarters, Mount Rainier National Park, November 5, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
60Sanford Hill, A Planning Report on Mount Rainier National Park, May 14, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Report on Mt. Rainier National Park.
61H.L. Crowley to Regional Director, October 15, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
62Freeman Tilden, The National Parks: What They Mean to You and Me, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, pp.303-05.
63National Park Service, press release, March 15, 19S6, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
64Preston P. Macy to Park Staff, August 31, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
65E.R. Fetterolf to Newton B. Drury, May 27, 1949, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
66Martin Kilian to Preston Macy, March 24, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs.
67Sanford Hill to Regional Director, May 31, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1; National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
68National Park Service, press release, March 15, 19S6, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
69Anonymous memo, Stevens Canyon Road Project, 1953, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 3, File 15.
70Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, February iS, 1955, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 29, File A4067 Vol. 1 MORA.
72Quoted in West Side Highway, Mount Rainier (memorandum), August 5, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, D18. Winter Use Study Mt. Rainier 1953-1954.
74O.A. Tomlinson to Messrs. Maier, DeLong, Hill, and Crowley, October 5, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
75O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, September 14, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
76Merlin K. Potts to Superintendent, March 17, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
77Art Martinson, conversation with the author, date?
78National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
80John A. Rutter to Regional Director, November 13, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415; John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
81Wirth, Parks. Politics, and the People, p.270.
82National Park Service. Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
84National Park Service, Master Plan Development Outline--Interpretation, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60, Box 2, File D18 vol.2 MORA.
85Preston P. Macy to Director, February 12, 1958, and Curtis K. Skinner to Superintendent, March 10, 1958, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program.
86National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
87Superintendent to Regional Director, October 28, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 201 Rainier Administration.
88Howard Stagner, Museum Prospectus Mount Rainier National Park, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File RNP 620.46 Museums.
90National Park Service, Master Plan Development Outline Mount Rainier National Park, Washington-Interpretation, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60, Box 2, File D18 vol.2 MORA.
91Field Naturalist to Regional Director, December 2, 1954, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Information Files, File K1817 vol.1 Areas; Regional Landscape Architect to Regional Director, August 12, 1959, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62, Box 2, File A5427 Areas.
>92Superintendent to Regional Director, October 13, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File K1815 MORA Services and Facilities 1961-1963; Park Naturalist to Superintendent, October 30, 1958, MORA, Administrative Files, File D3415 Interpretive Exhibit--Trail Bridge--Box Canyon.
Chapter Seventeen
1Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, pp.22-23.
2Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
3National Park Service, Finding of No Significant Impact Mount Rainier National Park Fire Management Plan, 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D150.
4Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports.
5Superintendent to Regional Director, December 8, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part 6; Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
6C.D. Monteith, Report on Communication Service Mount Rainier National Park, August 1949, NAPSR. RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.041 Telephone Part 1; V.E. Rowley and R.R. McFadden, Rehabilitation of Radio System for Mt. Rainier National Park, September 5, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.043 Radio Part 4.
7Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports.
8Cooperative Fire Control Agreement between Supervisor of Forestry, State of Washington, and National Park Service, Region Four, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 201.17 Rainier Cooperative Agreements.
9Appendix VII in Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
10Superintendent to Regional Director. December 8, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part 6.
11F.P. Keen, A Reappraisal of the Mountain Pine Beetle Control Program in Mount Rainier National Park, March 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Report.
12Benton Howard, Results of the Blister Rust Disease Survey on the Silver Forest and Headquarters Areas, Mt. Rainier National Park, 1956, and Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 29, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60 (Y), Box 3, File Y22 vol.1 MORA.
13NPA statements quoted by Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp.554-55.
14Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, and February 3, 1959, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Forestry Reports.
17Robert W. Rogers to Chief Ranger, October 15, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, Concessions, File C3823 Dale Whitney, Inc.
18Regional Director to Files, November 10, 1975, PNRO, File Report MORA D-76.
