|
Research Article |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
By Kerry Brinkerhoff The following is a short history about the Native Americans that lived in the Promontory area. The Promontory area was well within the Shoshone Nations boundaries. In relationship to Golden Spike National Historic Site, Shoshone territory extended 250 miles to the north, 350 miles to the east, 175 miles to the south, and 225 miles to the west of the site. That puts the Promontory area right in the heart of Shoshone territory. The area known as Promontory was called by the Shoshone "doe nump so ho be ba bie" meaning Chokecherry tree by or near water. "The homelands of the Northwestern Shoshone were concentrated along the rivers flowing into the eastern and northern sides of the Great Salt Lake and on the Raft River and Grouse Creek northwest of the Lake. Locating the various subsistence areas and villages of these bands as their camps existed at the time of white settler invasion in the 1850s requires, first of all, recognition that these small congregations of people moved about each year as food supplies dwindled or increased in the different areas. But the bands tended to place their winter camps in the same sheltered spots if sufficient subsistence were available. Anthropologist Julian Stewart positioned Little Soldier's group at the confluence of the Ogden and Weber Rivers; Bear Hunter's people on the Logan River in Cache Valley; and a series of three winter camps, probably under Sagwitch and Sanpitch, on the lower Bear River a few miles above its entry into the Great Salt Lake. Between Bear River and Blue Creek, near the north shore of the lake and west of present Corinne, there was a village of about twenty-three families with another camp located on upper Blue Creek. Fourteen families wintered at Kelton while about six families found shelter at Lucin near the Utah - Nevada border. Approximately twelve families were scattered along Grouse Creek, and a small cluster of six families wintered near Lynn and another eight at Yost with a large camp stationed on Dove Creek¼ A final camp was usually located either on Portneuf River or on Bannock Creek¼ Thus, the Northwestern bands were scattered in winter camps from Logan and Ogden, Utah, west along the northern shores of the Great Salt Lake to Nevada border and north to Bannock Creek and the Portneuf River in Idaho. It must be remembered that mounted bands had to move their camps more in the winter than in summer in order to keep their horses on decent grazing ranges. They may not have traveled such great distances, but they could not settle down in a winter campsite for more than a few days. Early British trapping expeditions in the Snake River area had to move camp often for the same reason." "The various families [Grouse Creek Shoshone] came together in the fall also to engage in communal antelope hunts near the Terrace Mountains and in Grouse Creek Valley¼ After the first snow, the families held rabbit drives near Lucin." Mae Timbimboo Parry, a granddaughter of Chief Sagwitch, told much of their life on the Promontory. "That Sagwitch's family traveled extensively is evidenced by the fact that Sagwitch was born at Bear River, Utah, while his father was born at Goose Creek, Idaho and died on the Promontory peninsula¼ Sagwitch's brother Sewahoochew and nephew Quash-I-wat-titsi-say were also born at Goose Creek, Idaho, but another brother, Anga-poon-moot-say, was born in Park Valley and died in Bountiful, Utah. Sagwitch's first son, Soquitch, was born at Blue Creek, Utah, and his second son, Yeager, at Green River, Wyoming." "While in western Utah for the pinon nut harvest, Sagwitch's people also participated in communal rabbit drives in an area near Kelton, Utah, that they called Beacamogapa "Big Rabbit's Bed." Shoshone of both sexes would chase black-tailed jackrabbits into a series of loops suspended from horizontal cords, which functioned somewhat like a net. Another method simply involved surrounding the rabbits and clubbing them with sticks. Sagwitch's people would dry the meat for winter consumption and use the fur for clothing, shoes, and housing. "The Shoshone sometimes held communal antelope drives both on the Promontory and east of there on the Bear River flats. Often they would build a corral with rocks and sticks to which was attached a woven sagebrush hedge. The people would drive the herd into a V-shaped corridor which ended in the corral. The opening would be secured by the people or "closed" by fire, after which archers could easily kill the animals. Because a local antelope population could be decimated in this way, similar antelope drives were not conducted in that area for a "considerable time" while the herds recovered its numbers." "The Shoshone also utilized other foods throughout the year as needed. A variety of birds, such as ducks and geese," which are common along the northeast shore of the Great Salt Lake. "Particularly important were doves, sage hens, and quail. In times of extreme need, owls, hawks, and crows were also eaten. In addition, the Shoshone harvested several varieties of insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, insect larvae, and bee eggs." All of these things