"Our Heart's Home"
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LBJ's Texas White House
"Our Heart's Home" |
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NOTES Chapter 1
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1. John Graves, Hard Scrabble: Observations on a Piece of Land (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).
2. T. R. Fehrenbach, Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1968), 14-15; Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975), 166, 193, 279-83; Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 200-39.
3. Ferhrenbach, Lone Star, 31-36; John, Storms Brewed, 215-19, 306-12.
4. Fehrenbach, Lone Star, 31-36; John, Storms Brewed, 258-303, 336-430. John Graves, Goodbye to a River, A Narrative (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), provides a wonderful literary exploration of the changing relationships in Texas.
5. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 605-781; John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); John Perlin, A Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1989).
6. Caro, Path to Power, 6-8; Paul K. Conkin, Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon B. Johnson (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986), 2; Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908-1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 17-18; Ronnie Dugger, The Politician: The Life and Times of Lyndon Johnson: The Drive for Power, from the Frontier to Master of the Senate (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 25-31, 48-52.
7. Caro, Path to Power, 8, 15; Conkin, Big Daddy, 2-3; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 14-15.
8. Caro, Path to Power, 8-26. Wallace Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954), furnishes an excellent articulation of this situation and of the efforts of John Wesley Powell to transcend it. Another example of this problem is provided by H. Craig Miner, West of Wichita: Settling the High Plains of Kansas, 1865-1890 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986); see also Hal K. Rothman, "The Perceptual Trap: Climate and Perception in the Nineteenth-Century American West," Halcyon: A Journal of the Humanities 17 (1995), 127-44.
9. Conkin, Big Daddy, 8-10; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 18-19.
10. Caro, Path to Power, 40-48; Conkin,
Big Daddy, 3-5; Dallek, Lone Star Rising,
21-25.
11. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 27-28; Conkin, Big Daddy, 6. This site is now the Lyndon Baines Johnson Birthplace, part of the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park (LBJNHP).
12. Caro, Path to Power, 50-56; Conkin, Big Daddy, 6-7; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 19-20, 28-29. The nature of Rebekah Johnson's feelings about the clan is the first of the infinite number of places in which Conkin, Dallek, and Caro disagree on the meaning of the circumstances of Johnson's life. Robert A. Divine, "The Maturing Johnson Literature," in Robert A. Divine, ed., The Johnson Years, vol. 3, LBJ at Home and Abroad (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), provides an insightful discussion of the insights and flaws in all three approaches. See also Dugger, Politician, 61.
13. Conkin, Big Daddy, 20-25; Caro, Path to Power, 66-69; Dugger, Politician, 59-61; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 33-34; Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 25. It is in Dallek's account that Rebekah Johnson emerges as a domineering and manipulative force in her son's early life.
14. Conkin, Big Daddy, 16-19; Caro, Path to Power, 66-72; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 35; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 23-26.
15. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 38-39, 46-47.
16. Albert Wierich, interview by Konrad Kelley, May 19, 1977, Southwestern Parks and Monuments Association (SPMA) Oral History Collection, LBJNHP, 291:1; Caro, Path to Power, 72-75; Dugger, Politician, 70-72; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 36-38, 50-51.
17. Caro, Path to Power, 55-63; Merle Miller, ed., Lyndon: An Oral Biography (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1980), 9-12; Sam Houston Johnson with Enrique Hank Lopez, My Brother Lyndon (New York: Cowles Book Company, 1970), 18-24, 32-34; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 32-33, 39-41; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 28-29, 36-40.
18. Albert Wierich, interview, 291:1; Caro, Path to Power, 71-72.
19. Conkin, Big Daddy, 25; Caro, Path to Power, 85-90; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 55-57. For an analysis of the impact of World War I on American agriculture, see Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), and Pete Daniel, Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures Since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).
20. Caro, Path to Power, 79. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 36-37, dates the beginning of family problems to Rebekah Johnson's health problems, which followed the birth of children in 1914 and 1916 and were compounded by medical difficulties in 1917.
21. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 38-39, 56-57; Caro, Path to Power, 96-97; Father Wunibald Schneider, interview by Konrad Kelley, March 31, 1976, SPMA Oral History Collection, LBJNHP, 242:3; Dugger, Politician, 90-93, 104-105.
22. Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 25.
23. Ibid., 12-13, 21; Caro, Path to Power, 96-106; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 46-47, 56-58. This is an aspect of Johnson's personality into which Conkin barely delves.
24. Caro, Path to Power, 111-12; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 37-38, 45-46, 53; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 42.
