Bakersfield District, Hollister Resource Area: A six-mile portion of the historic route within Fort Ord in Monterey County is included within the 15,076 acres transfered to BLM as part of the base closure. Designation, marking, and interpretation of the Anza Trail is expected to be an important component of BLM recreation and cultural resource management objectives.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge — About four miles of the Anza route cross the refuge on the southeastern end of San Francisco Bay in Santa Clara County, California. Some established public trails within the refuge may be marked as the Anza Trail in coordination with USFWS. 

Department of Defense — Although not generally open to the public, federal defense facilities encompass some sections of the Anza Trail for which the historic scene is most intact. These areas are as follows:

El Centro Naval Air Facility: about two miles of the historic route pass through the gunnery range of this facility in Imperial County, California. The use is under permit of the BLM, which plans to align the recreational retracement route for the Anza Trail away from the area. 

March Air Force Base: nearly one mile of the historic route is within this facility located in Riverside County, California. The base is now preparing a reuse plan for 7000 acres as part of a realignment. The historic Anza Trail is within the 2500 acres the Air Force plans to keep for a reserve base.

Vandenberg Air Force Base: about 30 miles of the historic route, including an expedition campsite, are within this facility on the Pacific coast west of Santa Barbara, California. Archeological evidence of several Chumash villages mentioned in the expedition journals exists on the air base. The base recreation plan recognizes the Anza Trail.

Camp Roberts: this facility in San Luis Obispo and Monterey Counties in California encompasses about seven miles of the historic Anza route, which is in an artillery impact area today. Managers have identified a road parallel to the historic route which would allow access for foot and horseback traffic on a limited, reservation only, basis. No support or interpretive facilities would be allowed, but the gates along the public roads could be marked for the understanding of auto route users.

Fort Hunter Liggett: about 18 miles of the trail are within this facility which surrounds Mission San Antonio in Monterey County, California. About 15 of those miles are within a training range impact area. The mission and public roads are available to visitors.

Army Corps of Engineers: Some rivers which the expedition followed are managed in part by the ACOE or are affected by ACOE permit requirements: the Santa Cruz River and Gila River in Arizona; the Los Angeles River and Salinas River in California.

Bureau of Reclamation — this bureau manages the Antelope Hill Anza campsite east of Yuma, Arizona. Pilot Knob is jointly managed by Reclamation and the BLM.

Nonfederal Historic and Interpretive Sites. Unlike federal components, high potential nonfederal sites must be certified to become part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. (See "Site and Segment Certification," page 38.) High potential sites are identified on the foldout Historic Route Map. All sites listed have the potential for interpretation. Sites meeting the historic criteria are identified with (H). Each site is described in appendix B.

Sites related to the Anza expeditions and designated as national historic landmarks (NHL) or national natural landmarks (NNL) by the secretary of the interior are, by definition, nationally significant and are eligible to be certified components of the Anza Trail. A few of these sites, such as San Felipe Creek NNL are on federal lands. Most often, these sites are owned and managed privately or by local or state agencies or organizations. National landmarks are eligible for NPS technical assistance programs. They are also subject to periodic monitoring by the NPS for threats to their integrity.

Several historic sites along the Anza route are protected within state parks or other state or locally managed areas.

Nonfederal High Potential Historic Route Segments. These segments are off-road trails within the historic trail corridor. Trail segment certification criteria are 1) continuity of public access; 2) potential to interpret the trail's historical significance; 3) the potential to provide high-quality recreational experiences in an environment similar to that which the expedition may have encountered. Route segments should have scenic value and should help visitors appreciate the experience of the original trail users. They provide a range of experiences from those of the original expedition in places like Anza-Borrego Desert State Park to urban experiences such as along the Santa Cruz or Los Angeles Rivers. 

Table 3 summarizes existing and potential offroad recreational trail segments within the historic trail corridor. The miles are approximate. Private landowners, organizations, public agencies, and other land managers can apply to have route segments certified as official trail components.

Many of the segments are not open to the public. For instance, though the Coastal Trail along the Santa Barbara Channel is shown on local and regional plans, much of the trail is in private ownership and not now available to the public.