19John C. Preston to Regional Director (quoting Newton B. Drury), March 2, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208.06 Rainier Fishing, Hunting, Trapping.
21Proposed Fishing Regulations, June 1946, and John C. Preston to Regional Director, March 2, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208.06 Rainier Fishing, Hunting, Trapping.
22R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in National Parks (Chicago, 1992), p.55.
23Conrad L. Wirth, "Director Conrad L. Wirth Announces New Fishery Policy for National Parks," American Forests, 1953.
24Preston P. Macy to Thomas F. Giles, February 19, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries; Superintendent to Director, May 29, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
25Ibid; Z.E. Parkhurst to Regional Director (FWS), December 11, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish--Management.
26John A. Rutter to Regional Director, June 13, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports; Fish Management, Mount Rainier National Park, no date, University of Washington, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No. 1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20; Gary L. Larson, Andy Wones, C. David McIntyre, and Barbara Samora, "Limnology of Subalpine and High Mountain Forest Lakes, Mount Rainier National Park," National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region and Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Oregon State University, 1992.
27Merlin K. Potts, Fish Culture Activities, 1947, file report, MORA, Library, Box Fishes, Pamphlet No.5.
28Lowell Sumner, "A Biological Study of Mount Rainier National Park," January 19, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 700.01 Mt. Rainier Nature Study.
29Herbert Maier to Director, November 18, 1948, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, December 9, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries.
30Preston P. Macy to Thomas F. Giles, February 19, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries.
31O.L. Wallis, "An Evaluation of the Fishery Resources of Mount Rainier National Park and the Requirements for Research, Interpretation and Management," NPS file report, 1959, Pacific Northwest Regional Office; Comment on Fishery Management Reports on Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Library, Box Fishes, Pamphlet No.4.
32Superintendent to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
33Superintendent to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
34Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.153.
35John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 12, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears. A 1978 study of bear management in the national park system found that garbage handling accounted for 72 percent of time expended on bear management activities. Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.131.
36National Park Service, Press Release, September 5, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
37Superintendent to Director, February 12, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears.
38Regional Director to Superintendents, September 4, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
39John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 12, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears.
40Preston P. Macy to Russell R. Hoffman, September 11, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
41Preston P. Macy to Russell R. Hoffman, September 11, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
42Superintendent to Division Chiefs and Uniform Personnel, June 19, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
44Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.187; O.A. Tomlinson to California Academy of Sciences, September 27, 1930, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Wildlife Reports 1929-41, Box 3, File Mount Rainier National Park 1929-35.
45O.A. Tomlinson to California Academy of Sciences, September 27, 1930, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Wildlife Reports 1929-41, Box 3, File Mount Rainier National Park 1929-35.
46Oliver G. Taylor to S.R. Holcomb, June 6, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
47State of Washington House of Representatives, 30th sess., House Joint Memorial No.2, January 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 719 Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
48O.A. Tomlinson to Director, May 28, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 719 Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
49Quoted in Lowell Sumner to Regional Director, July 9, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, Fie 602 Rainier Boundaries.
50LoweIl Sumner to Regional Director, July 9, 1947, John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 19, 1947, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, November 18, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, Fie 602 Rainier Boundaries.
51Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.77.
52Report on Wildlife Resources and Management, Region Four, National Park Service, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
53O.A. Tomlinson to Director, March 16, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
54Lowell Sumner, A Biological Study of Mount Rainier National Park, January 19, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 700.01 Mt. Rainier Nature Study.
55Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.153.
56NPS, Report on Wildlife Resources and Management, Region Four, National Park Service, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
57William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1982, pp.26-27.
58John C. Preston to Paul H. Sceva, December 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
59Roger Morrow and Murray L. Johnson, "Mountain Goats of Mount Rainier: An Ecological Study," 1964, PNRO, file report MORA D-195, pp.1-2.