25. Conkin, Big Daddy, 32-35; Caro, Path to Power, 121-29; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 24-25; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 20-24; Dugger, Politician, 100-103; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 58-61.
26. Caro, Path to Power, 141-65; Conkin, Big Daddy, 37-47; Dugger, Politician, 108-14; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 62-74.
27. Dugger, Politician, 123-24; Caro, Path to Power, 141-60; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 68-69, 75-76.
28. Caro, Path to Power, 201. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 61, is far more persuasive than Caro on this point. Dallek writes: "There was more to the mature Johnson than the sum of these parts. He was not simply an offshoot of his ancestors but a distinctive person with ambivalent feelings about his parents and heritage, which, combined with the influences of his environment, translated into contradictions that defy easy understanding. . . . As with all human beings, he exhibited patterns of behavior that repeated themselves throughout his life."
29. George Reedy, interview, AC 76-23, LBJ Library, Austin, 60.
30. Caro, Path to Power, 166-74; Dugger, Politician, 115-18; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 77-80.
31. Caro, Path to Power, 169-70; Conkin, Big Daddy, 52-53; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 77-80. This is another of the rare circumstances about which Caro and Conkin agree, albeit in a shortsighted manner; Dallek offers a more well-rounded perspective.
32. Caro, Path to Power, 172.
33. Ibid., 174-201; Conkin, Big Daddy, 53-56; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 26-29; Dugger, Politician, 118-20; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 81-86.
34. Caro, Path to Power, 203; Conkin, Big Daddy, 59-60; Dugger, Politician, 122-23; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 86-87.
35. Caro, Path to Power, 203; Conkin, Big Daddy, 59; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 86-87.
36. Caro, Path to Power, 204; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 89.
37. Caro, Path to Power, 204-14; Conkin, Big Daddy, 59; Dugger, Politician, 124-26; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 88-92.
38. Caro, Path to Power, 214-31; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 93-124; Conkin, Big Daddy, 60; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 43-44; Dugger, Politician, 127-29.
39. Caro, Path to Power, 221-22, 261-64; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 119-22; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 44; Dugger, Politician, 128-29, 164-65.
40. Caro, Path to Power, 261-73; Dugger, Politician, 166-70.
41. Caro, Path to Power, 276-77; Conkin, Big Daddy, 70.
42. Caro, Path to Power, 281-85.
43. Dugger, Politician, 175-81; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 115-21; Caro, Path to Power, 294-301; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 80-82; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 37-42; Bruce Schulman, Lyndon Johnson and American Liberalism: A Brief Biography with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1995), 15.
44. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 166; Caro, Path to Power, 306-40, 758-59; Conkin, Big Daddy, 73-74; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 37-39.
45. Caro, Path to Power, 325-40; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 122-24.
46. Caro, Path to Power, 340-48; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 125-56; Conkin, Big Daddy, 74-79; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 51.
47. Caro, Path to Power, 390-91; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 145-54; Conkin, Big Daddy, 79-80; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 53-56.
48. Caro, Path to Power, 369-436; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 157-60.
49. Caro, Path to Power, 448-59; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 175-85; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 56-60.
50. Caro, Path to Power, 460-66; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 175-79; Conkin, Big Daddy, 80-83.
51. Caro, Path to Power, 469.
52. Ibid., xiii-xviii, 476-84; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 189-93; Conkin, Big Daddy, 98-99. Again the biographers disagree; for an analysis of their perspectives, see Divine, "Maturing Johnson Literature," 4.
53. Caro, Path to Power, 675-95; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 207-24; Conkin, Big Daddy, 104-105; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 71-72.
54. Caro, Path to Power, 695-703.
55. Ibid., 704-14; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 211-15; Conkin, Big Daddy, 104.
56. Caro, Path to Power, 718-40; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 217-24; Conkin, Big Daddy, 105-106; Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 2, Means of Ascent (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 3-5.
57. Caro, Path to Power, 760-68; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 225-67; Conkin, Big Daddy, 106-12.
58. Caro, Means of Ascent, 143-302; Conkin, Big Daddy, 115-16; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 73-77.
59. Caro, Means of Ascent, 303-402; J. Evetts Haley, A Texan Looks at Lyndon: A Study in Illegitimate Power (Canyon, Tex.: Palo Duro Press, 1964), 21-55; Sam Houston Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, 77-79; Dugger, Politician, 295-341; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 298-348; Conkin, Big Daddy, 116-18. For a critique of Caro's approach, see Divine, "Maturing Johnson Literature," 1-3.
60. Caro, Means of Ascent, 80-118; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 347-66; Caro, Path to Power, xiii-xvi, 339-40; Dugger, Politician, 267-72.
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