are found in abundance in the Promontory area. Bruce Parry, Executive Director of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation said that the Promontory area had religious significance to their Shoshone beliefs. He said that the people believed in "little people" that gave them Shaman powers and whose footprints could be seen after a death. He said that the local Shoshone believed these little people lived around Little Mountain and in the Promontory area. It is interesting that the place that became so special in American history, because of the meeting of two rails that would connect a nation, would also be a sacred place to the Shoshone. "Unlike temporary summer and fall gatherings, the winter camp provided a longer period of relatively stable residency for the Shoshone. It was common to elect a headman to direct affairs at such camps through the cold months. Anthropologist Julian Stewart documented that for an unspecified number of years, "Segwitc" (Sagwitch) functioned as "village headman and band chief" at Tongicavo, a Shoshone settlement near Mount Tarpey on the western side of the Promontory Mountains." Jeannette Pocatello, a daughter of Pocatello was about four years old when her father died. She reported that Pocatello's people were known as wild wheat eaters when they occupied lands around Bannock Creek and Promontory caves. In 1841 the Bidwell-Bartleson Party took a route across the north side of the Great Salt Lake and it is believed that they went right over Promontory Summit. On Tuesday August 17, 1841 near Plymouth, Utah and 30 miles northeast of Golden Spike N.H.S. they wrote: "Traveled about 16 miles; saw a large smoke rising out of the mountains before us. It had probably been raised by the Indians, as a telegraph, to warn the tribe that their land was visited by strangers¼ The Indians found in this region are Shoshonees; they are friendly." Monday August 23, 1841 they wrote: "Started, bearing our course west, in order to pass the Salt Lake-passed many salt plains and springs in the forenoon. The day was hot-the hills and land bordering on the plains were covered with wild sage. In passing the vicinity of a hill, we observed this sage had been plucked up and arranged in long minows [windrows], extending near a mile in length. It had been done by the Indians, but for what purpose we could not imagine, unless it was to decoy game." Thursday August 26, they wrote: "Our course intersected an Indian trail, which we followed directly north towards the mountains, knowing that in these dry countries the Indian trails always lead to the nearest water." On August the 27th they ran into a spring of water a few miles west of Promontory. They remained there on through the 4th of September. On the 28th they wrote: "A Shoshonee Indian came to our camp; from him we learned there were more Indians not far off who had horses. Several men and myself went in search of them. Having gone about 5 miles, up hills and down hills covered with thick groves of cedar (red), we unexpectedly came to an Indian, who was in the act of taking care of some meat-venison-which he had just killed; about half of which we readily purchased for 12 cartridges of powder & ball. With him as a pilot we went in pursuit of other Indians; he led us far up in the mountains by a difficult path, where we found two or three families, hid as it were from all the world, by the roughness of nature. The only provision which they seemed to have was a few elder berries and a few seeds; under a temporary covert of bushes, I observed the aged Patriarch, whose head looked as though it had been whitened by the frosts of at least 90 winters. The scars on his arms and legs were almost countless-a higher forehead I never saw upon man's head. But here in the solitude of the mountains and with the utmost contentment, he was willing to spend the last days of his life among the hoary rocks and craggy cliffs, where perhaps he, in his youthful gayety, used to sport along crystal streams which run purling from the mountains. Not succeeding in finding horses, we returned to the camp." On September the 3rd they wrote: "Four or 5 Indians came to camp-bought three horses of them." September the 4th they wrote: "Bought a few serviceberries of the Indians." From here they did not mention meeting up with any Shoshone until they were into Nevada. In 1849 a small detachment of the U. S. Army was sent west to make an Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah. The group was led by Howard Stansbury, Captain Corps Topographical Engineers. As soon as they started around the Salt Lake they encountered Shoshone. First near Ogden and just as with the Bidwell-Bartleson Party they viewed "smokes of numerous fires, rising in several directions---an intimation that strangers had been discovered in their country." Stansbury wrote what knowledge he had of the North and West sides of the Great Salt Lake before starting his expedition there. "In this opinion they were confirmed by the representations of the Indians, who represented water to be extremely scarce and the country destitute of game. It was affirmed that the contemplated circuit had been repeatedly attempted by old and experienced trappers, in search of