TABLE 3: NONFEDERAL HIGH POTENTIAL HISTORIC TRAIL SEGMENTS

Location Est. Miles Owner/Manager Tumacácori to Tubac 4.5 Private  Public use  Santa Cruz River, Tucson  13 City/County Public use  Wellton-Mohawk Canal, Yuma 6 Water District/BOR Potential for public use Ocotillo Wells State Vehicular Recreation Area 8 State Public use  Anza-Borrego Desert State Park  24 State Public use Bautista Canyon Road 12 USFS/County Public use Los Angeles River 25 Multiagency/ Limited public use Coastal Trail  Ventura to Vandenberg 75 State/local/private Limited public use Stage Coach Road: north of San Luis Obispo 5 County Public use Old Stage Road, San Benito County 3 County/State  Public use Henry Coe State Park 12 Public use Total 187.5

Malibu Creek State Park within the Santa Monica 
Mountains.

As feasible, the NPS will inventory and analyze cultural and natural resources along the trail route to determine appropriate preservation techniques and the potential to accommodate visitor use and interpretation. (See "Research," page 27.) The NPS will establish priorities for protecting sites, trail segments, scenic and natural values according to their significance, potential for visitor use, contribution to linking trail segments, interpretive value, and threats to integrity.

Resource Protection Techniques. Because the Anza Trail follows a long, narrow route and crosses numerous political jurisdictions in both rural and urban areas, techniques for protection of trail-related resources will vary from area to area and from state to state. The NPS will establish ties with local agencies and support groups to monitor activities along the route. Several resource protection techniques are available to address goals and objectives for the Anza Trail, including NPS assistance programs, cooperative agreements, easements, local regulations, and fee simple purchases. Descriptions of these techniques follow.

NPS Assistance Programs — The NPS may help with technical assistance, funding assistance, and direct financial assistance. The NTSA prohibits federal funding of operating expenses at nonfederally owned trail sites and facilities. The NPS may establish assistance programs for planning and design to stabilize, preserve, or restore, as appropriate, significant trail sections and associated resources for purposes of resource protection and interpretation. Through technical assistance programs, NPS can offer private landowners information and help with protection activities, including sound stewardship and resource protection practices.

The NPS may help land managers seek funding for the preservation of historic resources. If available, Land and Water Conservation Fund state grants could be used to assist state and local governments to acquire or develop lands for resource protection. Grants from the NPS Historic Preservation Fund could be used to help protect qualifying historic sites along the trail, in cooperation with the states.

To make the most efficient use of NPS funds, cooperative preservation efforts for certified sites and route segments will be given the highest priority for funding. These funds will be used 1) to supplement existing data about the site, 2) to stabilize or otherwise conduct physical activities to conserve resources, and possibly 3) to acquire interests in properties to ensure long term protective management.

Where applicable, NPS will encourage the preservation and protection of historic properties by owners who might be able to benefit through local tax incentives. The NPS may provide direct financial assistance if all other private, local, and state funding sources are exhausted. The NPS will encourage projects that combine funding from several sources, in accordance with the intent of the National Trails System Act to limit federal financial assistance and to provide incentives for cooperative partnerships.

Cooperative Agreements — A cooperative agreement is a clearly defined, written arrangement between two or more parties that allows some specific action to be taken while at the same time protecting landowner interests (for example, to allow access for resource protection and management, interpretation, or recreation; to allow the posting of markers or signs; or to allow others to manage activities or developments). Cooperative agreements allow lands to be kept on local tax rolls and the land title and rights to be retained by the owner. A cooperative agreement is not binding and can be terminated by either party at any time with proper notification.

Easements — An easement conveys a right in a property to use a specific area for a specific purpose. The owner retains fee title to the property and is free to sell it. However, easements are perpetual, and remain in place with the new owner.

For the Anza Trail, easements could be used to guarantee public and agency access to trail sites, to allow the exploration of historic and archeological resources under NPS or another agency's supervision, to protect the visual quality of a trail-related viewshed, or to protect specific resources.
 