60Howard R. Stagner, Some Ecological Factors Relating to Possible Cattle Grazing in Mount Rainier National Park, 1944, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
61John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 5,1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
62O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, August 15, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
63John C. Preston to Regional Director, September 11, 1945, Paul H. Sceva to Preston, November 21, 1946, and Preston to Sceva, December 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1; Sceva to L.A. Boyer, April 22, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract.
64Supervisory Park Ranger to Chief Ranger, August 10, 1965, MORA, Concessions, File Horses.
65Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, January 31, 1961, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 15.
66C Frank Brockman to Charles Gebler, August 11, 1964, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 25.
67Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, January 31, 1961, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 15.
68Superintendent to Regional Director, November 13, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415.
Chapter Eighteen
1William J. Briggle, "Message from the Superintendent," Mount Rainier National Park: An Update on the General Management Plan, vol.1 (Winter 1995), p.1.
2John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
3Daniel J. Tobin, Jr. interview, July 26, 1985, by Arthur D. Martinson.
4Neal G. Guse, Jr. interview, February 6, 1995.
5Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
6Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
7Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
8Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Ibid.
9Everhart, The National Park Service, p.42.
10Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973-1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
11Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
12Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
13Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
14Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
15Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1977-1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
16Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
17Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
18David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
19David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
20Ibid; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
21Union negotiations, July 1981, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Mount Rainier Local No. 1501 American Federation of Government Employees.
22Agreement between Mount Rainier National Park and Local No. 1501 American Federation of Government Employees, February 10, 1989.
23Operations Evaluation Team to Regional Director, October 17, 1983, PNRO, Central Files, File A5427.
24National Parks for the 21st Century: The Vail Agenda, Report and Recommendations to the Director of the National Park Service from the Steering Committee of the 75th Anniversary Symposium, pp.48-50.
25Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
26Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
27Operational Increases 1983-1992, MORA, data provided by Administrative Officer David Uberuaga.
28John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
29Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
30John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
31Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1982, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
32Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
33Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
34Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1981, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
35Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
36Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
37Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978-1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File 112623.
38John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
39Final Interpretive Prospectus, Longmire, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, PNRO, File Report MORA 1003, p.20.
41Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
42Annual Reports, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; David Louter, Craters of the Moon National Monument: An Administrative History, National Park Service, 1992, p.234.
44Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective, National Park Service, 1986, p.68; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
45Loren Lane interview, October 20, 1994.
46Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
47Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
48Charles J. Gebler, Interpretive Prospectus, Paradise, Mount Rainier National Park, November 1964. MORA, Administrative Files, File K1817.
49Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
50Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, pp.53-54; Loren Lane interview, October 20, 1994; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
51Interpretive Prospectus: Longmire, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.11-19.
52Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1977-1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
54William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
55William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
56Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1974, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
57Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services, Mount Rainier National Park, 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA 143.
58Final Interpretive Prospectus: Longmire. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.21-22.
59Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
60William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
61Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
62Ten Year Spread Mount Rainier National Park FY 1983 - FY 1992, MORA, document supplied by Administrative Officer David Uberuaga.
63Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
64John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
65Organizational Chart, March 1981, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File A64 Organization General.
66Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
67Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
68Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
69David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
70Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
Chapter Nineteen
1Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, pp.181-197.
2Quoted in Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System, p.64.
3Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, p.28.
4William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (Boulder, Colorado, 1983), pp.98-101.
5Jeffrey Marion, David Cole, David Reynolds, "Limits of Acceptable Change: A Framework for Assessing Carrying Capacity," Park Science: A Resource Management Bulletin, vol.6, no.1 (Fall 1985), p.9.
6Quoted in Patricia E. Aspland and Katharine A. Pawelko, "Carrying Capacity: Evolution of Management Concepts for the National Parks," Trends, vol.20, no.3 (1983), p.22.
7Aspland and Pawelko, "Carrying Capacity: Evolution of Management Concepts for the National Parks," p.23.
8Quoted in Everhart, The National Park Service, p.102.
9Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
10John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
11Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
12John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
13Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995. The fire in Berkeley Park occurred in 1968 or 1969.
14The Seattle Mountaineers, "Recommendations for Future Development of Mt. Rainier National Park," October 29, 1969, UW, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No.1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20.
15Tacoma News Tribune, December 3, 1972; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 16, November 14, 1973.
16Seattle Times, May 16, 1973.
17Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
18Seattle Times, May 16, 1973.
19Larry Zelanak interview, October 12, 1993; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
20Harvey Manning, REI: 50 Years of Climbing Together (Seattle, 1988), p.121.
21Larry Zelanak interview, October 12, 1993.
22Seattle Times, January 17, 1974.
23>Seattle Times, July 24, 1975.
24John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
25John Wilcox interview, February 11,1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
26Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
27Mount Rainier National Park, Backcountry Management Plan, February 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA D97 Backcountry Management Plan.
29Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
30Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
31John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
33John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
34National Park Service, Morning Report, Pacific Northwest Edition, August 17, 1995.
35Mount Rainier National Park, Backcountry Management Plan, February 1981, PNRO file report, MORA D97 Backcountry Management Plan.
36Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 23, 1994.
37John Morse & Associates/Architects," Camp Muir, Mount Rainier National Park," November 15, 1973, PNRO, file report, MORA 52, pp.2, 12-16.
39Human Waste Management Program-- 1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management; John Wilcox interview, February 10, 1995.
40John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
41Human Waste Management Program--1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management.
42Human Waste Management Program--1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management.
43Ibid. The 1985 climbers survey found that 59 percent of the total sample had not received blue bags for carrying out waste. This was a surprise to most managers. More than 70 percent of the total sample supported the program.
44John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; John Wilcox communication, May 17, 1995.
45Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
46Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
48Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
49In a 1990 visitor survey, 80 percent of visitors selected "driving to view scenery" among the activities engaged in while in the park, and 38 percent named "driving to view scenery" as the most important activity to their enjoyment of the national park. "Driving to view scenery" placed first, ahead of "day hiking--self led" at 21 percent. Only one to two percent of respondents gave other front country uses such as camping, picnicking, staying at a lodge or inn, or visiting museums as the most important activity to their enjoyment of the park. Darryll R. Johnson, Karen P. Foster, and Katherine L. Kerr, Mount Rainier National Park 1990 Visitor Survey, National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Washington, 1990, pp.22-23.
50National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, 1972, pp.22-24, 28-30.
51John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
52John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1974-1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995.
54Donna Rahier interview, February 9,1995.
55Donna Rahier interview, February 9, 1995.
56Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
57National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.16.
58John C. Hendee, et al., Public Response to the Mt. Rainier National Park Draft Wilderness Proposal and Master Plan--Analysis and Summary, p.71.
59National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.17.
6Hendee, et al., Public Response to the Mt. Rainier National Park Draft Wilderness Proposal and Master Plan--Analysis and Summary, p.73.
62Seattle Mountaineers, "Recommendations for Future Development of Mt. Rainier National Park," October 29, 1969, University of Washington, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No. 1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20.
63Environmental Review, Proposed Mowich Lake Access Route, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, October 31, 1975, PNRO, File Report MORA D81.
64National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, 1972, p.15.
65Darryll R. Johnson, A Study of Visitor Attitudes Toward Initiation of a Visitor Transportation System at Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, 1990, passim.
66"Transportation Feasibility Study," undated briefing statement provided to the author by Eric Walkinshaw.
67Landscape Architect to Regional Director, January 18, 1985, MORA, Central Files, File D24 West Entrance Station.
68Acting Superintendent to Regional Director, February 12, 1985, MORA, Central Files, File D24 West Entrance Station.
70Regional Director to Superintendent, June 20, 1989, MORA, Central Files, File L76 Westside Road.
71Scott Rustay to Manager, Western Team, December 3, 1991, MORA, Central Files, File L76 Westside Road.