beaver, but always without success; the adventurers being invariably obliged to return with the loss of most of their animals. This was discouraging; but in addition to these objections, it was know that mortal offense had been taken by the Shoshonee or Snake Indians, (through whose country we would be obliged to pass,) arising from a gross and wonton outrage which had been a short time before inflicted upon them by a company of unprincipled emigrants, by whom their women had been most brutally treated, and their friends murdered while attempting to defend them. Fears were entertained lest, in the wilds of this inhospitable region, where foot of white man had never trod, we should fall a sacrifice to the just vengeance of those infuriated savages." Just before reaching the East side of the Promontory Mountains Standsbury's party ran into a group of Shoshone on foot. The Shoshone took off running and although Standsbury tried to have them stopped they eluded him. Standsbury was hoping to find a Shoshone guide. Near Rozel Stansbury writes, "Continuing our journey up the lake-shore, we shortly came to a brackish spring, where there had been a camp of Indians the night before. We had thought last night that we saw their fires, but they had fled, alarmed probably by the report of some guns that had been discharged in our camp. A quantity of some species of seeds they had been beating out lay in small heaps around, and I found an old water-bottle they had left in their haste. It was ingeniously woven of a sort of sedge-grass, coated inside with the gum of the mountain pine, by which it was rendered perfectly water-tight. I afterward saw some similarly shaped vessels, and made of the same material, that would hold nearly two gallons." Maybe at Cedar Springs the party stopped to refresh. They wrote at this point, "Old decayed wigwams, constructed of willows, indicated that this spot had long been a favourite place of resort for the Indians, for the same reason, doubtless, which rendered is so welcome to ourselves." On a second trip the party was exploring the shores of the Great Salt Lake by boat. After exploring the Point they started North on the West side of the Promontory Mountains. Stansbury mentions at this point on the Promontory Mountains was a well used Indian trail they decided to camp near it and follow it to were on his previous trip he had found several small springs. He writes, "Here we met three Shoshonee Indians on horseback, who had been watching our motions for some time. They belonged to a small lodge encamped amoung the hills a few miles to the northward. They seemed friendly, and expressed much curiosity at the size of the boat, and by signs informed me that they would very much like to borrow it, to pay a visit to the islands in the lake, some of which they gave me to understand they had never reached¼. "A hearty supper, which they devoured as if they never expected to get another, sent them away delighted with their visit." A military map of 1855 showing the location of Indian tribes and Mormon settlements has the Promontory area and north side of the Great Salt Lake marked as "Snakes". The early Shoshone Indians were called Snakes. Joseph Barnes Woodward who moved to Wellsville in 1857 tells of this incident. "In 1864 we used to winter our cattle on the Promontory, and at one time the Indians formed a plot to kill the herders, and take the cattle. John Indian warned the herders, and Henry Parkinson rode all night to Brigham and on to Wellsville and Logan to give the alarm, and call out the minute men. Logan sent 50 men, Wellsville, and Hyrum 50, and Brigham 50, and they brought the cattle all into the valley." Abraham Hunsaker had sheep and cattle he wintered west of Brigham City. On January 1, 1859 he wrote: "We have lost some 4 or 5 head of cattle over here at our herd this winter besides some 4 or 5 calves out of one hundred and twenty head. We have also lost some 3 or 4 sheep out of fifty head. I call that just tolerable. The wolves and Indian dogs killed the most of them." Utah Indian Superintendent Jacob Forney, in his annual report for 1859, counted six bands of about twelve hundred Northwestern Shoshone who occupied the northern valleys of Utah and the Raft River - Grouse Creek area. By 1863, Superintendent James Duane Doty estimated their numbers at fifteen hundred divided among the ten bands with whom he signed the Treaty of Box Elder. One of the earliest encampment recorded by a Shoshone historian was in the Promontory area in 1863. "On Jan. 27, 1863, an elderly man, Tindup, had a dream in which he¼saw pony soldiers killing his people¼ He begged the Indians to move out [from winter camp on the Bear River near present day Preston, Idaho]. Some believed him and left with him for Promontory, Utah." "Word of the massacre of Bear River [Jan. 29,1863] spread quickly to other Shoshone Indians. A group living near Brigham City, Utah received the news first. Poe bi hup Moemberg and other friends volunteered to carry the message to Promontory Point, Utah, where some more Northwestern Shoshones were wintering. Tindup and family had just arrived at Promontory¼" "After the massacre, the Northwestern Shoshones scattered around the country¼some