An easement can be purchased or donated. Purchase of easements can be expensive, costing up to ninety percent of full market value. The NPS will encourage a community land trust, open space district, or local or state park agency to accept a donation or acquire an easement for the Anza Trail. Where these efforts are unavailing, the NPS will consider federal acquisition of an easement through purchase or acceptance of a donated easement, consistent with NTSA, as amended.

The Anza Trail between Tubac and Tumacácori  made available for public use by the landowners.

Local Land Protection and Regulatory Processes — A variety of federal, state, and local legal and statutory provisions can be used to protect trail corridor and related resources by regulating or guiding development. These processes include zoning regulations and subdivision ordinances in cities, utility licensing, surface and subsurface mineral extraction permits in rural areas, cultural resource preservation laws and ordinances, and natural resource protection laws.

Counties and cities can assist in protection of resources by integrating the Anza Trail designation in local general plans through the circulation element, land use element, historic districts, and zoning or land use codes.

For the Anza Trail, NPS will support and assist cooperative efforts initiated by concerned citizens, county and state planning and zoning offices, local park districts, and others to preserve areas where the landscape closely resembles its probable appearance in 1775-76 as interpreted from the expedition diaries and other contemporary sources. Involvement by local governments and private interests will be vital to preserving such areas because NPS acquisition of land for this trail will be limited in accordance with the National Trails System Act, as amended.

Many portions of the historic route today pass through urban areas where there is little or no semblance of how the landscape looked during the Anza trek. In these areas, as possible, parallel recreational trails with scenic values that offer an experience similar to those of the expedition members or that offer overlooks of the historic route, will be identified for marking. 

To protect these landscapes, individuals and organized groups could encourage local planning and zoning boards to create and enforce rural or agricultural zones to prevent inappropriate development. Some open space preservation tools available to local land use preservation groups include restricting the buildable density per acre, requiring development setbacks from street or river frontage, and limiting height, color, and reflective surfaces of buildings to blend with the existing surroundings. These techniques could be incorporated into local development guidelines and enforced through local planning and zoning boards. Citizens could monitor development proposals to ensure that the guidelines are followed and that no variances are granted.

Land preservation groups could also help conserve open agricultural areas and expansive scenic landscapes. In pursuing such goals, local land trusts or conservation organizations can seek guidance from national organizations such as the Land Trust Alliance and the Trust for Public Land. These national organizations can provide insight on the use, development, and maintenance of easements as well as information about organizing local land preservation groups.

National and local conservation groups frequently work closely with state and federal agencies to preserve undeveloped areas while maintaining such areas in private ownership. Both owners and communities could benefit from potential tax advantages available through collaborative efforts to preserve open space. The land remains on the local tax rolls, but it is taxed at the lower, undeveloped parcel rate. Thus, the owner would not be forced by rising taxable property values to sell to developers or to subdivide and develop land suitable for farming or ranching.

In the case of mineral activity, the states could help protect trail resources through the regulation of subsurface activities or through other compliance procedures. Fee-simple acquisition of property does not necessarily include subsurface interests, such as mineral rights, which can be retained by the previous owner. States should consider how the retention of subsurface interests might affect the character of trail resources.

Directional drilling and other techniques could be used to reach subsurface mineral resources inside the trail corridor without disturbing surface resources of historical significance; however, some resources could still be affected by extraction activities. The possible impacts of mining or drilling operations include intrusions on scenic and historic vistas as a result of access road or pipeline construction across trail segments, increases in ambient noise levels, subsidence, and degradation of air and water quality.

Fee Simple ownership — When all interests in a given tract of land are acquired, the property is owned in fee simple. This type of ownership is the most expensive, but it provides the greatest guarantee that resources would be continuously preserved and opportunities for visitor use allowed.

Fee simple purchase by the federal government of properties along the Anza Trail will be based on the willing consent of the landowner. Consideration of such purchases will be limited to those sites and trail rights-of-way that are not already protected, that are determined to be especially important for public interpretation or trail continuity, and that must be carefully managed to preserve resource integrity. Fee simple purchase might also be considered for historically significant sites or segments where the landowner does not want to participate in a cooperative agreement and the resources are deteriorating. In such cases, state and local agencies and nonprofit groups would be encouraged to acquire an appropriate interest.