Chapter Twenty
1Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., interview by Arthur D. Martinson, July 26, 1985.
2C. Frank Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-Alpine Meadows, Paradise Valley Area, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," PNRO, File Report MORA D196, p.22.
3John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
4David Birkner to John A. Townsley, August 17, 1969, and Townsley to Birkner, August 20, 1969, MORA, Administrative Files, File D30 Roads and Trails General 1964-1969.
5Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-alpine Meadows," pp.22-23.
6John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Regina Rochefort communication, March 28, 1995.
7John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
8Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
9Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
10Regina M. Rochefort and Stephen T. Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow: High-Altitude Meadow Restoration in Mount Rainier National Park," Restoration and Management Notes, vol.10, no.2 (Winter 1992), pp.121-22<.
11Ibid, p.123; Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
12John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; Rochefort and Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow," p.126.
13Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
14Rochefort and Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow," p.124.
15Stephen T. Gibbons, Final Report on Social and Way Trail Study in Spray Park, January 19, 1988, MORA, Central Files, File N2621.
16Regina Rochefort communication, March 28, 1995.
17William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1982, p.26.
18William P. Bradley and Charles H. Driver, "Elk Ecology and Management Perspectives at Mount Rainier National Park," 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA D174, pp.18, 22-23; Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976-1978, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
19Superintendent's Annual Report, 1979, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
20Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1984, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
21Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995; Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
22S.H. Sharrow and D.E. Kuntz, Plant Response to Elk Grazing in Subalpine Dry Meadow Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, Prepared for NPS by Department of Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University, July 1989, PNRO, File Report MORA D177; William J. Ripple, Edward E. Starkey, and Barry J. Schrumpf, Assessing Elk Trail and Wallow Impacts in Mount Rainier National Park, Prepared for NPS by Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Oregon State University, August 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D157.
23Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
24Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, pp.121, 129-30.
25National Park Service, Natural Resource Management Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, 1992, p.36; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
26Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.124.
27Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
28Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
31David D. May, "Long Range Wildlife Management Plan 1966-70," [1966], FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 19941, File N16 MORA.
32Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
33Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1991-1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
34Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993. MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
35Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1983-1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
36Jerry F. Franklin, William H. Moir, Miles A. Hemstrom, Sarah E. Greene, Bradley G. Smith, The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, Scientific Monograph Series No. 19, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1988, p.165.
37Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
38Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, 1990, PNRO, File Report.
39Neal G. Guse, "Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park," 1988, MORA, Central Files, File D18 Statement for Management.
40Stephanie S. Toothman, "Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System," The Public Historian, vol.9, no.2 ((Spring 1987), p.65.
41National Park Service, Environmental Statement/Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, p.26, PNRO, File Report MORA 73-64.
42Acting Regional Director to Superintendent, June 4, 1976, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mount Rainier National Park, January 1976; Laurin Huffman interview, March 31, 1995.
43James D. Mote, "Historic Resources Survey Status Report, Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire, Washington," Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1976, PNRO, File Report MORA D153.
44James Mote to Harry Pfanz, August 2, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
45Russell E. Dickenson to Associate Director, September 30, 1977, Dickenson to Manager, Denver Service Center, September 30, 1977, Development/Study Package Proposal No. 207, 1977, Acting Chief, Cultural Resources Management Division to Associate Manager, Denver Service Center, August 25, 1977, Chief Historian to Manager, Historic Preservation Team, Denver Service Center, June 13, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
46Erwin N. Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Denver Service Center, National Park Service, October 1981.
47Superintendent to Regional Director, January 9, 1980, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mt. Rainier National Park, January 1976.
48Acting Regional Director to Manager, Denver Service Center, September 15, 1980, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mt. Rainier National Park, January 1976.
49Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, 1990; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
50Stephanie Toothman, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," 1983, MORA, Library Collection, History, Box 3, File No. 25.
51Toothman, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," MORA, Library Collection, History, Box 3, File No. 25.
53Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
54David L. Snow, Historic Structures Report, Paradise Inn. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, Denver Service Center, Historic Preservation Division, 1979, PNRO, File report MORA D1461.
55Superintendent's Annual Report, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
56Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995. Schiltgen spent a summer at Longmire and wrote the report as her master's thesis for the University of Oregon's School of Landscape Architecture (1986). See PNRO File Report MORA D132.
57Pacific Northwest Region, National Park Service, "Documentation of Finding of Adverse Effect," no date, PNRO, Administrative Files, File H30; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
58Denver Service Center, Concessions Operations Review and Feasibility Analysis, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, PNRO, File Report MORA D129, p.5.
59Documentation of Adverse Effect, Sunrise Lodge, Mount Rainier National Park, Chronology of Consultation, PNRO, Administrative Files, no date.
60Ibid; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
61Documentation of Adverse Effect, Sunrise Lodge, Mount Rainier National Park, Chronology of Consultation, PNRO, Administrative Files, no date.
62National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.21.
Chapter Twenty-One
1The Leopold Report was produced by the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management, a panel of four scientists commissioned by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to review NPS wildlife policy; the report was named for the commission's chairman, A. Starker Leopold, a professor of zoology and son of the noted ecologist, Aldo Leopold. The report's original title was "Wildlife Management in the National Parks."
2A. Starker Leopold et al., "Wildlife Management in the National Parks," The Living Wilderness, no.83 (Spring-Summer 1963), p.16.
3At this early date, project funding ran through the office of Regional Chief of Interpretation Bennett T. Gale; later, as the NPS science program expanded, it was transferred to the Division of Natural History, Western Region. Bennett T. Gale to C. Frank Brockman, February 13, 1961, and Brockman to Richard G. Prasil, May 25, 1964, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, Files 15 and 25.
4C. Frank Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-Alpine Meadows, Paradise Valley Area, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," summer 1959, PNRO, File Report MORA D196.
5Regina M. Rochefort, "Mount Rainier National Park Paradise Meadow Plan," 1989, PNRO, File Report MORA D230; Rochefort, "Mount Rainier National Park Restoration Handbook," 1990, PNRO, File Report MORA D238; Neal Guse telephone communication, July 18, 1995.
6Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
7PNRO, File Report MORA D-174.
8William J. Ripple, Edward E. Starkey, and Barry J. Schrumpf, "Assessing Elk Trail and Wallow Impacts in Mount Rainier National Park," August 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D157; S.H. Sharrow and D.E. Kuntz, "Plant Response to Elk Grazing in Subalpine Dry Meadow Communities of Mount Rainier National Park," 1989, PNRO, MORA D177; Kurt J. Jenkins and Edward E. Starkey, "Influences of Adjacent Forest Management Activities of Migratory Elk," 1990, PNRO, File Report MORA D183.
9Jerry E. Franklin et al., The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, USDI, NPS, Scientific Monograph Series No. 19, 1988.
10Franklin et al.. The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, p.1.
11Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
12Regina Rochefort communication. June 1995.
13Warren W. Tanaka, "Rare, Endangered, Threatened, and Endemic Plant Species in Designated Places of Developed Areas of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," March 28, 1979, PNRO, File report MORA D118.
14Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
15Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985 and 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
16Larson, Gary A., Andy Wones, C. David McIntire, and Barbara Samora, "Integrating Limnological Characteristics of High Mountain Lakes into the Landscape of a Natural Area," Environmental Management, 18:871-888, 1994.
17Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
18Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
19Interview with Neal Guse, February 6, 1995; interview with Darryll Johnson, January 13, 1995.
20National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, pp.2-1, 2-6.
21Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985-1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
22Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, p.5-17.
23National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Annual Report 1984, Winter 1985, p.19.
24National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, p.vii.
25Neal Guse interview, February 6, 1995.
26Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
27Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993. MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
28Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
29Development/Study Package Proposal, Package 207, Revision No.2, April 30, 1977, MORA, Longmire, Administrative Files, File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
30Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.iii, 279.