moved to Brigham City, Utah and others moved to Promontory, Utah." Chief Pocatello was reported to be near Promontory in 1866. "The Indian Chief, Pocatello, and his braves came into the [Bear River] valley about July 1 [1866], establishing their quarters at the head of Blue Creek. President Snow ordered all the families and the workers on the dam to return to Brigham City. Owing to the reputation of the notorious Chief Pocatello, much concern was felt, not only for the settlers in this section, but for the field of grain as well. Minute men were organized and drilled for immediate action and scouts were placed on guard constantly. Sometime near the first of August the Indian Chief with his warriors peacefully retreated to the North." On May 10th, 1869 the rails were completed. According to Grenville Dodge, who was present at the ceremony, there was quite a mix of ethnic groups at the May 10th ceremony including American Indians. Nancy Marinda Tracy Moyes gives this account of the day "¼Now I will tell a little of the history of the great event that took place at Promontory where the train from the East met the train from the West. The Governor from California stepped off his train to meet the great men from the East. There were many cheers, whistles were shrieking and there was lots and lots of noise. Flags were waving and the bands played. Among the hundreds of people gathered, there were also many Indians from the Indian Reservations all decked out in their gaudy buckskin clothes, ornamented with lovely colored beads and with many colored feathers in their bonnets. It as a sight not to be forgotten." Historian Brigham Madsen gives his account of how the Transcontiental Railroad affected Chief Pocatello's Band. "The year 1869 marked the entry of a new element into the lives of Pocatello's tribe with the completion of the transcontinental railroad, the golden spike at Promontory Summit having been driven right in the heart of his country. The Central Pacific immediately established a freight transfer point for the Boise mines at Kelton, just north of Great Salt Lake and next door to Pocatello's aboriginal village, Biagamugep¼ It was a busy place and probably played host to a number of Pocatello's people, although no documentation exists to tell the story." However I did find one such story, John Henry Rodgers moved with his wife, Caroline and baby daughter, Emma to Kelton in 1870 "taking a position with the Wells-Fargo Express Company's and the Overland Mails' Relief Station, where fresh horses were replaced for the tired animals." That same year Caroline was startled when a Native American walked into her house. He went into the room where baby Emma lay sleeping "and said 'I want papoose'." "This frightened her, but only for a moment, then she said "Papoose heep sick, papoose got small pox." "The Indian didn't remain to argue the situation further." Historian Scott Christensen gives his account of how the Transcontiental Railroad affected the Northwestern Shoshone Bands. "The completion of the transcontinental railroad in May 1869 made matters even worse. Large numbers of emigrants could now easily reach Utah and compete with the Shoshone and other Indian groups for land and resources. The new railroad also spawned the birth of Corinne in the heartland of the Shoshone domain a development that from its beginning proved to be problematic to the Indians." In 1869 Chief Sagwitch demonstrated that he considered Promontory area as his territory. That same year there was an awful grasshopper problem in Cache Valley, Utah. Chief Sagwitch "offered to herd cattle owned by residents of Paradise to the Promontory Mountains, where he said he would graze them until the effects of the insect infestation had passed. A few residents, including Henry Shaw, accepted his offer and were rewarded for trusting Sagwitch and his band with the return of healthy and plump animals a few months later. Shaw paid Sagwitch three dollars per head for his services." "For freight and passengers going from the Central pacific to the Beaverhead country by way of Montana Trail, however, there is a lot of evidence to describe Indian-White relations at the new freight-transfer point at Corinne, Utah¼" "For Pocatello's people and other Northwestern Shoshoni, Corinne was important because the town was located on the west bank of the Bear River just a short distance above it's confluence with Great Salt Lake and within two or three miles of a traditional winter camp of the Shoshoni, especially for the band headed by Chief Sagwitch. Furthermore, this place came to be the site where the Utah Indian Agents distributed the northwestern annuity goods every fall, with Pocatello and his tribe nearly always in attendance. This annual event and the daily comings and goings of various Shoshoni groups who camped near the town received constant attention from local newspaper editors." In 1872 Agent M.P. Berry at Fort Hall complained about the Northwestern Bands of Shoshone. "He had become increasingly frustrated with Shoshone from the Northwestern bands who drew provisions at Fort Hall but did not remain there. Rather, they "scattered along the Rail Road and among the Mormon settlements." Berry recommended that they all be sent to Fort Hall permanently." An 1873 Cadastral Plat Map (T.10N, R.13W), showing the area near the town of Matlin, 60 miles west of Promontory, on Central Pacific Railroad shows large "Indian Corrals" between sec 20 and 21, and one between sec. 16 and 17. "At Brigham City, Mormon Bishop Alvin Nichols was also doing his duty by the Indians, distributing beef and other supplies "on a liberal scale" to the encampment of Shoshoni at Bear River. This was in November 1874. "The band left on a short hunting expedition to the Promontory Summit region but returned by December looking for more food." The Mormon Church started baptizing Shoshone in the spring of 1875 and set them up farming just a few miles north of Corinne. "There were more than two hundred Indians in camp, with more coming each day. This aroused much apprehension on the part of the people of Corinne [who]¼ thought the two [Mormons and Shoshone] would unite in any difficulty which might take place with the Gentiles [non-Mormon people of Corinne]¼ The people of Corinne made complaint to the U.S. Army and in late summer 1875, the Shoshone near Corinne were ordered by the U.S. Army to move on to reservations. "Except for a few isolated families, the expulsion from the Corinne area marked the end of large groups of Northwestern Shoshoni gathering annually at the mouth of Bear River." With the ejection of the Shoshone near Corrine Chief Sagwitch made a statement. In part he made reference to the Transcontiental railroad and said, "The railroads pass through my country and have scared the game all away. Still I have made no objection to this, nor do I want to." In 1875 George Hill, Mormon missionary set up Chief Sagwitch Timbimboo's band of Shoshone, working on farms near Collinston, Utah. The new Mormon converts had an area covering about nine thousand acres of land. "In late December 1876, after the approaching winter finally made further homebuilding impossible, most of the Indians headed to the Promontory Mountains, where they could find more abundant fuel supplies and forage for their stock." The Shoshone returned to the Mormon settlement as soon as the weather would allow in 1877. Shoshone were reported in the area in 1879: "A meeting of the citizens of this [Park] valley was held to take into consideration the best methods of protecting ourselves against the Indians and to build a schoolhouse. This valley, which is beautifully situated on the south side of the Raft River Mts., is frequently visited by Indians who pass through here. Yesterday two warriors supposed to be spies called at the house of a family while the man was away and behaved in a very unfriendly manner. Fires have also been seen on the mountains around and the people have thought it prudent to build some kind of a fort for protection for the women and children. Thomas Dunn was chosen chairman of the meeting and Wm. Godfrey Secretary. It was unanimously resolved that we build a house of logs that will be suitable for a fort and that will also be a good school house. It was also resolved that we petition the governor for 40 guns to defend ourselves against any immediate attack. Thomas Dunn was chosen captain of the guard." In 1927, 1935, and 1936 Julian H. Steward carried out ethnographic fieldwork in the Great Basin. The two bands in the Golden Spike (Promontory) area he named the Promontory Point (1938:177-178) and Grouse Creek (1938:173) bands. I would say that the Promontory band was under the leadership of Chief Sagwitch Timbimboo and the Grouse Creek band under the leadership of Chief Pocatello in 1869. It seems that both Shoshone bands used the Promontory area during the winter. This may have been a favorite spot of the Shoshone because of the milder winter weather, caves, abundance of game, and fuel. An anthropological study and dig of Hogup Cave about 50 miles west of Golden Spike NHS provided a wealth of information on Native American habitation of the area. "Hogup Cave provides a record of more than 8000 years of prehistory in the Great Salt Lake region." Before the Shoshone was the Fremont, although the relation between Fremont and Shoshone is not fully explained. They did find the cave habitation by the people they believe are different from the Fremont and known today as the Shoshone to start at A.D. 1350 to 1850. Marion Brown Woodward was born at Promontory in 1889 to Thomas and Althea Brown who ran the Promontory restaurant and a small store at one end of the restaurant. Marion lived in Promontory until 1902. Later she wrote about her time there. She wrote, "Several Indians lived in the mountains around Promontory. They used to come to Promontory and trade buckskin gloves and belts for sheep pelts and groceries." Willie Ottogary, a Native American journalist, wrote for several papers. On December 30, 1912 Ottogary tells us that, "Mr. Grouse Creek Jack with his two son went out trapping out west around Promontory." On July 19, 1919, he told that he had been visting the Shoshone Reservation in Nevada. On his way home he followed the road most of the way that was along side the Transcontiental Railroad, from "Elko, Wells, Cobre, Montello, Lucin, Park Valley, Kelton, Promontory" and ended in Tremonton, Utah. Merlin