31Stephanie Toothman and Barrett Kennedy, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," no date, MORA, Library Pamphlet Collection, History, Box 3, File 25.
32Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, National Park Service, 1990, no page.
33WiIliam J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
34These file reports at the Pacific Northwest Regional Office are numbered MORA D115, D154, D160, and D132 respectively.
35"Little Tahoma's Big Slide," Sunset Magazine, vol.137, no.1 (July 1966), p.8. For the scientists' reports, see Dwight R. Crandell and Robert K. Fannestuck, Rockfalls and Avalanches from Little Tahoma Peak on Mount Rainier Washington, USGS Bulletin 1221-A, 1965, p. A2; Dwight R. Crandell and Donald R Mullineaux, Volcanic Hazards at Mount Rainier Washington, USGS Bulletin 1238, 1967, p.20; Dwight R. Crandell, Surficial Geology of Mount Rainier National Park Washington, USGS Bulletin 1288, 1969, pp.38-40.
36Stephen L. Harris, Fire and Ice: The Cascade Volcanoes (Seattle, 1976), p.219.
38Regina Rochefort interview, February 9, 1995; Donald A. Swanson, Stephen D. Malone, and Barbara A. Samora, "Mount Rainier: A Decade Volcano," Eos, Transactions. American Geophysical Union, vol. 73, no.16 (April 21, 1992), p.177.
39Assistant Superintendent to District Director, September 5, 1969, FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 1994 1, File N30 MORA.
40Anonymous. "Monitoring Mount Rainier for Future Volcanic Activity," no date, MORA, Library Pamphlet Collection, Mt. Rainier Volcano No. 1.
41Dwight R. Crandell, "Potential Effects of Future Volcanic Eruptions in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," USGS administrative report for the National Park Service, 1967. MORA, Administrative Files, File N3027 Volcanic Eruption--USGS--Potential Effects.
42Director USGS to Director NPS, April 26, 1967, FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 1994 1, File N30 MORA.
43Edward L. Parsegan, "Emergency Operations Plan for Mount Rainier National Park," June 1969, MORA, Administrative Files, File N3027 Volcanic Eruption--USGS--Potential Effects.
44Swanson, Malone, and Samora, "Mount Rainier: A Decade Volcano," p.177.
45Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Main Files, File H2623.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1Stewart L. Udall, "Nature Islands for the World," in First World Conference on National Parks, ed. Alexander B. Adams (Washington, 1963), p.7.
2Superintendent to Regional Director, November 21,1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415.
3Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 5, 1991.
4National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, pp.1-2, 34.
5Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, Leonard O. Barrett to Regional Forester, August 24, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
6Sherman D. Knight to Superintendent, October 14, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
7John A. Rutter to Regional Director, February 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities, 1952-64.
8Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, and August 23, 1965, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
9Memorandum of Agreement of November 30, 1967, Between the National Park Service and the Forest Service Relating to Joint Development of a White River Visitor Information Station, Lawrence E. Echols to Chief of Park Maintenance, June 12, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File A3815; L.O. Barrett to John A. Townsley, December 26, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
10Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973-1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
11Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
12National Park Service, in cooperation with Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Wenatchee National Forest, Federal Highway Administration, and Washington State Department of Transportation, Development Guidelines, Mather Memorial Parkway, August 1991, p.2; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
13William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
14U.S. District Judge William Dwyer overruled environmentalists' objections to the widening of the clear zone for state Highway 410, rejecting claims that the Forest Service's plan to clear twelve acres of old-growth forest would violate President Clinton's Northwest Forest Plan. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 1, 1995.
15Sherman D. Knight to Superintendent, October 14, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
16Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
17Superintendent to Regional Director, November 21, 1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities 1962-1964.
18Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions, Realities, Prospects, p.144.
19Neal Guse interview, February 6, 1995.
20Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 5, 1991; David V. Uberuaga to Ted Lewis, March 9, 1989, and Associate Regional Director to State Director, February 7, 1991, MORA, Main Files, File L76 Timber Sales.
21John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
22William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," 1982, pp.26-27.
23Office of the Regional Solicitor to Regional Director, December 14, 1982, MORA, Main Files, File N14 Wildlife.
24Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
25John A. Rutter to Director, February 2, 1971, MORA, Administrative Files, File L1417 Boundary Adjustments.
26Donald F. Gillespie to Regional Director, September 20, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File L1417 Boundary Adjustments.
27John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
28Eleanor T. Heller to Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., January 27, 1974, in National Park Service, Final Environmental Statement. Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, n.p.
30Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
31U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, "Conceptual Framework for FIRE IN THE FOREST: Influences on the Landscapes and Management Decisions in the West," February 1989, p.10.
32Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
33Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
34John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
36Press Release, August 15, 1968, and Leslie W. Scott to Paul H. Sceva, April 10, 1968, Washington State Historical Society, Paul H. Sceva Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Reorganization Between Amfac, Inc., (a Hawaii Corporation), Fred Harvey, Inc., (a Delaware Corporation) and Rainier National Park Company (a West Virginia Corporation), January 1969, Sceva Collection, Box 1, Folder 12.
37Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
38Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
39Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1980, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
40Denver Service Center, Concessions Operations Review and Feasibility Analysis. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, November 1986, Pacific Northwest Regional Office file report MORA D129, pp.3, 5.
41Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
42Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
44Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
45Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
46The Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions. Realities. Prospects (Washington, 1985), p.205.
47Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985, 1989, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
48Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
49Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Proposed Concession Contract, Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, File C38 Concession--Prospectus--Guide Service 1972-73-74.
50Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, p.95.
51W. Gerald Lynch to John Townsley, February 9, 1972, and Regional Director to Superintendent, March 23, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Concessions--Prospectus--Guide Service 1972-73-74.
52Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1986, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
54Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
55Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, pp.136-45.
57Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, pp.61, 175.
58Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
59Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
60Paradise Park Ranger to Assistant Chief Ranger, May 16, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities.
61Paul Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Reports for the Fiscal Years 1963, 1966, 1967, Washington State Historical Society, Paul Sceva Papers, Box 1, File 16. Quotation in 1963 report.
62John R. Anderson to John Townsley, June 28, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Ski Area Proposal Mount Rainier National Park.
63Paul Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 1967, Washington State Historical Society, Paul Sceva Papers, Box 1, File 16.
64Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
65Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
66Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
67Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
68Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995; Tacoma News Tribune, September 23, 1975.
69Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
70Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979, 1980, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
71Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
72Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
73John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
74Mt. Tahoma Trails Association, Mt. Tahoma Trails 93/94 Season (brochure), Ashford, Washington.
75Paradise Park Ranger to Assistant Chief Ranger, May 16, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities.
76Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
77William J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
78Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623, Neal Guse, Jr. interview, February 6, 1995.
79Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
80C. Frank Brockman to David A. Ritchie, December 5, 1966, UW, Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 2.
81Malcolm F. Baldwin, "The Snowmobile and Environmental Quality," Trends, vol.6, no.2 (April 1970), pp.15-17.
82National Park Service, Final Environmental Statement, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, p.45.
83Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park, January 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
84Neal Guse, Jr., Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park (revised), 1985, 1988, MORA, Central Files, File D18 Statement for Management.
85Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
86Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1976, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
87Superintendent's Annual Report, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
88Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
89National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, pp.15-20, 34.
90For example, in his Statement for Management in 1977, Superintendent Tobin remarked: "Public transportation to the Park is limited to sightseeing buses from Seattle. During the 1974 gas shortage, an excursion bus from Seattle to Sunrise was proposed by conservation advocates. The public response was very small." MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
91Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
92The Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions, Realities, Prospects (Washington, 1985), p.151.
93Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
94Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995; Seattle Times (Sunday Supplement), August 7, 1994.
95Tacoma News Tribune, December 8, 1994.
96Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995; William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.