Larson, local Promontory resident, told me that he remembered large groups of Shoshone coming near his home when he was a boy. Ottogary wrote of a rabbit hunt on the Promontory. On December 6, 1921 he wrote, "But some of the mens are big rabbit hunt now out to Promontory or Roserell. They has not return home yet. I believed at 6 wagon went out on last Tuesday." "Mr. Johnson is with big rabbit hunt too and he was from Nevada." On December 27, 1921 Ottogary finishes the rabbit hunt story. "The boys been big rabbit hunt some time ago. They slaughter great many Bunnies. The was kill about 10,000 bunnies in side one week. The expect another great rabbit hunt on after New Years." Doris and Merlin Larson, lifetime residents of the Promontory area, also spoke about the Native Americans on Promontory. Doris said she knew that the Shoshone wintered on the Promontory. She then went on to tell that her father-in-law would trade with the Shoshone. "He said they used [to] come through selling pine-nuts. He and everybody, they'd want just a little bit more." They thought: "Oh, that's not quite enough, for whatever they were charging and the Indian ... called Jim Jack, ... he'd just grin and wouldn't do anything. Then when they'd come to Mr. Flynn, he'd always give 'em an extra helping. Mr. Flynn said I didn't say anything, what you wanted to give me was fine." However, "these others, oh you are not giving me nothing. Jim Jack would act like he didn't hear them. (laughter) But we have found a lot arrow[heads], the black obsidian, and also there has been some white, well just last spring, wasn't it I found A little white arrow[head]. Merlin then told about rabbit hunts. "I can remember the Indians coming, helping with the rabbit hunts, we used to have. We put up fences and corral and run wings out, then go out here and drive 'em in, used to get rabbits two, three, four deep in there it seemed like. Several of them Indians come and helped with it." On June 26, 1922 Ottogary wrote, "I have been out Promotary about ago. As looking for the work and not have find work..." On December 8, 1923 Ottogary wrote "Willie Ottogary been out promontory week and doing some prospect." A last point is a remnant left of the day when American Indians ruled the Promontory area. In the early 1900s: "The Promontory Mountains and valleys became the range for great herds of horses, a crossbreeding of Stanford's racing stock with the mustangs and Indian ponies that were already running in the area. Mrs. Anderson reports that as many as 2,200 wild horses were gathered in a single round up and shipped out by train to distant markets, Promontory having gained a reputation for superior western stock." In the summer of 1999 a team of archeologists were doing a survey of Golden Spike National Historic Site. They found evidence of a Native American campsite on the park. They found several arrowheads, a stone knife and stone scraper. An exciting find was a napped glass scrapper made from the bottom of a glass bottle. The glass dated post railroad time. Giving us evidence that not only were Native Americans at Golden Spike before the railroad but were also here after it was completed. Northwestern Band of Shoshone members were invited to participate in the 131st anniversary of the completion of the first Transcontinental Railroad, on May 10th, 2000 at Golden Spike National Historic Site. As part of the Commemoration a Memorial Wreath was presented and carried by a representative of the Park Service, and four men representing past ethnic workers: Bruce Powell, Superintendent of Golden Spike National Historic Site represented the National Park Service; Elder Vaughn J. Featherstone, Council of the Seventy; represented the Mormon workers; William K. O'Farrell, Past President, Hibernian Society of Utah; represented the Irish Workers. Jimmy Lu, President, Utah Organization of the Chinese Americans; representing the Chinese workers; Leland Pubigee, Vice Chairman, Northwestern Band of Shoshone Nation; represented American Indian workers. While the 5 men stood around the Memorial Wreath the crowd was asked to give a minute of silence, then taps was played. Patty Timbimboo Madsen, Cultural Resource Specialist with the Northwestern Band of Shoshone, was also on the dignitary stand. She also came in traditional dress and was photographed in the "East-Meets-West" Champagne Photograph and other historic photos, representing the American Indian and the American Indian Women who worked on the railroad. Today the desendants of one Northwestern
Band of Shoshone keep a tribal office in Brigham City as the
largest group of their people live in Box Elder County,
Utah. They are the desendants of Chief Sagwitch's band of
Shoshone and even today their tribal office is only 30 miles
southeast of Golden Spike National Historic Site.
Aikens, C. Melvin Christensen, Scott R. Dodge, Grenville M. Hunsaker, Abraham Jensen, Lucinda P. The Journal The Leader Nunis, Doyce B., Jr. Ottogary, Willie Parry, Mae Spencer, Deloy Stansbury, Howard Stewart, John J. Unknown Child of Rodgers and Brum Wells, Rosalie Stokes Westergard, Jacalyn H. Wirtz, Horace R. and Scholl, Louis Woodward, Marion Brown |
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
